Developing Business with Greater China Handset vendors

Karl J. WeaverGreater China Business Development Manager

Channels to the China OEM Handset Manufacturer

China Handset vendors

Taiwan or South Korean ODMs

Domestic Independent

Design Houses (IDHs)

Japanese or South Korean Handset JV partners

Tier 1/2 American or European Handset OEMSemiconductor

Distributors with design

house functions

Year 2005 mobile handset market share

2005 China handset vendor Market Share (GSM+CDMA)

Amoi Mobile4%

Sony-Ericsson4%

Lenovo4%

TCL4%

Konka3%

Haier3%

Others25%

Ningbo Bird6%

Samsung10%

Nokia24%

Motorola13%

NokiaMotorolaSamsungNingbo BirdAmoi MobileSony-EricssonLenovoTCLKonkaHaierOthers

Nokia, Motorola and Samsung were the top three brands for GSM handsets in terms of fourth-quarter market share, while LG and samsung led for CDMA models

Evolution of the Chinese Evolution of the Chinese Handset IndustryHandset Industry

Evolution of today’s multimedia handset: OEM’s engaged Taiwanese contract manufacturing and Electronic Manufacturing Services, who morphed into ODMs to design and produce cell phones in Taiwan and now the production has moved into China and Taiwan ODM are trying to build themselves into OBMs.

Major cell phone manufacturers outsource much production or design functions

Top Taiwan R&D teams for ODM, OBM of cell phone, smart phone, PDA mobile devices. Most Taiwan manufacturers now mass produce in China.

China handset OEMs are using contract manuf. & design houses to build up 3G handsets, India is also starting to build them

OEM handset companies

ChinaChina’’s Handset Manufacturing Hub in s Handset Manufacturing Hub in Yangtze River Delta RegionYangtze River Delta Region

Finest resources for handset manufacturing environment

•Efficient logistics to sea/air links

•Rich water supply

•Skilled Univ.-educated engineering/professional labor

•Magnet for multinational handset R&D, Production and assembly

Nokia= R&D, Motorola=production, UTStarcom =HQ, Toshiba

(Manufac.) Foxconn, BenQ, Arima, Compal, Eastcom, Ningbo Bird,

CM= Flextronics, Solectron

Nokia= R&D, Motorola=production, UTStarcom =HQ, Toshiba

(Manufac.) Foxconn, BenQ, Arima, Compal, Eastcom, Ningbo Bird,

CM= Flextronics, Solectron

Greater China integration strategy“Greater China” is leading in technology for the mobile device market.

•Taiwan - source for R&D and finances.

• China – assembly & distribution

•1/3 of all cell phones assembled in China

•50% of all cell phones designed in Taiwan

Source: Norson, 2006

207

269

335

393

16.1

20.8

25.8

30.3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2002 2003 2004 20050

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Mobile Users (Mil) Penetration (Unit Per 100 Person)

Current Mobile Subs

(million) 404.1 10.6Current Mobile Teledensity (phones per 100 people) 30.3 N/A

Mobile Users in China, 2002-2005

Where is the market?• The market for wireless convergence will be mainly

driven by higher-end cell phone manufacturers and supported by the large carriers in Asia.

• In the Greater Chinese markets, there are at least 10 local mainland Chinese handset manufacturers that have designed 3G phones, with the cooperation of the Taiwanese, or have procured 3G phone kits directly from the Taiwanese ODMs.

• All the Chinese handset vendors want to migrate up to mid/upper tier 3G handsets.

• In China, Huawei, Amoisonic, ZTE, Ningbo have announced and DEMOed 3G handsets based on WCDMA. DBTel (Taiwanese), Samsung, Amoisonic and Quanta (Taiwan) have designed 3G handsets based on TD-SCDMA.

Where is the market?

3G in China will reshuffle the handset market, as licensing requirements for 3G handsets are likely to be lifted, leading to the entry of new players like Huawei and ZTE. They have stronger in-house R&D.

Mobile phones are becoming customized consumer products.

OEMs are under pressure to produce low-cost, feature-rich phones that address demands of a growing market.

