Developing Presentation Skills

by

Dr .H .S. RAM MOHAN

Making a presentation?

Presenting a paper at a seminar or a report at a project review?

Ph.D open defence or a job interview?

Either make a good presentation or avoid it

How to give the talk

Giving a good talk is an essential skill for researchers and teachers.

You want feedback on your data or ideas, so put them across well.

Conferences and seminars are fun . Learn the rules and enjoy them.

1. Plan 2. Prepare

3. Practice

4. Present

Steps in Giving Presentation Steps in giving a presentationSteps in giving a presentation

1. Planning

Who is your audience?

Why are they there?

What is your goal?

How long will it be?

Where will it take place?

Overview

Usually short talks

You can find a lot of advice on how to give a big speech on front of a big audience--but how often do most of us do that?

More often, you're given 10 -20 minutes to address a smaller group - at times with little or no warning.

Cut it down

There's an unfortunate temptation in a short presentation to try to cram everything you have to say into a short time.

Remember that you have to make your talk fit the time allotted. If you've got five minutes to talk, you shouldn't have more than three main points.

3 things

If your audience could remember only three things about your presentation, what would you want it to be?

(1)_____________

(2)_____________

(3)_____________

Start your Outline

Don’t think of Power point !

Order your thoughts

Decide on key points

Logical flow

Introduction Introduction

Main theme

Summary/Summary/ConclusionsConclusions

Structure

Get AttentionGet Attention

ContentContent

Key messageKey message

Use milestones

For a five minute speech, have milestones at roughly one-minute intervals

You get one minute for your introduction, during which you explain what you plan to say. Then you get 60 seconds each for your three main points. The last minute is either for a short conclusion, or as a buffer in case you run long.

2. Preparation

Speaker’s three friends

1. Personal Notes

2. Visuals

3. Handouts

Know your topic!

Know your material so well, that you could easily do the presentation without any aid such as Power Point.

Use only key words and phrases to keep the audience focused and interested.

Planning the talk

Paint a big picture first, then zoom in.

You know more about the topic than most of the audience. Get down to their level.

Avoid jargon and be precise.

Preparation

Rehearse!

Present it to colleagues early enough to make major changes, if necessary.

Check out the controls for the lights, projector, pointer, and microphone before your session.

3. Practice

Perfection is like fitness

Slow to develop

Quick to disappear

The more you practice:

the better you feel and the more you want to do

Lack of experience

Lack of preparation

Lack of enthusiasm

Negative self-talk

Feeling nervous?

It’s not about you

Focus on your goal and

what you are going to say

Make the audience comfortable

Be over-preparedRehearse and practiceKnow your subjectUse relaxation techniquesBe positive +++Avoid stressors

Becoming Confident

4. Presentation

The most powerful visual aidsThe most powerful visual aids

wordswords

voicevoice

body languagebody language

Make a strong start

Keep track of time

No one has ever said, "I wish that speech had been longer." So keep track of time. If you've run out of time to make a major point, work it into the questions people have for you afterward

Key: Take the length of time you've been asked to speak for, and cut it down by 20 percent. 

Make it personal

Make use of opportunities to connect on a personal level with your audience. Don't be afraid to allow emotion to enter into your voice if appropriate.

Speak up.

All of your preparation is worth nothing if people can't hear you. If you have good audio equipment, use it. If not, at least start out by asking whether people can hear your voice.

The talk itself - 1

Relax… Be bold and confident

Speak slowly, loudly, clearly

Don’t read the talk verbatim!

.

The talk itself - 2

Make eye contact with audience

Impress by informing, not performing.

Avoid mannerisms that distract or annoy.

The talk itself - 3

Point to details on a slide as you explain it.

Don’t finish with “any questions?”

Finish with “thank you.”

Slides are not the presentation

Always remember that you are the presentation. The slide show is only an accompaniment to your talk.

Speak to the audience, not to the screen.

Avoid T M I

You know so much about the topic, but don't talk about everything that you know

Stick to a few points about your topic and expound on them. The audience will be more likely to retain the information.

Question Time

Make the most of it - you usually get helpful suggestions.

Prepare answers for some questions.

Have extra slides ready.

Be thankful and polite –potential employers may be in the audience.

