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PRE-SPANISH PERIODPRE-SPANISH PERIOD
*Filipinos had its own alphabet
*wrote on fragile materials (bamboo, leaves of palms)
*with existence of schools called BOTHOAN (in Panay); teachers were priests, priestesses, judges; materials – documents, manuscripts, book of ritual and magic, genealogies, calendars, impt. Laws and records of notable events
*Literary forms: sayings, lyrics, legends, epics, proverbs, riddles, ritualistic utterances (on simple life experiences)
*Sample epics: Hinilawod (Panay) Hudhud and Alim
(Ifugao) Darangen (Maranaw)
*Characteristics of literary works: immaturity, lack of sophistication and modes of expression, lacked naturalness, and simplicity
SPANISH PERIOD
*Characteristics: shift from nature and natural phenomena to preoccupation with the lives of saints, miracles, hymns, and invocations founded on Christian doctrine
Reading fare come from pamphlets, novenas, and prayer books that are religious in nature
Marked by literary imitation
Fanciful but lacked imagination
Plots were repetitious Themes are trite Characters were mere
clichés
*Forms: continuation of duplo and karagatan
Metrical romance (awit and corrido)
Pasion Cenaculo Moro-moro Carillo (shadow play) Tibag Zarzuela Florante at Laura by Francisco
Baltazar
Sing to the tune of Leron,leron Sinta
Sa isang madilim, gubat[1] na mapanglaw,dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan,halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silangdumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal.
Malalaking kahoy — ang inihahandog,pawang dalamhati, kahapisa't lungkot;huni pa ng ibon ay nakakalunossa lalong matimpi't nagsasayang loob.
from Kabanata 3, Florante at Laura
Sa isang madilím gúbat na mapanglaodauag na matinic, ay ualáng pag-itan,halos naghihirap ang cay Febong silangdumalao sa loob na lubhang masucal.
Malalaquing cahoy ang inihahandógpauang dalamhati, cahapisa,t, lungcóthuni pa n-g ibon, ay nacalulunossa lalong matimpi,t, nagsasayáng loob.
AWIT CORRIDO
Florante at Laura
Ibong Adarna
dodecasyllabic octosyllabic
Chivalric-heroic Legendary and religious
andante allegro
Beauty of expression
plot
PROPAGANDA AND THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
*occurrence of nationalist literature*works were satirical and critical in natureDiariong Tagalog (1882), Spanish-Tagalog newspaper signaled the open campaign for reformsLa Solidaridad (mouthpiece of reform movement)Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
Propaganda writings turned to revolutionary writings of the “rebel patriots”
Kalayaan(Liberty), newspaper of the society
Apolinario Mabini’s “True Decalogue” Jose Palma’s “Filipinas
THE EARLY PERIOD (1900-1930)
August 13, 1898 – American forces occupied Manila
April 1900 – Pres. William McKinley directed the Phil Commission to make English the medium of instruction in all public schools
US Army – first teachers
1901 – 600 Thomasites replaced the first teachers
- Phil. Normal School was founded Aim: To train the Filipinos in the art of teaching so that they could eventually take charge of elementary education
1899 – English newspapers published (The Courier, The Insular Press, The Manila Freedom)
1900 – The Daily Bulletin was founded
1902 – Cablenews started
1905 – The Phil Free Press was founded; edited by F. Theodore Rogers; started as a bilingual in English and Spanish; published the first Filipino short stories in English in 1908
1908 – UP was founded (became the forerunner in the use of English for higher education)
Oct 1910 – College Folio was founded ( printed works of promising writers; early selections on ghost stories and folk tales; taught a moral message)
Topics for compositions: folk tales and experiences
Style of writing: formal and imitative; use of Spanish expressions; awkward grammar; difficulty in the use of pronouns and prepositions
1913 – The Torch of PNS was published
1920 – Phils Herald began its publication (founded by Manuel L. Quezon and the magazine section edited by Paz Marquez Benitez)
PMB makes familiar names such as Paz Latorena, Loreta Paras, Jose Garcia Villa, Casiano T. Calalang
1924 – AVH Hartendorp became the editor of Phil Education Magazine; renamed to Phil Magazine four years after; became the most influential literary magazine in the country; published some of the best Filipino writing in English)
1925 – FreePress began paying for theoriginal manuscripts and offered P1,000 for the best short stories
Other Publications: Manila Tribune, Graphic, Woman’s Outlook, Woman’s Home Journal, Philippine Collegian
1925 – Phil Writers Assn was organized with Rizal G. Adorable as President Early members include Paz Latorena, Loreto Paras, Jose Garcia Villa, Jose Panganiban, Remedios Mijares, Casiano Calalang, Arturo B. Rotor, and Augusto Catanjal
1927 – Writers Club founded at UP; published Literary Apprentice
DRAMA and NOVEL – hardly written because the vernacular plays and zarzuela still dominated the stage
A Child of Sorrow by Zoilo M. Galang – first Filipino novel in English published in 1921 (Other works include Visions of Sower, 1924 and Nadia,1929.)
