DETERMINING TANK CAPACITY

The two graphs shown offer visual guidelines for orientation and quick approximation of the quantity of solution in circular and rectangular containers. The graph "Circular Tank'" shows, for round containers, the given diameter in feet at the lower scale. For convenience, the corresponding approximate metric diameter (cm) is shown opposite at the upper scale. Following the direction of the heavy arrows, shown for the Example, D = 4 fl (118 cm), one reads, at the height of the intersection of the corresponding vertical and the diagonal line, the solution volume per unit height (v/h) at the left ordinate, for example 95 gal/fl, corresponding to about l 1.2 liters per centimeter shown at the right ordinate.

The graph ~'Rectangular Tank" shows the given breadth and length of the tank at the lower scale and at the diagonals, for example, B -- 5 fl and L = 4 ft. At the intersection of the corresponding vertical and diagonal line, one reads 150 gal/ft at the left ordinate, or about 19 liters per centimeter at the right ordinate.

The solution level (height) is measured either by reading fixed height markings at the inside tank wall or from a ruler dipped to the bottom of the tank. The total solution volume, V (gal), is then equal to the solution height, h (fl), multiplied by V/h (gal/ft).

Note: The preferred number sequences, shown on the .graphs, represent simplified evenly-divided log scales involving inaccuracies up to about 3 per cent. In most practices this

- - -~TANK D I A M E T E R (cm) 3 0 42 .5 6 0 8 5 118 170 2:56 5 5 5 4 7 5

1 5 0 0 " 180

7 5 0 - - - 9 0 • T A N K CIRCULAR

• - 3 7 5 - - - ~ . > -- 45

n~ -t-I--" 190 - - 2 2 . 4 . , , ,

w p

z 9 5 - =m,==O 1 ! .2 uJ I - -

:~ 4 7 . 5 o - - 5 . 6 a : w

w E X . If D = 4 f t . a . w 2 3 . 6 - - - " - then v / h ~, 9 5 g o l . / f t . - 2 . 8 a:u~

= 1 1 . 2 Z / c m " '

_ J ~ o > 11.8- 1.4 t t ~hr~m t ~

6 - 0.71

I I A 2 2 . 8 4 5 .6 8 II .2 16 • - ~ T A N K D I A M E T E R , D ( f t . ]

8 5 7

--,, TANK LENGTH/ cm

60 Ts ~ ,,e ,50 ,9o a ~ 300 375 4"r51o o 8 0 0 , , i I / ~ / ~

= 5oo_ I I / 63

125..5"'" / / " / / I F / / " 2,.01" ~ / / I 6 i . I i J / i i I \.~--~ , ~

I- / . / / / t . / / / / / " 6 . 3 ~

UJ a .

5O U3 z o ..J J .31.5 o

1< z o

2 2 . 5

RECTANGULAR TANK

" CAPACITY PER UNIT DEPTH I I - - M~.,. , , , . 1~71

I

3.15 4 5 6.3 8 10 12.5 • -b TANK LENGTH, L (ft.)

4

2.5 16

may be considered as inconsequential. For numerical exact results, the use of the equation at the upper left of the corresponding graph is recommended.

E S T I M A T I N G P L A T I N G T I M E

This nomograph is for the practical plater for convenient orientation and approximation of the plating time required to produce a specified plate thickness. The main factors involved are: the kind of metal, its valency in the bath (electrochemical equivalent), density of electroplate, and current density employed.

For using the diagram, one starts from the given plating bath at the upper left ordinate, as illustrated for nickel by the heavy arrows as an example, and goes horizontally to the right to the diagonal indicating the desired plate thickness, for example 1.6 mils. From the point of interception one goes vertically down to the diagonal indicating the applied current density, for example 16 amp./sq, ft. Following the arrow direction to the left, the approximate plating time can then be read from the ordinate, and is for the example somewhat larger than 100 minutes.

In order to obtain numerically exact values, the formula shown in the lower left corner of the diagram should be used. The factor F at the upper right ordinate is equal to the amp.

