Deviation and parallelism

Foregrounding By

Atyha Rahman

There is some method in madness

Deviation corresponds to the traditional idea of poetic license.

the writer of literature is allowed in contrast to the everyday speaker to deviate from rules, maxims, or conventions.

When an idea is presented in a way that is different from the expected way, then we say such a manner of carrying it out has deviated from the norm.

Breaking of rules

Deviation is the breaking of rules which others obey.

Deviation

Deviation is a term used to describe spelling and pronunciation of a word or a sentence structure which does not conform to a norm ( Richards and Platt)

Deviation

Deviation as a linguistic phenomenon has an important effect on the readers.

If a part of a poem is deviant it becomes especially noticeable , or perceptually prominent.

Deviation corresponds to the traditional idea of poetic license.

Deviation

the writer of literature is allowed , in contrast to the everyday speaker - to deviate from rules, maxims, or conventions.

the result?The result is some degree of surprise in

the reader, and his / her attention is thereby drawn to the form of the text itself (rather than to its content)

Deviation

Cases of neologism (a new word or expression or a new meaning of a word), live metaphor, or ungrammatical sentences, as well as archaisms, paradox, and oxymoron (a phrase that combines two words that seem to be the opposite of each other, for example a deafening silence) are clear examples of deviation.

There are several kinds of Deviation :

1-Grammatical deviation2-Lexical deviation3-phonological deviation4-Semantic deviation5-Textual deviation6-Graphological deviation

Foregrounding

Totality of linguistic strategies , that call attention to themselves, causing the reader's attention to shift away from what is said to how it is said.

M.A.K. Halliday has characterized foregrounding as motivated prominence: "the phenomenon of linguistic highlighting, whereby some features of the language of a text stand out in some way" (Explorations in the Functions of Language, 1973)

Foregrounding

“effects of literary style” is called foregrounding .

Is it possible to obtain empirical evidences of its effects on the readers ???

Foregrounding

“foreground is part of a view ,picture etc that is nearest to you when you look at it (whereas) Foregrounding is the action of emphasizing something by means of linguistic devices. ”Oxford dictionary

Foregrounding means use of devices of language ,in such away that this use itself attracts attention.

Foregrounding

Foregrounding means giving unusual prominence to one element or property of a text.

It refers to a process which brings something into the most central and prominent figure during a certain stretch of discourse.

It can be achieved by deviation & through parallelism.

Foregrounding

“ill fares a land ,to hasting ill a prey where wealth accumulates ,and men

decay”

WHICH LINE IS MORE MEMORABLE ? obviously the second one ! why ?

Foregrounding

Parallelism makes the previous line foregrounded.

It’s the author’s intention to make it foregrounded.

Constructions can be said to be foregrounded if they deviate from the rules of normal language.

Foregrounding

Expressions which stand out noticeably ,are foregrounded ,as Dylan Thomas’ line

“ a grief ago ”

Foregrounding is the most important unit of linguistics.

It is the basic principle of aesthetic communication.

Foregrounding

It is a creative method of highlighting a linguistic feature ,which the artist wants to make noticeable.

Language of literature is foregrounding against the background of conventional linguistic forms of expression .

“poetry is observed violence on ordinary speech.” Jakobson

Foregrounding

According to Shklovsky, the purpose of art

is to make objects unfamiliar, so that a

renewed perception of them creates a

fresh awareness in the beholder, beyond

the stale routines of automatized

schemes.

Foregrounding

Outside literature, language tends to be

automatized (a method of painting that

avoids conscious thought and allows a

free flow of ideas); its structures and

meanings are used routinely

Foregrounding

Within literature, however, this is opposed

by devices which thwart the automatism

with which language is read, processed, or

understood.

Foregrounding

When readers focus on the way a text is

written rather than on its content, would

this be a matter of convention or purely

an effect that can be attributed to text

properties?

an effect brought about in the reader by linguistic or other forms of deviation in the literary text(Leech, 1985:47).

The deviant features of the text, being unexpected, come to the foreground of reader's attention against the background of its normal linguistic features.

foregrounding, confers unexpectedness, unusualness and uniqueness on literary texts, as the differentiating factor between poetic and non-poetic language

“Once in this wind the summer bloodKnocked in the flesh that decked the vine,Once in this breadThe Oat was merry in the wind;Man broke the sun, pulled the wind down”. Dylan Thomas

Jan Mukarovsky refers to foregrounding as "the esthetically intentional distortion of the linguistic components." (Mukarovsky, 1985:18).

This definition signifies two important aspects of foregrounding:

first, poetic foregrounding , being 'intentional', presupposes some motivation on the part of the poet which in turn demands careful attention from the reader,

and second, distortion of any 'linguistic component' may bring about foregrounding.