Ernest Lopez, another novelist; published Awakening in 1929
ESSAYS- popular form of expression -light and humorous - serious subjects include education,
history, politics, and social problems
1921 – Zoilo M. Galang published Life and Success,the first volume of essays in English
1924 – Thinking for Ourselves appeared edited by Vicente M. Hilario and Eliseo QuirinoMaster of Destiny by Zoilo M. Galang
Essayists: Francisco Benitez, Jorge Bocobo,
Amador T. Daguio, Leandro Fernandez, Zoilo M. Galang, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Fernando Maramag, Camilo Osias, Claro M. Recto, Carlos P. Romulo, and Eulogio B. Rodriguez
SHORT STORIES
1910-1924 – Period of the Novices
1925-1931 Period of Phenomenal Growth
Characteristics -tales were romantic -adventures, themes, and plots
imitated-with difficulties in grammar-with tendency toward
sentimentalism
WORKS PRAISED FOR HIGH LITERARY QUALITY
Jorge Bocobo’s “Horrible Adventure” (Phil Review, May 1916)Paz Marquez Benitez’s “The Siren of 34 Real” (Phil Review, July 1917)
September 20, 1925 – Phil Herald published “Dead Stars’ – one of the best short stories written by a Filipino
1925 – Zoilo M. Galang published the first collection of short stories in book form, Box of Ashes and Other Stories
1926 – Jose Garcia Villa encouraged yearly selection of best short stories
1927 – first anthology of Filipino short stories was edited by Paz Marquez Benitez, Filipino Love Stories
1928 – best short stories were compiled by Jose Garcia Villa in Philippine Short Stories:The Best 25 Stories of 1928
1930 – original and significant stories written“Zita” by Arturo B. Rotor – considered one of the finest love stories in Filipino literature
Early short story writers: Paz Marquez Benitez, Jorge Bocobo, Amador T. Daguio, Paz Latorena, Tarcila Malabanan, Jose Villa Panganiban, Arturo B. Rotor, Loreto Paras Sulit, Jose Garcia Villa.
POEMS
Sursum Corda –first known Filipino poem in English; written by Justo Juliano, appeared in Philippine Free Press in 1907
Poems borrowed images and similes from English or American poets
Reminiscences – first collection of poems in book form; written by Lorenzo Paredes
Never Mind- collection of Filipino poetry in English published in 1922 by Procopio Solidum
Filipino Poetry – anthology of Filipino poems published in 1924 by Procopio Solidum
Other poets: Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Luis Dato, Angela Manalang Gloria, Alfredo Elfren Litiatco, Fernando M. Maramag, Natividad Marquez, Juan F. Salazar, Abelardo Subido, Trinidad Tarrosa Subido, Jose Garcia Villa.
THE EMERGENCE PERIOD (1935-1945)
• a time of self-discovery and of rapid growth
*golden age of Phil Lit in English
*Qualities:Consciously set out to create national literature
Gained full control of the English language
Experimentation with different literary forms, techniques, and moods
Three groups of writers emerged ( concerned with social consciousness, concerned with craftsmanship, concerned with local color)
Causes of the flowering of creative energyPhilippine Book Guild (1937)Philippine Writers Guild (1939)Free press, the Graphic, Philippine MagazineCommonwealth Literary Awards (1940)
Works given recognition: Lit and Society by S.P. Lopez (essay)
How… Wife by M.E. Arguilla (short story)
Like the Molave by R. Z. da Costa (poetry)
His Native Soil by Juan Cabreros Laya (novel)
1941-1945 – Japanese occupation; lit devt interrupted
From romantic idealism to romantic realism (Arguilla, Gonzales, Joaquin, B Santos, C.V. Pedroche, E Alfon)
Poetry – meager (JG Villa made a name)Western poets served as
models
1935 – gave authors sense of responsibility; essays flourished
Movies took over the zarzuela
Emergence of dramatists (Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero and Severino Montano
Novel – Juan C. Laya’s His Native Soil N.V. M. Gonzalez’s Winds of April
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1945-Present)
Mushrooming of periodicalsCollege papers appeared
• Creation of Barangay writers Project (1946)
• NTC offered a 3-unit course in the Phil Contemporary Lit in English
• Continuous recognition of good literary outputs
• Palanca Memorial Award was created• National writers Conference held (PEN)• Republic Cultural Heritage Award and
Pro patria Awards created
Qualities of lit*sensitive to literary fashions abroad*more incentives offered to creative works*writers have better knowledge of their craft*guerilla and liberation stories begin to appear*saw the appearance of literary criticism
Noted writers:Nick JoquinF. Sionil JoseN.V.M. GonzalesJ.G. VillaG. BrillantesGilda Cordero-FernandoEdith TiempoKerima Polotan-Tuvera
Poetry –symbolist Displayed considerable consciousness
Poets: E. Tiempo V. Moreno C. Angeles C. Bautista O. Dimalanta R. Demetillo B. Lumbera
Essays – offshoot of new political freedom
Filipino playwriting least developedPlaywrights: Virginia R Moreno
Alberto S FlorentinoWilfrido Nolledo
Novels-reflect social and political realities
Other forms• Hyperpoetry/hypertextual poems• Blogs/web log• Text tula• Flash fiction• Oral history research• E-book
• Pop music• Science fiction• Speculative fiction• Graphic novels• urban legends