858

hr./sq. It. to deposit 0.001 inch of electroplate thickness. The computation using F(Ni) - 19, t = 1.6 mils, c.d. - 16 amp./sq, ft. results in 114 minutes required plating time.

The diagram and the formula are based on 100% cathode efficiency. If the efficiency is less, for example 95% = 0.95, the theoretical plating t ime must be divided by this value, that is, 114/0.95 = 120 minutes = 2 hours,

METAL ~ L~ ..~:~Jl, r - T T - ~ - ~ , . . ~ {VAL.ENGY~_~C~{ j ~/ ~/ I/ I FACTO.

Au(1), Ag --[-. ~ (o" o'~'~ ~" 6.2 Pb ~ - ' ~ / ~ O:'~f~,, 6.9

Zn

,o#

~ 5 1 , 8

1600 / I I " ' ~tooo , -fl--iri

• - z s o ~ , . ! ' ~ " F % - - - ' . ~ " - ' i '-. ,60 ' ,_~.~ ~F~-.~..~-~I uJ I 0 0 - - , t u k - - t -~ '~ , '^ .~ - t - -~

6 3

. . J 6 . 3 - t - ' _ ' ' 0,. 4 - . t , ,L T- ~'t'.eo min.

l---t ' ' A.~.M.

8 5 9

MAKING ADDITIONS TO PLATING SOLUTIONS

The directions of the heavy arrows show the problem solution for the example: if the required addition is 1.6 oz/gal (lower abscissa) for a 400 gal bath (diagonal) then 40 lbs of chemicals must be added (left ordinate). Numerically accurate solutions are obtained by using the inserted equation. For convenience, approximately corresponding metric values are shown at the upper abscissa and right ordinate.

--b REQUIRED CORRECTION, g / f . 4.75 7.5 11.8 19 30 47.5 75 118

710

J.,,-r,,L ADDITION TO /

=,250 / ~ l a =,

,.° 7 ¢ ' .# .~2 , , > , . ~ , I / = z . ~ . . j ~ o ~ . . . / . / _ / o

~- 7 / /

= | i T

0.5 0.63 I L6 2.5 4. 63 I0 16

"Ir"

1.12~

t 0.45

--* REQUIRED CORRECTION, C(oz./gol.)

860

English to Metric Conversion of Units (Courtesy Fielding Ogburn, ConsultanO

m 3

liter

100

90

80

tO00 gel

gal

25

20

70

6 0

15

50

4 0

- I0

30

2 0 5

I0

- 0

g/ l i te r oz / gal

I 00 ~ -

1~5

9 0 12

- - I I

80

I 0

7 0 -

9

6 0 -~ 8

7

50

- 6

4-0

5

3 0 - 4

3

2 O - -

- 2

I0

I

0 I 0

kg

I0

Ib

2O

- 15

6 -

5

IO

- 5

2 -

I

O-- 0

mm

I00

90

80

70

60

50

4(:

3(

2(

rail

in

5.5

5

2.5

2

1.5

I

0.5

0

861

English to Metric Conversion of Units (Courtesy Fielding Ogburn, ConsultanO

m f t

I0 m

3 0 9 -

8

25

?

}__,o 6 - -

0 m

862

5

15

4

3 - - IO

2

5

I -

0

% • :C ~"

1.0 I0 I 0 0

- 0 . 9 9 8 0

0 . 8 8 8 0

0 .7 7

0 .6 6

9

5

0 .5 5 - .

4

0 . 4 4 4 0

3

0 .3 3 3 0

Z 0 .2 2 2 0

o.J v i o - = ~ I

0 0 0 1 0

-o

< E

I00 1000 I 0 , 0 0 0

90 9 0 0 8 0 0 0

8 0 8 0 0 8 0 0 0

TO 7 0 0 7 0 0 0

6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0

50 5 0 0 5 0 0 0

4 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 ~

5 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 -

2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 -

i 0 I 0 0 I 0 0 0 -

- - 6

%

0 0 0 - - 0

METAL CONTENTS OF COMMON PLATING SALTS

(No te : T e c h n i c a l p r o d u c t s u s u a l l y v a r y s l i g h t l y f r o m s t a t ed p e r c e n t a g e s .