Thus concentration of any linguistic features - phonological, syntactic, or semantic - which are rare or unnoticed in ordinary speech but brought into prominence deliberately in the literary text with the purpose of contributing to its total effect can result in foregrounding.

This "calling of the reader's attention to linguistic structures", quite different from the way in which a non-literary writer will emphasize the language elements, " is an essential part of literary ''creation." (Chapman, 1982:5).

Types of foregrounding

Leech and Short (1981:48) identify two kinds of foregrounding: qualitative foregrounding and quantitative foregrounding.

In the former, there is deviation from

the rules of the language code or from the conventions of language use or both.

In the latter, the deviance is from some expected frequency of linguistic occurrence and not from the language code.

When a writer writes he is constantly involved in making linguistic choices. The choices he makes both outside and inside the language system may thus lead to foregrounding.

Coherence of foregrounding

In literary discourse, deviations are not just to be interpreted in isolation, but to be seen as forming a meaningful pattern with other linguistic features, both regular and irregular, to form a whole.

They are understood, therefore, "not in isolation with reference only to the linguistic system, or code, but also with reference to the context in which they appear''(Widdowson, 1975:27).

Parallelism

Similarity of structure in a pair or a series of related words, phrases, or clauses.

It is a matter of balance .When elements are balanced ( parallel ), the result is clear and smooth; when they are not balanced, the result is awkward and confusing.

Parallelism makes the expressions condensed.

Parallelism rules

For parallel structure, balance nouns with nouns, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, participles with participles, infinitives with infinitives, clauses with clauses.

Example

Our goals were to collect information, analyzing the significance of the facts, and appropriate recommendations would be made.

correct it !_________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________

Examples

We are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds, lift us above our interest, and teach us what it means to be citizens.

The mediocre teacher tells, The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. (William A. Ward)

Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will learn. (Benjamin Franklin)

Examples

The mistakes of the fool are known to the world, but not to himself. The mistakes of the wise man are known to himself, but not to the world. (Charles Caleb Colton).

.A house divided against itself cannot stand. I

believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall. But I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.

Example 1 (no parallelism):Open the book first.You must read the text now.There are pictures in the book–Look at them.The questions must be answered.Example 2 (parallelism):Open the book.Read the text.Look at the pictures.Answer the questions.

Learn parallelism

· When I was a child, I loved to play in the leaves, skip down the driveway, and _____ against the wind.

· I still enjoy playing in the leaves, skipping down the driveway, and _____ against the wind.

Learn parallelism

· Merdine danced a jig and then _____ a song that took my heart away.

· Merdine said that she wanted to dance a jig and then _____ a song that would take my heart away.

Learn parallelism

 · The children spent the afternoon playing

video games, watching TV, and _____ donuts.

· If you want to learn how to play video games, watch TV, or _____ donuts, spend an afternoon with my children.

Learn parallelism

All that you need to make a great tomato sandwich is whole-wheat bread, a sliced sweet onion, two lettuce leaves, mustard or mayonnaise, and a juicy ______.

· To make a great tomato sandwich, begin by toasting two pieces of whole-wheat bread and _____ a sweet onion.

Learn parallelism

· Whatever you have, you must either use it or _____ it.

· It is easier to build strong children than to _____ broken adults.

· I divided my time between my music and my _____.

· Giving is better than _____.· It is better to give than _____ _____.· People can hurt others not only by their

actions but also by their _____.

Learn parallelism

· Children cannot learn well if they lack adequate health care, nutrition, and _____.

· Cheating can result in failing the assignment, failing the entire course, getting suspended, or _____ _____ from college entirely.

· Plagiarism or any other form of cheating can result in a failing grade for the paper or a _____ _____ for the course.

Learn parallelism

· Examples of weight-bearing exercises include walking, jogging, hiking, and _____.

· I look forward to graduating from high school in May and _____ college in the fall.

· My favorite pastimes include napping, snacking, and___________________.

When I am dead, I hope it may be said :

His sins were scarlet, but his books were read’.

Parallelism creates

foregrounding

Find out parallel structure & deviation

I kissed thee ere I killed thee (Othello)

Bob Cowley's outstretched talons gripped the black deep-sounding chords.

Deviation & Parallelism

Parallelism can be described as unexpected regularity, while deviation can be seen as unexpected irregularity.

Something can only be unexpectedly regular or irregular within a particular context

Foregrounding can occur on all levels of language (phonology, graphology, morphology, lexis, syntax, semantics and pragmatics).

It is generally used to highlight important parts of a text, to aid memorability and/or to invite interpretation

Foregrounding Achieved

Child is the father of man.(Wordsworth)The yellow fog that rubs its back on the

window panes(Eliot )The just man justices.Progress is a comfortable.(E.E.Cummings)The world is charged with the grandeur of

God (Manly Hopkins