Development Dynamics Measures of development Development is pretty hard to measure because it includes so many things but you can compare the development of different countries using “measures of development”. Define: Birth rate Death rate GDP GDP per capita GNI Match-up Fertility rate The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand live births. Infant mortality rate The number of working doctors per 1000 of the population Maternal mortality rate The average number of births per woman Doctors per 1000 of the population A number that is calculated using data e.g. female education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy. The higher the score the greater the inequality Gini coeffecient The number of babies who die under the age of 1, per 1000 babies born. Gender Inequality Index A measure of economic inequality. Countries are given a score 0 = equal, 1 = unequal/inequality Summarise: Human Development Index (HDI) Corruption Perception Index Consider: what is the difference between a single indicator and a composite indicator? Give examples of both. Which one do you think would be more accurate and why? Theories of development – Rostow and Frank American economist Rostow devised a model to predict how a country’s level of development changes over time Add some detail below to explain the model above 1. Traditional society 2. Preconditions for take-off 3. Take-off 4. Drive to maturity 5. Mass consumption Causes of global inequalities You need to know the reasons why there are global inequalities i.e. why do countries differ and how developed they are. Climate 1. 2. Education 1. 2. Colonialism 1. 2. Economic and political 1. 2. What is development? Development is when a country is improving. When a country develops it basically gets better for the people living there. There are different aspects to development: ECONOMIC – SOCIAL – POLITICAL - Development affects fertility and mortality rates Countries can be classified based on their level of development. Developed countries e.g. the UK have very high human development. Emerging countries e.g. India have medium to high human development and Developing countries e.g. Chad have low human development. A country’s level of development (particularly its birth and death rate) affects the growth and age structure. Use the space below to draw a population pyramid for: A developing country e.g. An emerging country e.g. A developed country e.g. Use the space around each pyramid to annotate the key features of the pyramid. Top tips: think about the width of the base and at the top of the pyramid. Think also about how the pyramid changes shape and height from the base to the width. Aim to use Geographically specific words with your annotations e.g. a wide base indicates a high birth rate Consequences of global inequality Study the table below. Highlight the text that you think is most important in each section Assess: which of these factors is the most important and why? Topography – the shape of the land 1. 2. Health 1. 2. Neo-colonialism 1. 2. Colour code; which of these factors are human and which are physical? - including education and health care Exam style question: Explain one way that colonialism can affect a country’s development after it gain independence. (4 marks) Aim to use these connectives:
Transcript
Development Dynamics
Measures of development
Development is pretty hard to measure because it includes so many things
but you can compare the development of different countries using “measures
of development”.
Define:
Birth rate
Death rate
GDP
GDP per capita
GNI
Match-up
Fertility rate The number of women who die due to
pregnancy related problems per hundred
thousand live births.
Infant mortality rate The number of working doctors per 1000 of
the population
Maternal mortality rate The average number of births per woman
Doctors per 1000 of the
population
A number that is calculated using data e.g.
female education, access to jobs, political
rights and health during pregnancy. The
higher the score the greater the inequality
Gini coeffecient The number of babies who die under the age
of 1, per 1000 babies born.
Gender Inequality Index A measure of economic inequality. Countries
are given a score 0 = equal, 1 =
unequal/inequality
Summarise:
Human Development Index (HDI)
Corruption Perception Index
Consider: what is the difference between a single indicator and a composite
indicator? Give examples of both.
Which one do you think would be more accurate and why?
Theories of development – Rostow and Frank
American economist Rostow devised a model to predict
how a country’s level of development changes over time
Add some detail below to explain the model above
1. Traditional society
2. Preconditions for take-off
3. Take-off
4. Drive to maturity
5. Mass consumption
Causes of global inequalities
You need to know the reasons why there are global inequalities i.e. why do
countries differ and how developed they are.
Climate
1.
2.
Education
1.
2.
Colonialism
1.
2.
Economic and political
1.
2.
What is development?
Development is when a country is improving. When a country
develops it basically gets better for the people living there.
There are different aspects to development:
ECONOMIC –
SOCIAL –
POLITICAL -
Development affects fertility and mortality rates
Countries can be classified based on their level of development. Developed countries e.g. the UK have very high human development. Emerging countries e.g. India have
medium to high human development and Developing countries e.g. Chad have low human development.
A country’s level of development (particularly its birth and death rate) affects the growth and age structure.
Use the space below to draw a population pyramid for:
A developing country
e.g.
An emerging country
e.g.
A developed country
e.g.
Use the space around each pyramid to annotate the key features of the pyramid. Top tips: think about the width of the base and at the top of the pyramid. Think also about how the pyramid
changes shape and height from the base to the width. Aim to use Geographically specific words with your annotations e.g. a wide base indicates a high birth rate
Use
Consequences of global inequality
Study the table below. Highlight the text that
you think is most important in each section
Assess: which of these factors is the most
important and why?
Topography – the shape of the
land
1.
2.
Health
1.
2.
Neo-colonialism
1.
2.
Colour code; which of these factors are
human and which are physical?
- including
education
and health
care
Exam style question: Explain one way that colonialism can affect a
country’s development after it gain independence.
(4 marks)
Aim to use these connectives: therefore; consequently; since; as a result of
Theories of development – Rostow and Frank
Frank – a German American economist developed a
different model: Frank’s dependency theory
Summarise Frank’s theory in the space below:
Globalisation
Definition: the process by which countries become more
integrated and linked
Globalisation happens because of the movement of people
and money between countries.
What other reasons are there as to why globalisation is
increasing?
1.
2.
3.
4.
TNCs and goverNments are increasing the rate of
globalisation
TNCs– what does it stand for?
