Diagnosis, Management, & Follow-up Care Of CAD/AMI

BARRY BERTOLET, MD

CARDIOLOGY ASSOCIATES OF NORTH MS

What is coronary artery disease?

A narrowing of the coronary arteries that prevents adequate blood supply to the heart muscle. Usually caused by atherosclerosis, it may progress to the point where the heart muscle is damaged due to lack of blood supply.

Presentations of CAD

▪ Method of diagnosis of the CAD depends on the presentation

Stable CAD

Asymptomatic / Atypical▪ CT calcium score

▪ Very sensitive▪ Predictive of future events

The BioImage Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015; 65(11):1065-1074

Stable CAD

▪ Symptoms - Angina▪ Chest discomfort or tightness▪ Jaw or arm discomfort▪ Nausea▪ Dyspnea▪ Fatigue▪ Back pain

▪ Severity of symptoms do not correlate with extent of CAD

▪ Usually symptoms denote at least one blockage > 50%

▪ Diagnostic tests ▪ Need a Functional Test

FIRST▪ Exercise Treadmill Stress Test

▪ With Imaging▪ Echo▪ Radionuclide

▪ Pharmacologic Stress Test with Imaging

Think about Radiation Exposure

Stable CAD – What do you do with a negative stress test?

Stable CAD – What do you do with a negative stress test?

▪ If in doubt, confirm dx of CAD with CT calcium score

▪ Begin cardiac risk factor modification▪ Lower SBP to < 140 mm Hg▪ Reduce LDL by 50%▪ Smoking Cessation▪ Exercise▪ Weight control▪ Mediterranean diet

▪ Angina control▪ Beta-blockers▪ Calcium channel blockers▪ Nitrates▪ Ranexa

▪ BB / amlodipine combo >> diltiazem / nitrate combo

▪ What about Aspirin?

Stable CAD – What do you do with a negative stress test?

▪ If in doubt, confirm dx of CAD with CT calcium score

▪ Begin cardiac risk factor modification▪ Lower SBP to < 140 mm Hg▪ Reduce LDL by 50%▪ Smoking Cessation▪ Exercise▪ Weight control▪ Mediterranean diet

▪ Angina control▪ Beta-blockers▪ Calcium channel blockers▪ Nitrates▪ Ranexa

▪ BB / amlodipine combo >> diltiazem / nitrate combo

▪ What about Aspirin?▪ Only women who are at high

risk for MI or CVA should be prescribed ASA

▪ ASA is recommended in men, especially those > 45 years.

New Lipid Guidelines

When to Cath in Stable Angina

▪ Symptoms despite therapy

▪ Abnormal functional test

▪ Unsure diagnosis

▪ High probability / high risk▪ Hx stents, CABG, etc.▪ Change in ECG

Radial Heart Cath / PCI▪ Lower risk▪ More convenient for patients

PCI for Stable Angina

Courage Trial▪ Everyone got a cath first to

exclude left main or serious 3 vessel CAD

▪ Large number of medically only treated patients crossed over to PCI due to inadequate angina control

▪ Once serious CAD is excluded in stable angina patients,▪ PCI does not prevent MI▪ PCI does not extend life

Unstable CAD

▪ Diagnostic test of choice: ECG

▪ If ECG is negative, check the cardiac troponin level

STEMI

▪ Must check ECG within 10 mins of presentation

▪ Dx: Symptoms + ST elevation

▪ Must get into cath lab within 90 mins or 120 mins if a transfer patient

▪ This includes “Inpatients”

▪ Upfront Meds▪ ASA 325 mg▪ Heparin

▪ UFH 4000 units▪ Lovenox 30 mg IV

▪ ? Thienopyridine▪ ? 2B/3A inhibitor bolus

▪ No clear benefit of routine upfront beta-blockers and nitrates

Time Is MuscleThe Wavefront of Necrosis

Acute MI Stent Therapy

Unstable CAD – Non STEMI

Why would NSTEMI be more likely to die?

▪ Treat as aggressive as you do with STEMI!