A c t u a l m e t a l c o n t e n t s o f p r e c i o u s m e t a l sa l t s a re u s u a l l y m a r k e d o n p a c k a g e . )

T e c h n i c a l N a m e o f S a l t C h e m i c a l F o r m u l a P e r C e n t M e t a l

Aluminum chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . AIC13-6H20 11.1 Aluminum chloride (anhydrous) . . . . AIC13 20,3 Aluminum sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12(SO4) 3-18H20 8.1 Ant imony trichloride . . . . . . . . . . . . SbC13 53.4 Arsenic trioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As203 75.9 Cadmium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . CdC1221/2H20 49.3 Cadmium cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cd(CN) 2 68.3 Cadmium oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CdO 87.5 Cadmium sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3CdSO4.8H20 43.3 Chloroplatinic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . HzPtCI6.6H20 37.7 Chromic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CrO 3 52.0 Cobalt chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COC12"6H20 24.8 Cobalt sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COSO4-7H20 21.0 Copper acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cu (C2H302)2.HIO 31,8 Copper carbonate (basic) . . . . . . . . . CuCO3.Cu (OH) 2 57.5 Copper chloride (ic) . . . . . . . . . . . . CuC12"2H20 37.3 Copper cyanide (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . CuCN 71.0 Copper fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cu (BF4) 2 26.8 Copper potassium cyanide . . . . . . . . K2Cu (CN)3 28.9 Copper pyrophosphate . . . . . . . . . . Cu2P207 42.3 Copper sodium cyanide . . . . . . . . . Na2Cu (CN) 3 33.9 Copper sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CuSO4"5H20 25.5 Ferric chloride (anhydrous) . . . . . . . FeCl 3 34.5 Ferric chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FeCla-6H20 20.6 Ferric sulfate (anhydrous) . . . . . . . . Fe 2 (SO4) 3 27.9 Ferrous ammonium sulfate . . . . . . . . FeSO4-(NH4)ESO4.6H20 14.2 Ferrous chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FeCI2"4H20 28.1 Ferrous sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FeSO4"7H20 20.1 Gold chloride (ic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . AuCI3"2H20 58.0 Gold cyanide (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . AuCN 88.3 Gold potassium cyanide . . . . . . . . . KAu(CN)2 68.3 Gold sodium cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . NaAu (CN)2 72.5 Indium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . InCl 3 51.8 Indium cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I n (CN) 3 59.4 Indium fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . In (BF4) 3 30.6 Indium sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IN 2 (SO4) 3 44.3 Lead carbonate (basic) . . . . . . . . . . Pb (OH)2.2PbCO 3 80.1 Lead fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pb (BF4) 2 54.4 Nickel acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ni (CzHaO2)2.4H20 23.6 Nickel ammonium sulfate . . . . . . . . NiSO4"(NH4)2SO4.6H20 14.9 Nickel carbonate (basic) . . . . . . . . . 2NiCO3.3Ni (OH)2.4H20 50.0 Nickel chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NiCI2"6H20 24.7 Nickel cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ni (CN)2.4H20 32.1 Nickel fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ni (BF4) 2 25.3

(Continued on next page)

863

Technical Name of Salt Chemical Formula Per Cent Metal

Nickel sulfamate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Palladium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . Pal ladium diaminodini tr i te

(P Salt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P la t inum chloride (Commercial

salt is often chloroplatinic acid) Pla t inum diaminodini tr i te

(P Salt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium stannate . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhod ium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhod ium sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver potass ium cyanide . . . . . . . Silver sodium cyanide . . . . . . . . Silver sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium stannate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium tungstate . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tin chloride (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . Tin f luobora te(ous) . . . . . . . . . . . Tin sulfate (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tungst ic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tungst ic oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc f luoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc pyrophospha te . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc sulfate (anhydrous) . . . . . . Zinc sulfate (exsiccated) . . . . . .