Examples include:
How does a TNC encourage globalisation?
How do goverNments encourage globalisation?
Globalisation
the good the bad
Reducing global inequalities
Some people are trying to reduce global inequalities by helping developing
economies to grow. Projects can include: building schools to improve literacy rates
or by building dames to provide clean water and power.
There are 2 different approaches to development strategies
Top-down approach Bottom-up approach
Summarise the key features of both approaches
Top-down approach Bottom-up approach
Type of strategy
Scale and aims
Funding
Technology
Development case study India
It was formerly “owned” by Britain as a colony but it now has its own
democratically elected government. With a rich and diverse cultural
background with Bollywood as a global export. The landscape varies
from mountains to deserts to great plains and coastlines. Coasts
attract both tourists and allows for the development of ports.
India’s economy has changed a lot since 1990
India is getting wealthier but there are still large inequalities – some
very wealthy whilst the majority are very poor.
Complete the table below to show how India’s economic sectors
have changed.
Globalisation and government policies have
increased development – how:
Globalisation
1.
2.
3.
Government policy
2.
3.
Development is causing population change in India (use the text on page 30, CGP Revision Guide, to help)
High birth rates + falling death rates + falling infant mortality = ________________. In 25 years, india’s population
has seen an increase of _________________. The majority of the population is under 14 years ( _____%) and in a
24 year period life expectancy has increased by ____ years. The fertility rate has fallen in the same period by ____
. Two key factors have been ___________________ and ________________ . As a result pop.n growth rates are
____________________ . As India gets wealthier, urban areas are growing because of _______________ and
_______________ .The growth of population in urban areas has grown by ____ % since 1990. As a result India has 4
megacities (pop.n over 10 million) _____________, ______________, ______________ and _____________ and
another 3 are expected by 2030.
Some regions of India are developing faster than others
Rapid economic growth has increased inequality within India – the gap between the richest and the poorest states is
widening.
Urban area have developed at a greater rate than rural areas because:
1.
2.
3.
Economic development has advantages and disadvantages for different groups of people. Complete the table below:
Positive Impacts Negative impacts
Exam style question: Explain one way in which top-down approaches to development
differ from bottom-up approaches. (4 marks)
Aim to use these connectives: because; due to; so; depending on
Reducing global inequalities – continued
Approaches to development include NGO’s (non-goverNment organisations e.g.
charities: Oxfam; CAFOD), IGO’s (inter-government organisations e.g. the World
Bank, the UN) and TNC’s.
Complete the table below to summarise the advantage and disadvantages that
their involvement brings:
Advantages Disadvantages
NGO’s - charities
IGOs –
governments
working together
TNC’s
India is a rapidly developing
emerging country and has the
second largest pop.n at 1.3
billion.
1990 2015
Exports
Imports
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
I know that there are different ways of defining and measuring development
(Revision Guide page 21)
I know the extent of the development gap globally
(Revision Guide pages 21 & 26)
I know how countries at different levels of development have differences in their
demographic data (Revision Guide page 22)
I know the causes and consequences of global inequalities
(Revision Guide pages 23 & 24)
I know how Rostow’s modernisation theory and Frank’s dependency theory can be used
to explain development (Revision Guide page 25)
I know the characteristics of the top-down and bottom-up development strategies
(Revision Guide page 27)
I know the processes and the players contributing to globalisation and why some
countries have benefitted more than others (Revision Guide page 27)
I know the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to development
(Revision Guide page 28)
I know how the development of an emerging country – India, is influenced by its
location and context in the world (Revision Guide page 29)
I know how globalisation has caused rapid economic change in the emerging country –
India (Revision Guide page 29)
I know the positive and the negative impacts of rapid development on people and the
environment in the emerging economy – India (Revision Guide page 30)
I know how rapid economic development has changed the international role of the
emerging economy – India (Revision Guide page 31)
Kodaikanal
Kodaikanal is part of the Palni Hills in Tamilnadu. Once famed for the pristine forests and grasslands that dot the landscape, cool weather and clean air, Kodaikanal is now the dumping ground for deadly mercury that will leach its slow poison into the environment for a thousand years. Hindustan Lever, a 51% subsidiary of multinational Unilever, located its mercury thermometer factory in this pristine environment, where it released tons of mercury into the environment. More than 1000 workers have been exposed to the mercury due to the unsafe working conditions in the factory. Exposure to mercury at Unilever's thermometer plant is suspected to be the cause of the early demise of tens of workers and for the congenital anomalies among ex-workers' children.
Development case study India – continued
India’s economic growth has also changed India’s relationship with the USA and the EU. Complete the table below to show
how:
India and the USA India and the EU
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
There are costs and benefits to foreign influences on India
India is increasingly open to the influence of the rest of the world – but not everyone is happy about this. Read page 31 and
summarise the main points:
International relations
Costs
Benefits
Foreign investment (TNC’s) bring wealth and jobs to India
but there are problems too:
1.
2.
3.
Development case study India – continued
Economic development has impacts on the environment
Complete the flow diagram below
India releases almost 7% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.
0.5 million people in India die each year from diseases related to air pollution. There are a number of reasons:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Urban sprawl (the unplanned or uncontrolled growth of a city) also brings problems: Nearly ¾ of India’s sewage
flows, untreated, into rivers. What problems might this bring?
Example of waste not being disposed of properly: factory (owned by Unilever) in Kodiakanal dumped chemical waste
into a river
Colour code the text above to highlight the social and environmental effects.
India’s global influence is increasing
Complete the diagram below to show how India is playing a larger role in regional (with it’s neighbouring countries)
