What is Development?
• How people grow, adapt How people grow, adapt and change during their and change during their lives lives – Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development– Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development– Socioemotional Socioemotional
DevelopmentDevelopment– Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
History of Development
• Hall was First President of APA• Contents of Children’s Minds (1883)
– Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny• Ontogeny is the growth (size change) and development
(shape change) of an individual organism; phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species
– Children develop in regular stages– Deterministic
• Cultural Epochs Curriculum– Epochs of human history provide scope and
sequence of the curriculum– Differentiated curriculum
• Prepare boys for the world of work• Prepare girls for marriage and motherhood
G. Stanley Hall
Contemporary Principles of Development
• Development is OrderlyDevelopment is Orderly• Development is GradualDevelopment is Gradual• Nature - NurtureNature - Nurture
– Learning changes the Learning changes the physical structure of the physical structure of the brainbrain
– Different parts of the Different parts of the brain are ready to learn at brain are ready to learn at different timesdifferent times
Piagetian Development
• Maturation• Activity• Social Experience• Equilibration• Blog
Piagetian Terminology
• Schemes• Adaptation
– Assimilation– Accommodation
• Equilibration• Constructivism
Assimilation/Accommodation
Stages of Cognitive Development
• Sensorimotor• Pre-operational• Concrete operations• Formal operations
Sensorimotor Stage: Ages 0-2• Learning through 5 senses• Object permanence• Trial & Error• Reflexes
Preoperational Stage: 2-7
• Egocentrism• One-way logic• Conservation• Language Development• Focus on states, not processes
Preoperational
Researcher- Are Dreams true?Child- No, they are pictures we see.Researcher- Are your eyes open or shut when you dream?Child- Shut.Researcher- Could I see your dream?Child- No, you would be too far away.Researcher- Could your mother see it?Child- Yes, but she turns on the light.
Preoperational
Researcher- If you stuck a pin in this stone, would it feel it? Child- No Researcher- Why not? Child- Because it is hard. Researcher- If you put it in the fire, would it feel that? Child- Yes, because it would get burnt Researcher-Is the sun alive? Child- Yes, because it gives light. Researcher- Is a candle alive? Child- No- Well, I guess it is when it is giving light. Researcher- Is a bicycle alive? Child- No, when it doesn’t go it isn’t alive!
Conservation
The child agrees that each container holds the same amount of liquid
The child believes the tall container holds more.
Conservation of Liquid
Preschoolers ignore the pouring process and focus only on the beginning state and the end state
Blog
Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11
• Hands-on Thinking• Two way logic• Transivity• Classification• Seriation
Blog
Formal Operational Stage: 11-15
• Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
• Systematic reasoning• Adolescent egocentrism• Monitored reasoning
Blog
Applications of Piaget
• Awareness of student thinking• Individuals “construct” knowledge• Match teaching to cognitive stage
– presentation strategies– illustrations & examples– assignments
• Use disequilibrium to motivate
Limitations of Piaget
• Stage theory inconsistencies• Under estimation of children’s
abilities• It overlooks cultural and social
influences (Development depends upon task and prior experiences)
Vygotsky: A sociocultural Perspective
• Role of language & private speech
• Social transmission• self-talk & learning• Scaffolding & assisted learning• Zone of Proximal
Development• Importance of conversations
Implementing Vygotsky’s Theory
• Imitiative Learning• Instructed Learning• Assisted Learning• Cooperative Learning• Alternative Assessments
Teaching Model Based Upon Vygotsky
Limitations of Vygotsky
• Learning may be effected by:– knowledge base– existing thinking skills
• Environmental influences– transmission model of most American schools– authoritarian environments and unwillingness to
allow socially transmitted learning
