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Diabetes

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What is diabetes?

The majority of intake ofcarbohydrate food is converted into

glucose.The pancreas produces the insulinhormone, which help the organism to

take advantage of glucose.In persons with diabetes, the insulindoes not work. Therefore, the sugarand the fat increase in the blood.

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Negative Feedback

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Insulin and negative feedback

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Insulin and Glucagon

Many hormoneswork like this, intandem, tomaintainHOMEOSTASIS

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Symptoms of diabetes

Polyuria (urinating frequently)Polydipsia (very thirsty)Weight loss

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Other diabetes symptoms

Continuous hungerFatigue

Dry skinFrequent infectionsFeet ulceration

Loss of sensibility in inferiorextremities (legs)

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Types of diabetes

Type 1No production of insulin

Initiates in childhood or adolescenceType 2

Deficient production or improperutilisation of insulinGenerally initiates after 30 years of age

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Risk factors

Lack of knowledge on the diseaseNo health care accessConsumption of alcohol and drugsSmokingCultural myths

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Diabetes complications

Retinopathy (blindness?)Nephropathy (kidney problems)

Feet ulceration and/or amputationsHypertensionHyperlipidemia (cholesterol?)

Gestational diabetes (duringpregnancy)Diabetes and HIV

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Diabetes complications

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Diagnosis

Glucose in urine(suggest possible diabetes)

High glucose in blood(confirm if higher than 126 mg/dl)

Glucose in haemoglobin(indicates quality of diabetes control -

higher than 7 mmol)

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Treatment and control

Medications(insulin vs. hypoglycaemic agents)

Increase physical activityat least walk for 30 min. most days Appropriate diet

vegetablesfruitlow in fat and carbohydrates

Lifestyle changes

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Prevention and/or delay of diabetescomplications

Well balanced dietExerciseMedications when appropriateTimely access to health care servicesNo tobaccoNo alcohol

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Nutritional Pyrimid

CDC Webpage

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Physical Activity

To control diabetes therecommendation is to increasephysical activity preferably everyday for 20 minutes .

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Physical Activity

Benefits:

Lowers glucose levels in bloodImproves blood circulation in the

entire bodyContributes to weight lossImproves physical and mental well-

beingHelps the body to utilise insulin

more efficiently

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Physical Activity

If at risk or over-weight consult yourdoctor before you start a physicalactivity program

Start you program slowly and increaseactivity level graduallyYou can choose the physical activity

that you like to do