, Ni (NH2SO a) 2 23.4 NiSO4-6H20 22.3 PdC12 60.0

Pd (NH a) 2 (NO2) 2 45.8

PtC14.5H20 45.7

Pt (NH a) 2 (NO._,) 2 60.8 K.,SnOa-3H20 59.6 RhCla-SH20 39.1 Rh 2 (SO,) a 20.8 AgC1 75.2 AgCN 80.5 AgNO a 63.5 Ag~O 93.3 KAg (CN) 2 54.2 NaAg (CN) 2 59.0 Ag2SO4 34.6 NaeSnOa-3H20 44.5 Na2W O . 2 H 2 0 55.8 SnC12.2H~O 52.6 Sn (BF 4) '2- 40.6 SnSO 4 55.3 H2WO., 73.6 W O a 79.3 ZnCO~ 52.2 ZnC12 48.0 Zn (CN) 2 55.7 Zn (BF,) ~ 27.3 Z n O 80.3 Zn2PaO 7 42.9 Z n S O I - 7 H 2 0 22.7 Z n S O 4 40.4 ZnSO4-H20 36.5

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PLATING CALCULATIONS

Grams per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 0.134 = avoirdupois ounces per gallon (oz./gal.). Avoirdupois ounces per gallon (oz./gal.) multiplied by 7.5 - grams per liter (g.FL.). Grams per liter (g./L.) multiplied l~y 0.122 - troy ounces per gallon (tr. oz./gal.). Troy ounces per gallon (tr. oz./gal.) multiplied by 8.2 - grams per liter (g./L.). Grams per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 2.44 = pennyweights per gallon (dwt./gal.). Pennyweights per gallon (dwt./gal.) multiplied by 0.41 - grams per liter (g./L.). Amperes per square decimeter (amp./dm. 2) multiplied by 9.29 = amperes per sq. ft. (amp./ft.2). Amperes per square foot (amp./ft. 2) multiplied by 0.108 = amperes per square decimeter (amp./dm.2). Fluid ounces per gallon (ft. oz./gal.) multiplied by 7.81 = cubic centimeters per liter (cc./L.).

8 6 4

EQUIVALENTS FOR CONVERTING UNITS OF WEIGHT & MEASURE

Cara t (c) (metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.08647 gra ins ; 0 .2 gram. Cen t imete r (cm.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3937 inch; 0.03281 ft.; 0.01 meter . Cubic Cen t imete r (cc.) . . . . . . . . . . 0.03381 oz. (fluid); 0.061023 cubic inch; 0.001

Cubic Foot ( f t ? or cu. ft.) . . . . . . . .

Cubic Inch (in. 3 or cu. in.) . . . . . . . .

Foo t (ft .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ga l lon (gal,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G r a m (g:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inch (in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K i logram (kg.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liter (L,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mic romete r (,am) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micron ~ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi l l ig ram (mg.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi l l imeter (mm.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ounce (fluid) (fl, oz.) . . . . . . . . . . .

Ounce (avoi rdupois) (oz.) . . . . . . . .

Ounce (troy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennyweigh t (dwt.) ( troy) . . . . . . . . . P in t (pt . ) ( l iquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

liter.

7.481 gal lons; 1728 cubic inches; 28.317 liters; 28.317 cubic cent imeters .

0.004329 gal lon; 0.5541 o u n c e (fluid); 16.3872 cubic cent imeters .

0.3048 meter ; 30.48 cent imeters . weighs 8.337 lb. at 62°F. ; 0.13368 cubic foot ;

128 oz. (fluid); 231 cubic inches; 3.7853 liters; 3785.4 cubic cent imeters .

0.03215 oz. ( troy); 0.035274 oz. (avoi rdupois) ; 0.643 pennyweight .