Unstable CAD

Unstable CAD – What’s next in unstable angina

▪ TIMI – 0▪ Evaluate for non-cardiac chest

pain

▪ TIMI – 1 or 2▪ Consider stress test▪ Risk factor modification▪ Medical therapy for CAD

▪ TIMI – 3 or more▪ Consider cath▪ Risk factor modification▪ Medical therapy for CAD

Follow-up Care

▪ Things You Need to Know First▪ Did the patient have unstable

CAD?▪ Did the patient have a DES?▪ Is the patient diabetic?▪ What is the LVEF?▪ What is the baseline LDL?

▪ Did the patient have unstable CAD – regardless of initial tx?▪ Needs DAPT for 9 months▪ Brilinta or Effient preferred over

Plavix

Follow-up Care

▪ Things You Need to Know First▪ Did the patient have unstable

CAD?▪ Did the patient have a DES?▪ Is the patient diabetic?▪ What is the LVEF?▪ What is the baseline LDL?

▪ Did the patient have unstable CAD – regardless of initial tx?▪ Needs beta-blocker therapy for at

least 12 months (preferably 24 months)

Follow-up Care

▪ Things You Need to Know First▪ Did the patient have unstable

CAD?▪ Did the patient have a DES?▪ Is the patient diabetic?▪ What is the LVEF?▪ What is the baseline LDL?

▪ Did the patient have a drug-eluting stent?▪ Needs DAPT for 12 months▪ Brilinta or Effient preferred in

unstable CAD presentations▪ Plavix is OK in stable

presentations

▪ What about bare metal stents?▪ DAPT is needed for 6 – 12

weeks.

Elective Surgery and DAPT after PCI

Elective Surgery and DAPT after PCI

Follow-up Care

▪ Things You Need to Know First▪ Did the patient have unstable

CAD?▪ Did the patient have a DES?▪ Is the patient diabetic?▪ What is the LVEF?▪ What is the baseline LDL?

▪ Is the patient diabetic?▪ If unstable presentation,

requires aldactone 12.5 mg – 25 mg daily▪ Can raise potassium levels and

cause sore breasts in men

Follow-up Care

▪ Things You Need to Know First▪ Did the patient have unstable

CAD?▪ Did the patient have a DES?▪ Is the patient diabetic?▪ What is the LVEF?▪ What is the baseline LDL?

▪ What is the LVEF?▪ < 35%

▪ CHF approved beta-blocker▪ Carvedilol▪ Toprol XL▪ Bisoprolol

▪ ACE or ARB▪ Aldactone

Follow-up Care

▪ Things You Need to Know First▪ Did the patient have unstable

CAD?▪ Did the patient have a DES?▪ Is the patient diabetic?▪ What is the LVEF?▪ What is the baseline LDL?

▪ What is the baseline LDL?▪ With CAD, need a > 50%

reduction in LDL

PCSK9 -- What is it?

What do PCSK9 inhibitors do…

How do you give it?

Follow-Up Studies

▪ ECG▪ LBBB▪ Arrhythmias

▪ BMP within 2-4 weeks of aldactone start

▪ VerifyNow in Plavix users

▪ LDL in 8 weeks to confirm > 50% reduction from baseline; repeat again for med changes

▪ For newly recognized LVEF < 35%, repeat echo in 90 days, and then annually

▪ For LVEF < 35% after 90 days, consider ICD

▪ For “high risk” patients post stent implantation, consider stress test at year one

Follow-Up Studies - Symptoms

▪ ECG▪ Is there a change?

▪ Echo▪ Is there a new WMA?▪ Is there a change in LVEF?

▪ Stress test

▪ Lab▪ Hemogram▪ BMP▪ ? TSH

▪ When to order CTA…▪ Early symptoms after CABG▪ Inconclusive stress test▪ Negative stress test and

persistent symptoms▪ Suspicion for coronary anomaly

Follow-Up Studies - Symptoms

▪ When to order cardiac cath…▪ Early symptoms after CABG or

stent implantation▪ Abnormal or Inconclusive stress

test▪ Negative stress test and

persistent symptoms▪ Concern for unstable angina

Thanks for listening!