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DEVELOPMENT
Process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion
of knowledge and technology.
BIPOLAR WORLD
MDC & LDC• More developed country -------- Least developed country
• Clustered into spaces• Developing/ Emerging
countries: made some progress and expected to continue.
Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
C9K1
Objective
• Economic indicators of development• Social indicators of development• Demographic indicators of development
Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
• (HDI) Human Development Index: recognizes countries economic, social, and demographic development.
• (GDP) Gross Domestic Product: is the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year.
• GDP Per Capita: divided by total country population.
• Qatar 88,000, US 45,000, Congo 312
Economic Indicators of Development:
Types of Jobs
• SECTORS 1) Primary/ agriculture 2) Secondary/ manufacturing 3) Tertiary/ services
• Other economic indicators 1) types of jobs 2) worker productivity 3) availability of consumer goods
• MDC/ LDC reflect different sector %.
Productivity
• Is the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed
• MDC more productive than LDC
• Value added: gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy. WHY?
Consumer Goods
• Transportation/ communication: vital to economic growth.
• LDC: mostly found in overcrowded urban sprawl
• MDC/ 1000: 1) phones 800 2) cars 400 3) Internet 400
• LDC/ 1000: 1) phones 200 2) cars 20 3) Internet 100
Social Indicators of Development
• MDC: wealth is invested in schools, hospitals, welfare. (more quantity & better quality)
• Education: 1) teacher/student ratio MDC <20 LDC >30
• 2) literacy: MDC 98% LDC <60%
• LDC: requires reading/ writing in another language.
Health & Welfare
• MDC: receive more calories, proteins, more % of GDP on healthcare.
• MDC: Public Assistance: sick, elderly, poor, disabled, orphaned, veterans, widows, unemployed, single parents.
• LDC: Public Assistance: gov. limited, non-profit, prayer.
Demographic Indicators of Development
• Life expectancy: difference is 10+ yr
• mortality: MDC <1% LDC <6%.
• Natural Increase Rate: MDC .2% LDC 1.5%
• Crude Birth Rate: LDC 23/1000 MDC 12/1000
Where Are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
C9K2
OBJECTIVES
• MORE DEVELOPED REGIONS• LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS
9 MAJOR REGIONS
N. America HDI .95
• High GDP/ Literacy, Low Edu/ life expectancy
• Past: major manufacturer but loss jobs to Japan, Europe, and China.
• Leader in tertiary-sector • Leading consumer,
entertainment, mass media, sports, recreation, defense, food exporter
Europe HDI .93
• Largest & richest market.
• 15 of the highest 19 HDI• High-value goods and
services (banking/ luxury motor vehicles)
• World Recession has created revealed major problems in the EU
Russia: HDI .73
• 1991: Transformed from a centrally planned communist economy to a market economy
• Economy drastically declined. Gangsters became wealthy
• Resurgence with oil production but global recession reverts growth.
JAPAN: HDI .96
• Extremely unfavorable ratio of population to resources.
• Advantage: 1) work ethic 2) lower cost products 3) high quality products 4) research & development
Oceania: HDI .90
• Australia & New Zealand
• Marginal: 1) small population 2) peripheral location
• Mining, food exports