2.540 cent imeters . 2.2046 lb. (avoi rdupois ) ; 1000 grams. 0,2642 gal . ; 0.03532 cu~ ft . ; 1.0567 quar t (liq-

uid); 61,025 cu. in.; 1000 cubic cent imeters .

same as micron . .000039 inch. 0.001 inch; 0.00254 cent imeter ; 25.4 microns . 0.001 g ram. 0.03937 inch; 0.001 meter; I000 microns . 0.0078125 ga l lon; 0.03125 quar t ( l iquid); 1.80469

cubic inches; 29;5737 cubic cent imeters . 0.0625 lb. (avoir . ) ; 0.911458 oz. (troy); 18.2292

pennyweights ; 437.5 grains; 28.3495 grams.

20 pex~nyweights; 31.10348 grams. 1/20 oz. (troy); 1.552 grams. 16 oz. (f luid); 28.875 cu, in.; 473.18 cubic centi-

meters .

P o u n d (avoi rdupois ) (lb.) . . . . . . . . 1 . 2 1 5 3 lb. (troy); 14.583 oz, ( troy); t6 oz. (avoir . ) ; 291.667 pennyweights ; 7000 grains; 453.592 grams.

P o u n d (troy) (Ib. tr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.82286 lb. (avoir . ) ; 12 oz. (troy); 13.166 oz. (avoir . ) ; 240 pennyweights ; 5760 gra ins ; 373.24 grams.

Qua r t ( q t . ) ( l i q u i d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03342 cubic foot ; 0.25 ga l lon; 32 oz. (fluid); 57.749 cubic inches; 946.358 cubic centi- meters .

0.0010764 sq. ft.; 0.155 sq. in. 15,50 sq. in . ; 0.01 sq. meter ; 100 sq. cent imeters . 144 sq. in.; 9.29 sq. decimeters . .007 sq. ft. , 6.45 sq. cm.

Square Cen t imete r (cm. 2) . . . . . . . . Square Decimeter (dm. 2) . . . . . . . . . Square Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Square Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

865

CENTIGRADE--FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURE CONVERSION L o o k u p k n o w n t e m p e r a t u r e in cen te r (bold face type) c o l u m n . Its equ iva l en t in e i the r F or C c a n then be f o u n d in the a p p r o p r i a t e c o l u m n at left o r r ight .

°F, °C. °F. °C. °F. °C.

+ 32.0 ---+ 0 - 1 7 . 7 8 230.0 110 43.33 428.0 220 104.44 + 35,6 + 2 - 1 6 . 6 7 233.6 112 44.44 431.6 222 105.56 + 39,2 + 4 - 15.56 237.2 114 45.56 435.2 224 106.67 + 42.8 + 6 - 14.44 240.8 116 46.67 438.8 226 107.78 + 46,4 + 8 - 1 3 . 3 3 244.4 118 47.78 442.4 228 108.89 + 50.0 + 10 - 12.22 248.0 120 48.89 446.0 230 11-0.00 + 53.6 + 1 2 - 1 1 . 1 1 251.6 122 50.00 449.6 232 111.11 + 57.2 + 14 - 10.00 255.2 124 51.11 453.2 234 112.22 + 60.8 + 16 - 8.89 258.8 126 52.22 456.8 236 113.33 + 64.4 + 18 - 7.78 262.4 128 53.33 460.4 238 114.44 + 68.0 + 2 0 - 6.67 266.0 130 54.44 464.0 240 115.56 + 71.6 + 2 2 - 5.56 269.6 132 55.56 467.6 242 116.67 + 75,2 + 2 4 - 4.44 273.2 134 56.67 471.2 244 117.78 + 78.8 + 2 6 - 3.33 276.8 136 57.78 474.8 246 118,89 + 82,4 + 2 8 - 2.22 280.4 138 58.89 478.4 248 120.00 + 86,0 + 3 0 - 1.11 284~.0 140 60.00 482.0 250 121.11 + 89.6 + 3 2 -4- 0.00 287.6 142 61.11 485.6 252 122.22 + 93.2 + 3 4 + 1.11 291.2 144 62.22 489.2 254 123.33 + 96,8 + 3 6 + 2.22 294.8 146 63.33 492.8 256 124.44 + 100.4 + 3 8 + 3.33 298.4 148 64.44 496.4 258 125.56 + 104.0 + 4 0 + 4.44 302.0 150 65.56 500.0 260 126.67