Now you have a choiceNow you have a choice

You now know that iYou now know that if you f you want to make a goodwant to make a good presentation, you can do it presentation, you can do it if you make a conscious effort if you make a conscious effort

On the other hand

If you want to make a miserable

presentation, try my guidelines

that follow !

Guidelines for a T.T.T.

Strict adherence to the following time tested guidelines will ensure that both you and your work will remain obscure and that no one in the audience can duplicate your brilliant research.

Failure is also guaranteed

SLIDES AND OVERHEADS

Use lots of slides and overheads. A rule of thumb is one for each 10 seconds of time allotted for your talk. The more the merrier.

If you don't have enough, borrow the rest from the previous speaker, or from your friend or cycle back and forth between slides and overheads.

FILL THE PAGE

Put as much information on each slide and overhead as possible. Graphs with a dozen or so crossing lines, tables with at least 100 entries, and maps with 20 or 30 units are especially effective; but equations, with at least 15 terms and 20 variables, are almost as good. A high density slide usually pre-empts penetrating questions from the audience. The idea is to fill the slide completely so that no one can even attempt to understand anything on the screen. You will lose your audience's attention before you even reach the bottom of your

QUICK SUCCESS

……..first slide

Create as many bullets as possible

• You• should• resort to• excessive• bullet-pointing. • Bullet• all• points.

• Too few• bullet-points• and• your key• messages• will • stand• out and be • remembered

• In fact, • the term• "bullet-point“• comes from • presenters• firing guns• at an hapless• innocent• audience.

Small font

Use small print. Even you should find it difficult to read. Anyone who has not had the foresight to either sit in the front row or bring a set of binoculars is probably not smart enough to understand your talk anyway.

Illustrations

Use figures and tables directly from publications. They will help you minimize the amount of preparation for the talk.

If you haven't published the work, that is fine. You can use illustrations from an old publication of yours, if any, or from someone else’s. Only a few people in the audience will notice anyway.

A different point of view

PRESENTATION

You should NOT organize your talk in advance. Do not even to think about it until your name has been announced by the session chairman.

Spontaneity is the spirit of the game.

Above all, don't write the talk out, for it may fall into enemy hands.

Extempore!

Never, ever, rehearse, even briefly. Talks are best when they are given spontaneously with thoughts organized in a random fashion.

Leave it as an exercise for the listener to assemble your thoughts properly and make some sense out of what you say.

Verbatim

Actually, if you want to give a truly memorable presentation, WRITE OUT THE ENTIRE TALK word for word -- and read from the script in as close to a monotone voice as you manage.

Take care not to have eye contact with any one on this planet. This method is especially effective right after lunch.

Inemuri  Discuss each slide and overhead in

complete detail, especially those parts irrelevant to the main points of your talk.

If you suspect that there is anyone in the audience who is not yet asleep, return to a previous slide and discuss it again. Repeat process till you ensure that everyone is down and out.

Delivery

Face the projection screen, mumble, and talk as fast as possible, especially while making important points.

An alternate strategy is to speak very slowly, leave every other sentence incomplete, and punctuate each thought with "ahhh," "uhhh," or something equally exciting or informative.

Summarize and repeat

Audiences are notoriously forgetful.

Spend the last few minutes recapping everything they just saw.

Push it down the throat till you observe visual signs of choking

Timely advice

Use up all of your allotted time and at least half, if not all, of the next speaker's. This avoids foolish and annoying questions and forces the chairman to cut short the following speaker's time.

Remember, the rest of the speakers don't have anything important to say anyway. If they had, they would have been assigned times earlier than yours.

You have succeeded in making a miserable presentation if…..

Seasonal shifts in Seasonal shifts in hydroclimatology over the hydroclimatology over the

Western United StatesWestern United StatesRegonda, Rajagopalan, Clark, and PitlickRegonda, Rajagopalan, Clark, and Pitlick

2005. Journal of Climate, 18:372-3842005. Journal of Climate, 18:372-384

Presented by Science ManPresented by Science Man

OutlineOutline

• IntroductionIntroduction• MethodsMethods• ResultsResults• ConclusionsConclusions

Introduction

A) Background Increased land and ocean temperatures particularly over

midlatitude regions0.5C in last 50 years (0.1C/decade)

Increased frequency of extreme weather events (floods, droughts, etc.)