The top 8 domestic mobile handset companies in China are

Ningbo Brid, Huawei, ZTE, Konka, UTStarcom,

Amoisonic, TCL Haier Group

China Handset Sales Volume, 2002-2005

Source: Norson, 2006

5764

72

85

15.1%

12.4% 11.6%

18.8%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2002 2003 2004 20050%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Market Size in Volume (Mil) Growth(%)

A est. total of 20.86 million GSM and CDMA handsets were sold in China during the frouth quarter of 2005

Branded Handsets selling in China

European & American

South Korean

Japanese

Inventec

Mainland China

Taiwan

China’s Mobile Phone Vendors

Company StandardAlcatel GSMAmoisonic GSM/GPRSCapital Group GSM/CDMAChabridge GSMCEC GSM/GPRS, CDMADalian Daxian CDMADatang Telecom CDMADBTel GSMEastcom GSM/GPRS, CDMAEricsson Beijing GSMHaier GSM, CDMAHisense GSM, CDMAHuawei WCDMAKejian GSM, CDMAKonka GSM/GPRS, CDMALangChao CDMALegend/Xoceco GSM/GPRS, CDMAMitsubishi Beijing GSMMotorola China GSM, CDMANEC Wuhan GSMNingbo Bird GSM/GPRS, CDMA

Company StandardNokia Beijing GSMNokia Dongguan GSMPanasonic Beijing GSMPanda Elec GSMPhilips GSMPutian GSM, CDMASamsung Elec. GSM, CDMASanyo CDMAShenzhen SED GSMSiemens GSMSony Beijing GSMSoutec GSMTCL GSM/GPRS, CDMATelsda GSMTop Group GSMZhenhua CDMAZTE GSM/GPRS, CDMA,

PCS, WCDMA

Where the handset manufacturers are located Where the handset manufacturers are located

China’s Smart Phone EnvironmentChina Smart Phone prices are quickly droppingPDA Phones using Linux OS are the most popular in China, while Windows CE is slowly gaining groundMotorola is the leader in Smart Phone sales in ChinaThe China 3G era (beginning in 2006) will escalate Smart Phone sales Operators will take a key role in proliferating the Smart Phone market

Source: Norson, 2006

China’s Smart Phone OS market

Market for Smartphone/Converged Device OS Platforms

Linux, 23% Symbian,

51%

Windows Mobile, 17%

SymbianLinuxMicrosoft

Source: The Diffusion Group (TDG) March, 2006

China Smart Phone Sales Volume, 2002-2005

Source: Norson, 2006

0.751.24

2.08

4.58142%

65% 68%

120%

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0

2002 2003 2004 20050%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

Smart Phone Market Size in Volume (Mil) Growth (%)

Local Vendors International Vendors

Source: Norson, 2006

Domestic/Foreign Smart Phone Vendors

2005 Smart Phone Vendors/Handsets

Middle tierLinuxN600, N620, N940

High end, middle tier and low end

Symbian/Linux/Windows

ET560, ET960, G901, i950, P930

Middle tierWindows535, 565, 696, 699, 818, 828+

Low endLinuxe777, e787, e797

Low endLinuxE858 ,E859, E860, E868, E898

High endSymbianP802, P908, P910C

Fashion and business Symbian7610, 6670, 6681, 9300, N90

Music and businessLinuxA768, A780, E680, A728, A1200

Target UsersOperatingSystem

ModelVendor

Middle tierLinuxN600, N620, N940

High end, middle tier and low end

Symbian/Linux/Windows

ET560, ET960, G901, i950, P930

Middle tierWindows535, 565, 696, 699, 818, 828+

Low endLinuxe777, e787, e797

Low endLinuxE858 ,E859, E860, E868, E898

High endSymbianP802, P908, P910C

Fashion and business Symbian7610, 6670, 6681, 9300, N90

Music and businessLinuxA768, A780, E680, A728, A1200

Target UsersOperatingSystem

ModelVendor

Source: Norson, 2006

Smart Phones – If you know how to make them “smart”

• Smartphone market in 2006 is estimated to exceed 70% growth (in-stat)• However, many users do not download applications that make the

devices more useful after they leave the store.• The OS winners will be Microsoft and Linux. Their growth will be at the

expense of Research In Motion (RIM) and Palm source, although these organizations will continue to see their numbers grow.

• A recent report by In-Stat found that the median number of applications that smartphone users have downloaded is only one, whereas the ownership of PDAs, the devices that smartphones are meant to displace, is twice that for smartphone users as non-users.