107,6 42 5.56 305.6 152 66.67 503.6 262 127.78 111.2 44 6.67 309.2 154 67.78 507.2 264 128.89 114.8 46 7.78 312.8 156 68.89 510.8 266 130.00 118.4 48 8.89 316.4 158 70.00 514.4 268 131.11 122.0 50 10.00 320.0 160 71.11 518:0 270 132.22 125,6 52 11.11 323.6 162 72.22 521.6 272 133.33 129.2 54 12.22 327.2 164 73.33 525.2 274 134.44 132,8 56 13.33 330.8 166 74.44 528.8 276 135.56 136.4 58 t4 .44 334.4 168 75.56 532.4 278 136.67 140.0 60 15.56 338.0 170 76.67 536.0 280 137.78 143.6 62 16.67 341.6 172 77.78 539.6 282 138.89 147.2 64 17.78 345.2 174 78.89 543.2 284 140.00 150.8 66 18.89 348.8 176 80.00 546.8 286 141.11 154.4 68 20.00 352.4 178 81.11 550.4 288 142.22 158.0 70 21.11 356.0 180 82.22 554.0 290 143.33 161.6 72 22.22 359.6 182 83.33 557.6 292 144.44 165.2 74 23.33 363.2 184 84.44 561.2 294 145.56 168.8 76 24.44 366.8 186 85.56 564.8 296 146.67 172.4 78 25.56 370.4 188 86.67 568.4 298 147.78 176.0 80 26.67 374.0 190 87.78 572.0 300 148.89 179.6 82 27.78 377.6 192 88.89 590.0 310 154.44 183.2 84 28.89 381.2 194 90.00 608.0 320 160.00 186.8 86 30.00 384.8 196 91.11 626.0 330 165.56 190.4 88 31.11 388.4 198 92.22 644.0 340 171.11 194.0 90 32.22 392.0 200 93.33 662.0 3 5 0 176.67 197.6 92 33.33 395.6 202 94.44 680.0 360 182.22 201.2 94 34.44 399.2 204 95.56 698.0 370 187.78 204.8 96 35.56 402 .8 206 96.67 716.0 380 193.33 208.4 98 36.67 406.4 208 97.78 734.0 390 198.89 212.0 100 37.78 410.0 210 98.89 752.0 400 204.44 215.6 102 38.89 413.6 212 100.00 770.0 410 210.00 219.2 104 40.00 417.2 214 101.11 788.0 420 215.56 222.8 106 41.11 420.8 216 102.22 806.0 430 221.11 226.4 108 42.22 424.4 218 103.33 824.0 440 226.67

ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS

Atomic Atomic Symbol number weight

A l u m i n u m . . . . AI 13 26.97 A n t i m o n y . . . . Sb 51 121.76 A r g o n . . . . . . . . . A 18 39.944 A r s e n i c . . . . . . . As 33 74.91 B a r i u m . . . . . . . Ba 56 137.56

B e r y l l i u m . . . . . Be 4 9.02 B i s m u t h . . . . . . Bi 83 209.00

B o r o n . . . . . . . . B 5 10.82 B r o m i n e . . . . . . Br 35 7 9 . 9 t 6 C a d m i u m . . . . . C d 48 1.12.41 C a l c i u m . . . . . . Ca 20 40.08

