ContentsCore topics which can be considered as optional

1 Digital Concepts 21-1 Digital and Analog Quantities 41-2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital

Waveforms 6

1-3 Basic Logic Operations 12

1-4 Overview of Basic Logic Functions 141-5 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits 19

1-6 Introduction to Programmable Logic 22

1-7 Test and Measurement Instruments 27

Digital System Application 38

2 Number Systems, Operations, and Codes 462-1 Decimal Numbers 48

2-2 Binary Numbers 50

2-3 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 53

2-4 Binary Arithmetic 56

2-5 1's and 2's Complements of BinaryNumbers 60

2-6 Signed Numbers 62

2-7 Arithmetic Operations with SignedNumbers 68

2-8 Hexadecimal Numbers 752-9 Octal Numbers 82

2-10 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) 84

2-11 Digital Codes 87

2-12 Error Detection and Correction Codes 95

3 Logic Gates 1123-1 The Inverter 114

3-2 The AND Gate 117

3-3 The OR Gate 1243-4 The NAND Gate 129

3-5 The NOR Gate 1343-6 The Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR

Gates 139

3-7 Programmable Logic 143

3-8 Fixed-Function Logic 150

3-9 Troubleshooting 160

xii

4 Boolean Algebra and LogicSimplification 1824-1 Boolean Operations and Expressions 184

4-2 Laws and Rules of Boolean Algebra 185

4-3 DeMorgan's Theorem 191

4-4 Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits 1944-5 Simplification Using Boolean Algebra 196

4-6 Standard Forms of BooleanExpressions 200

4-7 Boolean Expressions and Truth Tables 206

4-8 The Karnaugh Map 2104-9 Karnaugh Map SOP Minimization 212

4-10 Karnaugh Map pas Minimization 221

4-11 Five- Variable Kamaugh Maps 225

4-12 VHDL 228

Digital System Application 230

5 Combinational Logic Analysis 2445-1 Basic Combinational Logic Circuits 246

5-2 Implementing Combinational Logic 250

5-3 The Universal Property of NAND and NORGates 256

5-4 Combinational Logic Using NAND andNOR Gates 258

5-5 Logic Circuit Operation with PulseWaveform Inputs 263

5-6 Combinational Logic with VHDL 2665-7 Troubleshooting 272

Digital System Application 278

6 Functions of Combinational Logic 2966-1 Basic Adders 298

6-2 Parallel Binary Adders 301

6-3 Ripple Carry versus Look-Ahead CarryAdders 308 Il!

6-4 Comparators 311

6-5 Decoders 316

6-6 Encoders 324

6-7 Code Converters 329

6-8 Multiplexers (Data Selectors) 331

6-9 Demultiplexers 340

6-10 Parity Generators/Checkers 342

6-11 Troubleshooting 345

Digital System Application 348

7 latches, Flip-Flops, and Timers 3707-1 Latches 372

7-2 Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 378

7-3 Flip-Flop Operating Characteristics 390

7-4 Flip-Flop Applications 393

7-5 One-Shots 3987-6 The 555 Timer 403

7-7 Troubleshooting 409

Digital System Application 411

8 Counters 4268-1 Asynchronous Counter Operation 4288-2 Synchronous Counter Operation 4368-3 UplDown Synchronous Counters 444

8-4 Design of Synchronous Counters 447

8-5 Cascaded Counters 457

8-6 Counter Decoding 461

8-7 Counter Applications 464

8-8 Logic Symbols with DependencyNotation 469

8-9 Troubleshooting 471

Digital System Application 475

9 Shift Registers 4929-1 Basic Shift Register Functions 494

9-2 Serial In/Serial Out Shift Registers 495

9-3 Serial In/Parallel Out Shift Registers 4999-4 Parallel In/Serial Out Shift Registers 501

9-5 Parallel In/Parallel Out Shift Registers 505

9-6 Bidirectional Shift Registers 507

9-7 Shift Register Counters 5109-8 Shift Register Applications 5149-9 Logic Symbols with Dependency

Notation 521

9-10 Troubleshooting 522

Digital System Application 525

CONTENTS • xiii

10 Memory and Storage 53610-1 Basics of Semiconductor Memory 538

10-2 Random-Access Memories (RAMs) 542

10-3 Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 555

10-4 Programmable ROMs (PROMs andEPROMs) 560

10-4 Flash Memories 563

10-6 Memory Expansion 568

10-7 Special Types of Memories 574

10-8 Magnetic and Optical Storage 579

10-9 Troubleshooting 585

Digital System Application 589

11 Programmablelogic and Software 60411-1 Programmable Logic: SPLDs and

CPLDs 606

Altera CPLDs 614

Xilinx CPLDs 620

Macrocells 623

Programmable Logic: FPGAs 628Altera FPGAs 633

Xilinx FPGAs 637

11-2

11-311-4

11-5

11-6

11-7

11-8

11-9

11-10

Programmable Logic Software 643

Boundary Scan Logic 654

Troubleshooting 662

Digital System Application 668

12 Introduction to Computers 692]2-1 The Basic Computer 694

12--2 Microprocessors 69812-3 A Specific Microprocessor Family 70012-4 Computer Programming 707

12-5 Interrupts 718

12-6 Direct Memory Access CDMA) 720

12---7 Internal Interfacing 722

12-8 Standard Buses 726

13 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing 74213-1 Digital Signal Processing Basics 74413-2 Converting Analog Signals to Digital 745

13-3 Analog-to Digital Conversion Methods 751]3-4 The Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 762

13-5 Digital-to-Analog Conversion Methods 768

xiv • CONTENTS

14 Integrated Circuit Technologies 78414-1 Basic Operational Characteristics and

Parameters 786

14-2 CMOS Circuits 794

14-3 TTL Circuits 79914-4 Practical Considerations in the Use

ofTTL 80414-5 Comparison of CMOS and TTL

Performance 812

14-6 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) Circuits 813

14-7 PMOS, NMOS, and E2CMOS 814

APPENDICES

A Conversions 825

B Traffic light Interface 827

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 828

Glossary 856

Index 865