• Consumers, as well as the industry, still lack a clear definition of “smartphones”.

• Many wireless organizations are wary of Microsoft’s intentions with Windows Mobile and Microsoft is working to overcome the reluctance by integrating the delivery of content to Windows Mobile-based smartphones with its server software.

Taiwan Market for Converged Devices

Converged handheld devicesVoice-centric Data-centric

Operating system

Nokia Series 60, Microsoft

Smartphone

Palm OS, Microsoft Pocket PC Phone

Edition, Symbian UIQ or Symbian Series 90

Models Nokia 6260/ N70, Motorola E680,

Dopod 585

Dopod 818, Palm 650, HP6515, Nokia 9300

Source: IDC Taiwan, compiled by DigiTimes, March 2006

• Q4, 05 Handheld device sales in Taiwan totaled 120,992 units.• 30% contributed from pen-based PDAs, 70% converged handheld devices (IDC Taiwan)• Q4, 05 Shipments of pen-based PDAs, experienced decline of 10%.• Q4, 05 converged handheld devices jumped 81% (IDC Taiwan).• GPS-enabled devices continue to be a key factor for failing PDA shipments.• Demand/growth for voice-centric & data-centric converged devices to be fast paced.• Voice-centric converged devices, or smartphones, are priced cheaper than data-centric

converged devices that are designed to include a stylus pen or a full Qwerty keypad.• Demand for voice-centric converged devices in Taiwan will be growing faster than

expected.

Source: IDC Taiwan, compiled by DigiTimes, March 2006

China’s Handset vendors 3G initiativesAmoi, Huawei, and ZTE exporting 3G terminals globally

Lenovo and UTStarcom are also promoting 3G handsets globally

Xtheir brands trail far behind leading players like Nokia, Motorola, and SamsungXDomestic vendors lag behind their foreign competitors in 2G/2.5G devices. XThey’ve been slower to market with new products, possess weaker R&D product dev.

Huawei and ZTE’s often bundling 3G handsets with 3G equipment sales.ZTE has customized 3G handsets to Hutchison in the UK and Italy. Huawei supplies 3G phones to Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and into European markets. Amoi stands out as the only domestic vendor betting heavily on 3G.•Over 40,000 WCDMA handsets shipped in 2005. •Supplying 3G handsets to Hutchison for the Italian market. •Also developed EV-DO models for sale to Mexico/Latin American •only domestic vendor designing W-CDMA, EV-DO & TD-SCDMA phonesLenovo, UT Starcom, and Hisense hopeful to ship/sell 3G handsets in volume in 2006

3G handsets will take time to ramp up - operators need to roll out networks 3G handsets will be high-end niche products3G operators won’t be able to afford large-scale subsidies to bring 3G handset prices into the mainstream market.

Possibilities in ChinaPossibilities in China’’s 3G races 3G raceChina wants 3G networks operating by the 2008 Beijing Olympics and will need to issue licenses in Q2 and at the latest Q3, 2006.

There is a proposal to restructure China’s telecom carriers.

It’s possible China Unicom will sell one of it’s networks to a fixed line carrier (China has 4 operators)

China’s 3G landscape will be determined by the Chinese Government, not market forces. Currently, a lot of uncertainty as the two top carriers aren’t bough in on using TD-SCDMA.

When 3G does roll out, Huawei and ZTE will have a much larger share of the market, compared with their current 2G/2.5G share.

China is forecast to gain 610 million subscribers by 2009 , 23~58% of which might be 3G users, total revenues could be $1.4~$3 billion.

WCDMA will dominate over TD-SCDMA and voice will still be the major service, and mobile internet usage will jump shoot.

TD-SCDMA technology might be used for support of the two existing systems, rather than as a stand-alone system (operators may use it as a complementary tool for hot spots and indoor coverage.

It will prove an important factor for carriers CAPEX spending and also all those infrastructure vendors, which will make or break their balance sheets

If China delays deploying 3G much longer, India may deploy 3G networks before them.