C a r b o n . . . . . . . C 6 12.010 C e r i u m . . . . . . . Ce 58 140.13 C e s i u m . . . . . . . Cs 55 132.91 C h l o r i n e . . . . . . C1 17 35.457 C h r o m i u m . . . . C r 24 52.01 C o b a l t . . . . . . . Co 27 58.94 C o l u m b i u m . . . C b 41 92.91 C o p p e r . . . . . . . Cu 29 63.57 D y s p r o s i u m . . . D y 66 162.46 E r b i u m . . . . . . . E r 68 167.2 E u r o p i u m . . . . Eu 63 152.0

F l u o r i n e . . . . . . F 9 19.00 G a d o l i n i u m . . . G d 64 156.9 G a l l i u m . . . . . . G a 31 69.72

G e r m a n i u m . . . G e 32 72.60 G01d . . . . . . . . . A u 79 197.2 H a f n i u m . . . . . H f 7 2 178.6 H e l i u m . . . . . . . H e 2 4.003 H o l m i u m . . . . . H o 67 164.94

Atomic Atomic Synl[)ol ilkmlbcr weight

M o l y b d e n u m . . M o N e o d y m i u m . . . N d N e o n . . . . . . . . . N e N i c k e l . . . . . . . . N i

N i t r o g e n . . . . . N O s m i u m . . . . . . O s O x y g e n . . . . . . O P a l l a d i u m . . . Pd 46 P h o s p h o r u s . . P 15 P l a t i n u m . . . . Pt 78 P o t a s s i u m . . . K 19

P r a s e o d y m i u m Pr 59 P r o t a c t i n i u m . Pa 91 R a d i u m . . . . . . Ra 88 R a d o n . . . . . . . R n " 86 R h e n i u m . . . . . Re R h o d i u m . . . . . R h R u b i d i u m . . . . Rb R u t h e n i u m . . . R u S a m a r i u m . . . . S m S c a n d i u m . . . . . S c

S e l e n i u m . . . . . Se S i l i con . . . . . . . Si

S i l v e r . . . . . . . . A g S o d i u m . . . . . . N a S t r o n t i u m . . . . S r S u l f u r . . . . . . . . S T a n t a l u m . . . . . T a T e l l u r i u m . . . . T e T e r b i u m . . . . . . T b

42 95.95 60 144.27 10 20.183 28 58.69

7 14.008

76 t90.2 8 16.0000

106.7 30.98

195.23

39.096 140.92

231 226.05 222

75 186.31 45 102.91 37 85.48 44 101.7 62 150.45 21 45.10 34 78.96

14 28.06 47 107.880

11 22.997 38 87.63 16 32.066 73 180.88 52 127.61

65 159.2 H y d r o g e n . . . . . H I 1.0080 T h a l l i u m . . . . . TI 81 204.39 I n d i u m . . . . . . . I n 49 114.76 T h o r i u m . . . . . T h 90 232.12 I o d i n e . . . . . . . I 53 126.92 T h u l i u m . . . . . . T m 69 169.4 I r i d i u m . . . . . . l r 77 193.1 T i n . . . . . . . . . . Sn 50 118.70 ' I r o n . . . . . . . . . Fe 26 55.85 T i t a n i u m . . . . . T i 22 47.90 K r y p t o n . . . . . . K r 36 - 83.7 T u n g s t e n . . . . . W 74. 183.92 L a n t h a n u m . . . L a 5 7 138.92 U r a n i u m . . . . . . U 92 238.07 L e a d . . . . . . . . . P b 82 207.21 V a n a d i u m . . . . V 23 50.95 L i t h i u m . . . . . . . Li 3 6.940 X e n o n . . . . . . . X e 54 131.3 L u t e c i u m . . . . . L u 71 174.99 Y t t e r b i u m . . . . Y b 70 173.04 M a g n e s i u m . . . M g 12 24.32 Y t t r i u m . . . . . . Y 39 88.92

M a n g a n e s e . . . . M n 25 54.93 Z i n c . . . . . . . . . Z n 30 65.38 M e r c u r y . . . . . . H g 80 200.61 Z i r c o n i u m . . . . Z r 40 91.22

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