Shifts in seasonal cycles – early occurrence of spring

Early blossom of plants lilac

Early spring flows Increased vegetation cover

And extended growing period B) Global trends and western U.S. hydroclimatology

Globel and wetern hydoclimatology* “Recently a group of reseraecahres evaluatied futreu

climate change impacts on western US water resources management as a part of the Accelerated Climate Prediction Invitivae (ACPI). The climate change scenarios of projected “business as usual” (BAU) greenhouse gas emmisssions were simulated using the National Center of Atmosphere Research (NCAR)/Departmetn of Energy (DOE) parallel climate model (PCM). The BAU scenarios exhibited an average warming of about 1-2C and both decrease and increase in precipitation across the western United States. Downscaling these scenarios to the Colorado river basin, Christensen et al. (2004) find a signficiant decrease in april SWE (-30%), annual runoff (-17%), total basin storage (-40%), and reservori leveells (-33%) by the end of the 21st century.”

*of course the typos are mine!

methods• streamflow

– hcdn database– various criteria = 89 stations

• swe– nrcs april 1 – 469, 501, 239

• precipitation and temperature– nws coop– Julian day warm spell

• regression analy– streamflow, swe, precipitation,

temperature

Figure 2 and 3

Figure 4Figure 5

Tornado AlleyTornado Alley

District

( * Regional capital ) Feb 1- May 4 % of Total Pop. % of Urban Pop. Rice,Wheat & Sugar Maize R.Sorghum Rice,Wheat & Sugar Maize R.Sorghum

Walgooyi Gabeed Hargeysa * 4,848 0.9 1.1 0 to 7%* no change* 6% increase* 9% decr to 47% increase 6% increase 6% increase

Togdheer Burco * 121 0.0 0.1 no change* no change* no change* no change no change no change

Bari Bossaso * 2,355 1.4 2.2 no change* no change* no change* 0% to 12 decrease no change 14% decrease

Gaalkacyo * 10,459 7.6 19.1 6 to 14%* no change* no change* 33 to 44% increase 50% decrease no change

Galdogob 18 0.0 0.3

Hobyo 13,280 19.7 103.7

Jariiban 34 0.1 0.5

Xarardheere 16,818 25.7 125.6 0 to 10% no change no change* 11% to 20% no change no change

Dhuusamarreeb * 42,600 46.7 253.3 3.42 13 to 25%* no change* no change* 13% to 25% no change no change

Cabudwaaq 6,600 16.1 78.5 17% decrease to no change*no change* no change*

Cadaado 22,635 49.6 242.7

Ceel Buur 23,292 29.4 181.7

Ceel Dheer 13,842 19.0 119.3 no change* no change* no change* 20% to 25% increase N/A in april no change

Belet Weyne * 30,474 21.1 98.7 3.62 11 to 43%* 8% decrease * NA 0 to 26% increase no change NA

Bulo Burto 5,880 6.6 33.0 7.32

Jalalaqsi 7,327 15.7 71.3 0.75

Jowhar * 15,520 7.1 42.1 1.66 25 to 38% increase 3% increase 11% decrease 25 to 46%% 9% increase 12% decrease

Adan Yabaal 4,800 7.6 66.7 0 to 10%* NA* no change* 0 to 25%* NA no change

Balcad 43,832 36.4 156.0

Cadale 3,600 7.7 33.3

Banadir Mogadishu 487 0.1 0.1 1.52 50 to 67%* no change* no change*

Marka * 21,998 11.4 34.4 3.43 25 to 38% increase 13% increase 20% increase 13 to 54% 13% increase 20 % increase

Afgooye 42,927 31.8 198.7 5.27 13 to 38% 14% increase 14% increase 13 to 50% 29% increase 14% increase

Baraawe 15,900 27.6 103.2 2.61

Kurtunwaarey 372 0.7 5.0 3.88

Qoryooley 2,516 1.9 11.0 9.566% decrease to 23%

increase*25%increase* no change* 18% to 69%increase 41 %increase 50% increase

Sablaale 0 0.0 0.0 7.48

Wanla Weyn 388 0.2 1.8 10.00

Aw Dheegle 0.0 0.0 9.39

Baydhaba * 18,778 8.2 31.8 3.19 38 to 43 % 67% increase no change 25% to 57% incr. 288% increase 160% increase

Buur Hakaba 4,560 3.6 18.2

Diinsoor 2,100 2.8 17.3

Qansax Dheere 2,400 2.4 14.3 0 to 14%* 44% increase* no change* 33% to 57% increase 100% increase 40% increase