China Mobile already jumped the gun with unapproved extra 3G build outs for WCDMA before their license, which will occur after TD-SCDMA licenses are awarded

Global Handset Outsourcing from OEMsHandset OEM Tier 1 Partner Tier 2 Partner OEM Units EMS% ODM%Nokia Elcoteq Celestica, Jabil,

Solectron, Teson, Hon Hai

165 15 0

Motorola Flextronics, BenQ**, Pantech

Solectron, Celestica, Compal**, Telson

65 10 50

Samsung N/A N/A 65 0 0Sony-Ericsson Flextronics Elcoteq, Arima, GVC-

Lite-on30 40 60

Siemens Flextronics, Sanmina-SCI

Quanta 28 30 30

LGE N/A N/A 25 0 0Panasonic N/A Celestica 16 5 20NEC N/A Celestica, BenQ, Arima 14 5 15Mitsubishi N/A Solectron 11 10 0Kyocera Solectron N/A 10 30 0Alcatel Flextronics GVC-Lite-on 4 40 60TCL (China) Alcatel N/A 12 N/A 35Others N/A N/A 28 10 70** 472 Million

**Motorola has stopped woerking with BenQ because they are changing into an OBM, Also Motorola stopped using COMpal for Smart Phone ODM business in Taiwan

Company Technology Resources Design Company(China Domestic)

OEM/ODM Company (Taiwan)

OEM/ODM company(Japan, EU, US, Korea)

UTStarcom UT Starcom Foxconn

Amoi Agere Systems Arima Communication Bellwave

Capitel Agere Systems, Qualcomm, Mei Bo Chi Mei, DBTEL Sewon, Intercube

China Bridge Korean VK Innostream, LG

CEC Qualcomm CEC Cellon, CEC Mobile, YuhuaTelTech

Benq, Okwap Pantech, Telson

Datang Qualcomm Compal Elec. Sharp

DBTEL Motorola

Eastcom Motorola, Agere Systems, Qualcomm

Haier Philips, Motorola, Qualcomm, Sendo CEC CellonCEC Mobile

Benq, Compal, Eliteon Sewon Telecom

Hisense Qualcomm Telcom (CDMA), Panasonic

Kejian Samsung, Wavecom, CommQuest, TTPcom

Holley Communication EZZE

Konka Agere Systems, Qualcomm CEC Cellon Compal, Huabao

Langchao Qualcomm LG

Lenovo Qualcomm, Wavecom Hopen Mobile

Bird Siemens, Qualcomm Benq, Quanta Pantech (CDMA), Telcon(CDMA), Sewon (GSM), Bellwave, (GSM)

Panda Ericsson Foxconn Sewon, Bellwave

Putian Motorola Benq, Compal Sewon, Giga, Pantech, Telson

Sangfei Philips Okwap

Southtec Motorola, Qualcomm,Wavecom Yuhua Teltech Pantech, toplux, Samsung

TCL Qualcomm, Wavecom, ADI, TTPcom Compal, Foxconn LG, Pantech

ZTE Qualcomm, Samsung, CommQuest, TTPcom

Future Tel Qi Ji SK telecom

Chinese Handset OEM breakdownVendor Designs & Product

SkillsDesign Cycle Cost Comparison Business Model

Ningbo Bird NO handset design capabilities. Does only form design. Buys modules and designs on it. Buys software from European providers. Has R&D partnership with Philips and Holly

Launched more than 20 modules in 2003

Scale: 9-10m. About a third CKD sourced from Taiwan (500k from BenQ), Korea and Sagem (1.5m).

Purely an OEM hopes to export product beyond Southeast Asia to France, Italy and India.

Konka GSM from BenQ. And CDMA from Telson mainly a socket assembler. Wants to establish R&D

Building handsets on Agere and Infineon chipsets. Software from Neclear

Scale: 3 m GSM and 1 m CDMA ASP of US$100 to US$250

Appears to be targeting the mid market segment

Lenovo Using TI chipset to design handsets, no signicant R&D

N/A Scale 1 million mainly secured designs from Taiwan

N/A

TCL CDMA from Pantech. Designs products based on ADI chipsets and TTP

Design cycle for chipset model is 6 months, module based model take 1-3

Scale : 9-10 m N/A

Eastcom Has a manufacturing JV with Motorola for CDMA phones, and Samsung for WCDMA phones

Does only form design. Has R&D partnerships with DBTel and Philips

Scale: 3m + 4m OEM for Motorola. Buys modules for own brand from Pantech

Sells own brand in China and manufacturers on contract basis for Motorola

Haier CCT gets design from Sendo. Design partnership with Philips

N/A Scale 2m (domestic) + 2 m (export). Production by CCT Telecom

Sells own brand in China and supplies Sendo in the UK.

