Developing Research ProposalW. Rofianto ST. Msi.

Single Cross-

Sectional Design

Multiple Cross-

Sectional Design

Research Design

Conclusive

Research DesignExploratory

Research Design

Descriptive

Research

Causal Research

Cross-Sectional

Design

Longitudinal

Design

A Classification of Research Designs

Literature Gathering

STEP1 - Define Your Topic of Interest

…. and break it down into possible related keywords.

STEP2 – Search Relevant Article

• Online paper database- www.ssrn.com- http://ideas.repec.org/

• Online article catalogue- http://www.mendeley.com

• Paid online journals database- http://www.sciencedirect.com/ - http://www.emeraldinsight.com/- http://www.jstor.org/

STEP3 – Retrieve The Full-text

Try on your

And if it

Get an access to the paid journals database from your friend, institution, school, etc.

• Is it relevant with your interest?

• Is it provide you with a clear research hypothesisand/or model?

• Is it provide you with a clear operationalization of variables?

And if all of those result doesn’t enough, repeat step1 –step4, start with refining and expanding your keywords.

STEP4 – Review Your Articles

Literature Review

An Empirical Study of the Performance of University Teachers Based on Organizational Commitment, Job Stress, Mental Health and

Achievement Motivation

WANG Cai-feng

Canadian Social ScienceVol. 6, No. 4, 2010, pp. 127-140

Research Purpose

To better clarify the factors that affect work performance of university teachers

Hypothesis

• Based on work stress and performance theory, there is inverted U-typerelationship between work stress and job performance (Yerkes-Dodson law).Working pressure should be maintained at an appropriate level. Therefore, thispaper assumes that work pressure has a negative effect on job performance.

• H3: Teachers work pressure have a negative impact toward the performance ofuniversity teachers.

• Teachers’ pressure mainly came from the serious competition, role conflict andcareer expectations introduced in the education system, which led tomaladjustment, professional behavior problems, interpersonal barriers and jobburnout and other psychologically unhealthy problems (Mowday et al., 1982).

• Work stress and mental health are directly linked and excessive work pressure maycause many problems to mental health. (Meyer & Allen, 1997).

• H6: Work stress and mental health were negatively correlated.

Research Model

Achievement Motivation

Work Pressure

Emotional Commitment

Job Performance

Mental Health

Sustained Commitment

H2 (+)

H1(-)

H3 (-)

H4 (+)

H5 (+)

H6 (-)

H7 (+)

Operationalization of Variables

Variable Definition Indicator

Emotional

commitment

The state of being bound

emotionally or intellectually

to a course of action, or

organization (http://www.thefreedictionary.com)

- Have adequate research funding

-Students have a right attitude towards

study

-Satisfied with the income

Job

Performance

completion of defined

tasks, achievement of

goals, outcomes and

output (Wang, 2010)

- Actively solve problems at work

- Enthusiastically do difficult tasks

- Attention to major details of work

- Get along well with others

Work Pressure pressure mainly came from

the serious competition,

role conflict and career

expectations introduced in

the education system

(Mowday et al., 1982)

- Often have housework

- Job stress is great

FindingsHypothesis Path Std. coef T Value Conclusion

H1 sustained commitment

→job performance

-0.37 -4.3 Supported

H2 emotional commitment

→job performance

0.29 4.99 Supported

H3 work pressure

→job performance

0.12 1.93 Not Supported

H4 mental health

→job performance

-0.19 -3.01 Not Supported

H5 sustained commitment

→emotional commitment

0.5 7.56 Supported

H6 work pressure

→mental health

-0.37 -4.3 Supported

H7 achievement motivation

→mental health

0.5 7.56 Supported

Research Idea

Research Idea Element

• Research Background (Latar Belakang)

• Research Purpose (Tujuan Penelitian)

• Hypothesis (Hipotesis Penelitian)

• Research Model (Model Penelitian)

• Operationalization of variables (Operasionalisasi Variabel)

• Research Methods (Metode Penelitian)

Example of Research Idea

Latar Belakang

• Banyaknya permintaan akan pakaian mendorong pesatnyapertumbuhan bisnis fashion. Tahun 2011, di Indonesiaterdapat 300 gerai Department Store, diantaranya Matahari,Ramayana, Sogo, Metro, Debenhams.