Xudur * 500 0.5 2.6

Ceel Barde 300 1.0 5.6

Tayeeglow 400 0.5 2.5

Waajid 600 0.9 4.2 6.18

Baardheere 3,052 2.9 11.9 2.86 0 to 11% * 17%decrease* 40% decrease* 22% to 57% increase 67% increase 34% decrease

Belet Xaawo 1,840 3.3 13.5 no change* 25% decrease* no change*

Luuq 130 0.2 0.9 no change* no change* no change* no change* 50% increase no change

Jilib 350 0.3 1.2

Kismaayo * 3,485 2.1 3.9 4.61 25% to 50% no change no change

Afmadow 2,012 3.9 28.3 0 to 14%* no change* NA 25% to 29% 50% increase NA

Jamaame 0 0.0 0.0 25.49

393,430 5.2 13.6

Increase in Prices from Mid March to End AprilDisplaced Populations Case Fatality Rate(%)

Increase in Prices from Mid March to 1st week April

Juba Dhexe

Gedo

Bakool

Bay

Mudug

Shabelle Hoose

Shabelle dhexe

Hiran

Galgadud

Footnotes:Baidoa & Qansahdhere prices have increased dramatically due to a)high demand for sorghum from neighbouring regions.b)Increased supply of cash both Dollars and Somali shillings.C)They are the only cereal markets currently accessible for traders to purchase due to rains blocking roads to other markets.

Note that sorghum prices in all markets including Baidoa are still lower than the long term average (98-07).April '07 maize prices in Lower & Middle Shabelle are still lower than the April prices since 2004.

Source: 2005 Population data - UNDP Somalia Displaced Populations - UNHCR 4 May 2007AWD cases,Deaths & CFR - WHO 1 jan - 3 May 2007Market Prices - FSAU

More ResultsMore ResultsAutoAuto

correlationcorrelationFigure 6Figure 6

More ResultsMore ResultsFigure 7Figure 7

• Scatterplots showing relationships between weather station elevation and trends in (a) warm day spells, (b) winter precipitation), © winter tempeature, (d) a map illustrating the spatial distribution of coop stations below 800 m (squares), between 800 and 2500 m (open circles), and above 2500 (filled circles). Note that there are very few COOP stations at high elevations.

More ResultsMore Results

Even more resultsEven more results

Conclusions

Advancement in the timing of spring temperature spells over the western United States has resulted in the earlier occurrence of peak snowmelt flows in many mountain basins. Changes in the timing of snowmelt are most evident in

basins in the Pacific Northwest, which fall below 2500-m elevation.

Changes in the timing of snowmelt in high-elevation basins in the interior west are, for the most part, not statistically significant.

Increases in March and April streamflows and decreases in May and June streamflows at a number of sites suggest a broad shift in spring peak flow timing.

Conclusions (page 2)

Snow course measurements show a decreasing trend in the snow water equivalent (SWE) in April and May, which is also indicative of reduced snow and early melt.

Winter precipitation seems to be generally increasing, but there is no clear increase in spring streamflows. This result suggests that in recent decades more of

the precipitation is coming in the form of rain rather than snow.

AcknowledAcknowledgementsgements

• I want to thank my dog I want to thank my dog for not chewing up more for not chewing up more than one copy of my than one copy of my assignment. assignment.

• I want to thank my dear I want to thank my dear husband for making me husband for making me coffee while I stayed up coffee while I stayed up all night working on this all night working on this stupid review stupid review assignment.assignment.

District

( * Regional capital ) Feb 1- May 4 % of Total Pop. % of Urban Pop. Rice,Wheat & Sugar Maize R.Sorghum Rice,Wheat & Sugar Maize R.Sorghum

Walgooyi Gabeed Hargeysa * 4,848 0.9 1.1 0 to 7%* no change* 6% increase* 9% decr to 47% increase 6% increase 6% increase

Togdheer Burco * 121 0.0 0.1 no change* no change* no change* no change no change no change

Bari Bossaso * 2,355 1.4 2.2 no change* no change* no change* 0% to 12 decrease no change 14% decrease

Gaalkacyo * 10,459 7.6 19.1 6 to 14%* no change* no change* 33 to 44% increase 50% decrease no change