Kejian Designs based on ADI chipset fotr GSM. JV with Samsung for CDMA

N/A Scale 6-million Samsung Kejian & Kejina

Sells own brand in China and supplies Sendo fotr UK

(In thousands of units)

2004 2005f 2005 major customers*

Arima Communication 10,000-11,000 12,000 Sony Ericsson (J200, K300), NEC, Toshiba

Asustek Computer 250 2,000 (1,000 from ASMobile) -

BenQ 15,000 10,000** (4,000 from ODM segment and 6,000 from own-brand)

Nokia (3128, entry-level models)

Chi Mei Communication Systems (CMCS)

1,500-2,000 2,000-2,500 Motorola (MPx220, one EDGE-based model)

CompalCommunications

8,500 15,000 Motorola (C157, C115, C155 and V171), Panasonic, Alcatel

Compal Electronics 2,500 2,500 Motorola (MPx)

Darts Tech(Foxlink) 1,200 1,500-2,000 Hitachi, LG Electronics (LGE), NEC, label deals in China and Southeast Asia

Dbtel Technology 4.000 (3,450 in first three quarters)

4,500-5,500 Panasonic, Hyundai Mobile

High Tech Computer (HTC)

2,000 (1,500 from smartphoneand PDA-phone segment)

4,000** Europe- and US-based telecom carriers (mmO2, Orange, PalmOne, T-Mobile, AT&T Wireless)

Inventec Appliances 3,000-3,500 (2,000 PHS phones and 1,000-1,500 GSM/GPRS phones)

5,000-6,500** (1,500-2,000 from ODM segment)

Label deals in China, Philips

Lite-On Technology 5,000 7,000-8,000 Alcatel, LGE, Nokia, SiemensQuanta Computer 5,500 7,000-8,000 Siemens, Philips, Panasonic (2-4 models)

E-Ten N/A N/A N/A

*Compiled from market sources**DigiTimes estimateSources: company sources, compiled by DigiTimes, Jan 2005.

Taiwan ODM/OBM Handset Shipments: 2004~05

2006 Predictions for top five Taiwan OBM/ODMsMajor Taiwan handset vendors’ projected shipments (million units)Company Brand 2005(f) shipments 2006(f)

shipmentsBenQ BenQ, Siemens,

BenQ/Siemens dual brand

BenQ and Siemens’ mobile phone unit merged in October

2005.

40

InventecAppliances

OKWAP 8 (4 million GSM phones and 4 million PHS phones)

13*

AsustekComputer

ASUS 1 3*

Source: DigiTimes Research, compiled by DigiTimes, November 2005*Figures include own-brand and OEM/ODM models.

Sony Ericsson, NEC, Lenovo, Panda

To grow 50% on-year*

12ArimaCommunications

Motorola, Panasonic, Alcatel

To grow 30% on-year*

35CompalCommunications

Major clients2006(f) shipments

2005(f) shipments

Company

Top two Taiwan handset contract makers’ projected shipments (million units)

Source: Compiled by DigiTimes, November 2005* Estimate by sources at local handset makers.

China Independent Design Houses

• An Integration process is now underway for IDHs in China• Small, medium-sized mobile design houses will get much

bigger• Public companies will become multinational mobile design

houses• Mobile Phone design houses may evolve into mobile ODMs• Mobile Phone design houses are evolving to handset

vendors with their own brands• China’s domestic design houses could evolve into the R&D

centers for foreign mobile handsets

Chinas Major Mobile Phone Design Companies (IDHs)

• Techfaith• CEC Wireless/Cellon• Yulong SZ• Wanzhong SZ• Yuhua Teltech• Jingwei• E28 (Shanghai) Ltd.• Simcom (Shanghai)• Elitek• Sunplus• Gionee• Unitone SZ

Zeus Telecommunications

Goldwiz Electric

Shanghai Longcheer

Truetel

Orsus

Zj Huali

Shanghai Huntel Technologies

Cosmobic Technology Co., Ltd.