• Sebagai implikasi, persaingan semakin kompetitif, menuntut inovasistrategi dalam menarik konsumen, termasuk memanfaatkanfenomena impulse buying.

• Fenomena impulse buying tendency didorong oleh faktorinternal dan eksternal. Produsen dapat lebih mengendalikanfaktor eksternal.

• Matahari Departement Store yang cukup dikenal masyarakatluas, sering melakukan program price discount serta sering bekerjasama dengan bank penerbit credit card menarik untuk dijadikankonteks studi.

Tujuan Penelitian

• Menganalisis pengaruh price discount terhadap consumer impulsebuying tendency.

• Menganalisis pengaruh window display terhadap consumer impulsebuying tendency

• Menganalisis pengaruh credit card terhadap consumer impulsebuying tendency

Rerangka Konseptual

• Penurunan harga dapat mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian konsumenmenjadi lebih besar karena dianggap menguntungkan.

• Millman (1985) berpendapat bahwa ketidakpastian harga menekan belanja,sementara penurunan harga yang tidak diperkirakan dapat meningkatkanpembelanjaan melalui pertimbangan pembelian barang-barang lainnya.

H1 : Terdapat hubungan positif antara price discount dengan consumerimpulse buying tendency

• Window display yang indah dapat menarik minat konsumen untukmengunjungi suatu toko bahkan mungkin membeli barang yang ditampilkandi window display.

• Pilihan konsumen akan suatu toko dipengaruhi oleh kemenarikan fisik daritoko tersebut (Darden at al., 1983)

H2 : Terdapat hubungan positif antara window display dan consumer impulsebuying tendency

Rerangka Konseptual

• Kartu kredit menawarkan kemudahan transaksi hingga keringanan tempopembayaran. Hal ini dapat mendorong konsumen menjadi lebih mudah didalam melakukan pembelian.

• Kartu kredit mengeliminasi kebutuhan segera akan dana, menyebabkankonsumen menjadi overspending (Schor, 1998) dan mendorongterciptanya pembelian impulsif (Robert and Jones, 2001).

H3 : Terdapat hubungan positif antara credit card dan consumer impulsebuying tendency

Model Penelitian

Sales Promotion

Window Display

Credit Card Usage

Impulse Buying Tendency

H1

H2

H3

Operasionalisasi Variabel

Variable Definition Indicator

Impulse

Buying

Tendency

kemungkinan individu

melakukan pembelian tidak

terencana

(Park & Lennon, 2006)

- Terkadang Saya tidak dapat menahan perasaan

ingin membeli produk di X

- Saya menjadi sangat bersemangat ketika

melihat produk di X

- Saya sering membeli barang tanpa berpikir

panjang ketika berada di X.

- Saya terbiasa membeli barang di X tanpa ada

rencana sebelumnya.

(Bosnjaik, Bandl & Bratko, 2007)

Sales

Promotion

Penawaran insentif atas

produk untuk mendorong

pembelian (Cravens &

Piercy, 2006)

- Saya merasa mendapatkan kesepakatan harga

yang bagus di X

- Dengan membeli produk promo di X Saya

adalah seorang “smart shopper”.

- Saya mendapatkan prodik berkualitas tinggi

dengan anggaran yang sama di X

- Promosi di X menyenangkan.

(Chandon, 2000)

Operasionalisasi Variabel

Variable Definition Indicator

Window

Display

Kelompok barang

dagangan yang ditata pada

tampilan muka toko

(www.wisegeek.com)

- Terkadang saya mengunjungi toko hanya karena

window display yang indah.

- Saya tertarik untuk berbelanja di toko yang

memiliki desain window display yang baik.

- Saya membeli pakaian karena window display

pada toko.

(Karbasivar, A &Yarahmadi, H, 2011)

Credit

Card Usage

Tingkat penggunaan sarana

transaksi pembayaran pada

komunitas moderen

(Ibrahim & Dirdjosisworo,

2004)

- Saya terbiasa menggunakan kartu kredit

- Saya menggunakan kartu kredit saat berbelanja

pakaian

- Saya sering menggunakan kartu kredit saat

berbelanja di X

(Karbasivar et al, 2011)

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