Galdogob 18 0.0 0.3

Hobyo 13,280 19.7 103.7

Jariiban 34 0.1 0.5

Xarardheere 16,818 25.7 125.6 0 to 10% no change no change* 11% to 20% no change no change

Dhuusamarreeb * 42,600 46.7 253.3 3.42 13 to 25%* no change* no change* 13% to 25% no change no change

Cabudwaaq 6,600 16.1 78.5 17% decrease to no change*no change* no change*

Cadaado 22,635 49.6 242.7

Ceel Buur 23,292 29.4 181.7

Ceel Dheer 13,842 19.0 119.3 no change* no change* no change* 20% to 25% increase N/A in april no change

Belet Weyne * 30,474 21.1 98.7 3.62 11 to 43%* 8% decrease * NA 0 to 26% increase no change NA

Bulo Burto 5,880 6.6 33.0 7.32

Jalalaqsi 7,327 15.7 71.3 0.75

Jowhar * 15,520 7.1 42.1 1.66 25 to 38% increase 3% increase 11% decrease 25 to 46%% 9% increase 12% decrease

Adan Yabaal 4,800 7.6 66.7 0 to 10%* NA* no change* 0 to 25%* NA no change

Balcad 43,832 36.4 156.0

Cadale 3,600 7.7 33.3

Banadir Mogadishu 487 0.1 0.1 1.52 50 to 67%* no change* no change*

Marka * 21,998 11.4 34.4 3.43 25 to 38% increase 13% increase 20% increase 13 to 54% 13% increase 20 % increase

Afgooye 42,927 31.8 198.7 5.27 13 to 38% 14% increase 14% increase 13 to 50% 29% increase 14% increase

Baraawe 15,900 27.6 103.2 2.61

Kurtunwaarey 372 0.7 5.0 3.88

Qoryooley 2,516 1.9 11.0 9.566% decrease to 23%

increase*25%increase* no change* 18% to 69%increase 41 %increase 50% increase

Sablaale 0 0.0 0.0 7.48

Wanla Weyn 388 0.2 1.8 10.00

Aw Dheegle 0.0 0.0 9.39

Baydhaba * 18,778 8.2 31.8 3.19 38 to 43 % 67% increase no change 25% to 57% incr. 288% increase 160% increase

Buur Hakaba 4,560 3.6 18.2

Diinsoor 2,100 2.8 17.3

Qansax Dheere 2,400 2.4 14.3 0 to 14%* 44% increase* no change* 33% to 57% increase 100% increase 40% increase

Xudur * 500 0.5 2.6

Ceel Barde 300 1.0 5.6

Tayeeglow 400 0.5 2.5

Waajid 600 0.9 4.2 6.18

Baardheere 3,052 2.9 11.9 2.86 0 to 11% * 17%decrease* 40% decrease* 22% to 57% increase 67% increase 34% decrease

Belet Xaawo 1,840 3.3 13.5 no change* 25% decrease* no change*

Luuq 130 0.2 0.9 no change* no change* no change* no change* 50% increase no change

Jilib 350 0.3 1.2

Kismaayo * 3,485 2.1 3.9 4.61 25% to 50% no change no change

Afmadow 2,012 3.9 28.3 0 to 14%* no change* NA 25% to 29% 50% increase NA

Jamaame 0 0.0 0.0 25.49

393,430 5.2 13.6

Increase in Prices from Mid March to End AprilDisplaced Populations Case Fatality Rate(%)

Increase in Prices from Mid March to 1st week April

Juba Dhexe

Gedo

Bakool

Bay

Mudug

Shabelle Hoose

Shabelle dhexe

Hiran

Galgadud

Footnotes:Baidoa & Qansahdhere prices have increased dramatically due to a)high demand for sorghum from neighbouring regions.b)Increased supply of cash both Dollars and Somali shillings.C)They are the only cereal markets currently accessible for traders to purchase due to rains blocking roads to other markets.

Note that sorghum prices in all markets including Baidoa are still lower than the long term average (98-07).April '07 maize prices in Lower & Middle Shabelle are still lower than the April prices since 2004.

Source: 2005 Population data - UNDP Somalia Displaced Populations - UNHCR 4 May 2007AWD cases,Deaths & CFR - WHO 1 jan - 3 May 2007Market Prices - FSAU

What annoys audiences ?