Runtong

Wanglixin

Mobicom Corporation

China’s Handset OS Developers (2005)

• China Mobilesoft Limited (CMS)• Hopen• Coretek• Smartcomm• Koretide• Shenzheng MLG• Pollex• Yulong• Redflag Software

Handset Software providers:Chinese Input systems for handsets

• Hanwang• eZiText• Huoma Software• Tegic (T9)• Guobi• Genetech• Exldeas• Wintone

Major mobile handset Silicon Vendors in China

• 1 TI• 2 Freescale• 3 Agere Systems• 4 Philips• 5 Infineon• 6 Intel• 7 ST microelectronics• 8 ADI• 9 Renesas• 10 Broadcom• 11 Qualcomm• 12 Wavecom• 13 Skyworks

Handset Value Chain in ChinaChipsets OS/Stack

SoftwareHardware Integration

APP/MMI Software

Industrial Design/Manuf.

Base

Band

RF

Design &

Coding

Design

Sub-A

ssembly

Design &

Coding

Industrial D

esign

PCB

Layout

Final A

ssembly

Testing

Distribution

Marketing &

B

randing

Post Production

ODM (Such as Pantech) Soutec CDMA

Design House (Suchas Cellon) Haier

Wavecom TCL

Chipset Vendor ZTE (or DBTel)

MotorolaSource: BDA China Research

A Global Sourcing TaxonomyA Global Sourcing Taxonomy• OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer• The company behind the “brand name” of a product (like Motorola, Samsung, Sony, Nokia). OEMs

designed, manufactured, marketed and provided customer support to their products. However, in many cases now, the OEM only owns the design (or design decision), and all manufacturing is outsourced to contract manufacturers.

• ODM- Original Design Manufacturer• A company developing and manufacturing electronics that are ultimately sold as branded products by

OEMs, such as Dell. ODMs differ from EMS providers in that they own intellectual property in addition to offering manufacturing services. ODM designs account for more than one-half of all notebook computers and also most three-quarters of desktop motherboard designs sold world-wide. Largely based in Taiwan with some in South Korea, ODM companies include BenQ, Compal, Arima, Quanta, Seowon, and Telson.

• EMS – Electronic Manufacturing Services• The company that performs manufacturing on behalf of an OEM. Typically, the EMS provider does not own any

intellectual property, branding or distribution rights to the end-product. EMS companies instead invest in their manufacturing capabilities to offer contract production services to OEMs. Examples EMS companies would be are Flextronics, Solectron and Celestica.

• IDH – Independent Design House• Small and mid-tier OEMs looking to build products in Asia in smaller production quantities than would be attractive to

EMS providers or Taiwanese original design manufacturers are increasingly turning to independent design houses. More than just engineers for hire, these design firms are in effect becoming virtual ODMs-using relationships they've established with manufacturers to create best-in-class services that give customers both full support and flexibility.

• IDM – Integrated Device Manufacturer• A semiconductor company that not only designs its own chips, but manufactures them as well. IDMs are companies like

Intel, AMD, Freescale, ST Micro, Infineon, Toshiba, NEC, among others. In contrast to IDMs, there are so called “fabless”semiconductor companies that concentrate exclusively on semiconductor design and contract out all their production.

• OBM – Own Brand Manufacturer• Companies that started out handling original design and original equipment and manufacturing for the big Western

handset manufacturers and have begin to build their own proprietary brands, which is the only way for mostly high-tech industries in Taiwan or South Korea to survive in an economy where manufacturing is flooding to PR China.

Rise of Customized Design Manufacturers (CDMs)• Customized Design manufacturers buy from handset

manufacturers, customize handsets and resell them to operators and retailers.– They buy large volumes, provide smaller volumes for tailored needs– They combine sales & marketing, logistics, customization (branding,

localization, configuration) support and warranty.– CDMs can help Asian ODMs by taking the software OS and

tailoring it to the customers

• Notable CDMs:• iMate (sourcing from HTC, Taiwan)• QTek (sourcing from HTC, Taiwan)• Emblaze Mobile(sourcing from Innostream)• O2(for Asian market)CDMs began by interfacing to white label manufacturers, and will morph to serve tier 2 then tier 1 manufacturers

CDMs & Operator customization

Device Customization Houses for software OS tailoring and integration

Industrial design Houses

OEMs/ODMs

CDMsWireless Operators