The speaker reading the slides  62.0% Small text that can't be read  46.9% Slides with poor colour choice  42.6% Full sentences, without bullet points  39.1% Moving/flying text or graphics   24.8% Overly complex diagrams or charts  22.2%

BUT, IF YOU WANT TO MAKE AGOOD PRESENTATION……….

Do everything differently. Think out of the box

To begin with, decide whether you can make the presentation without any aids such as slides

If you do need slides, plan well and prepare them properly for presentation

How to make PowerPoint Slides

Things to remember

OutlinesSlide StructureFontsColourBackgroundGraphsSpelling and GrammarConclusionsQuestions

Outline

Make in your 1st or 2nd slide, an outline of your presentation– Ex: previous slide

Follow the order of your outline for the rest of the presentation

Only place main points on the outline slide– Ex: Use the titles of each slide as main points

Good Slide Structure

Use 1-2 slides per min.of your presentation

Write in point form, not complete sentences

Include 4-5 points per slide

Use key words and phrases only

Bad Slide Structure

This page contains too many words for a presentation slide. It is not written in point form, making it difficult both for your audience to read and for you to present each point. Although there are exactly the same number of points on this slide as the previous slide, it looks much more complicated. In short, your audience will spend too much time trying to read this paragraph instead of listening to you.

Good Slide Structure

Show one point at a time:– So that audience concentrates on what you say

– To prevent audience from reading ahead

– To help you keep your presentation focused

Bad Slide Structure

Do not use distracting animation

Do not go overboard with the animation

Be consistent with the animation that you use

Right Fonts

Use at least an 18-point fontUse different size fonts for main points and

secondary points– this font is 24-point, the main point font is 28-

point, and the title font is 36-point

Use a standard font like Times New Roman or Arial

Poor choice of Fonts

If you use a small font, your audience won’t be able to read what you have written. Can you read this?

CAPITALIZE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY. DON’T CAPITALIZE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY. DON’T YOU FIND THIS DIFFICULT TO READ?YOU FIND THIS DIFFICULT TO READ?

Don’t use a complicated font like this one, or this one, OR THIS ONE or this one

Right Colour

Use a colour of font that contrasts sharply with the background– Ex: blue font on white background

Use colour to reinforce the logic of your structure– Ex: light blue title and dark blue text

Use colour to emphasize a point– But only use this occasionally

Illustrate – don’t decorate

Using a font colour that does not contrast with the background colour is hard to read

Using colour for decoration is distracting and annoying.

Using a different colour for each point is unnecessary– Using a different colour for secondary points is

also unnecessaryTrying to be creative can also be bad

Visual Impact

The more STRIKINGLY visual your presentation is, the more people will remember it.

And more importantly, they willREMEMBER YOU.

Choose appropriate design theme

You think red is a good background colour. Unfortunately, your presentation is about Ahimsa to show at a Gandhian convention.

Choose a design that is appropriate for the audience. Young children respond to presentations that are full of colour and contain a variety of shapes.

Right Background

Use backgrounds such as this one that are attractive but simple

Use backgrounds which are light

Use the same background consistently throughout your presentation

Background – Bad

Avoid backgrounds that are distracting or difficult to read from

Always be consistent with the background that you use

Graphs are better than numbers

Use graphs rather than just charts and words– Data in graphs is easier to comprehend & retain

than is raw data– Trends are easier to visualize in graph form

Always title your graphs

Tables - unimpressive

January February March AprilBlue Balls 20.4 27.4 90 20.4Red Balls 30.6 38.6 34.6 31.6

Graphs - Good

Items Sold in First Quarter of 2002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

January February March April

Blue Balls

Red Balls

Graphs - Bad

20.4

27.4

90

20.4

30.6

38.6

34.631.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

January February March April

Blue Balls

Red Balls

Graphs - Bad

Minor gridlines are unnecessaryFont is too smallColours are illogicalTitle is missingShading is distracting

Speling an Grammear

Proof your slides for:– speling mistaks– the use of of repeated words– grammatical errors you might have make

If English is not your first language, please have someone who knows English check your presentation!

Last impression – lasting impression

Use an effective and strong closing– Your audience is likely to remember your last

words

Use a conclusion slide to:– Summarize the main points of your presentation– Suggest future avenues of research

In Conclusion...

Be obsessional! Give it your best shot.

Be creative - break the rules sometimes.

Feedback time

●Did this presentation help get the message across?

●No?

●Yes?

Thank you !