diapositivas+generales petroleos

7/29/2019 diapositivas+generales petroleos

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Exploring and Drilling

for Oil and Gas


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What are Oil and Gas?

Oil and Gas are substances found within the earths crust.

They are thought to come from decomposed plant and animal

matter.

Scientists believe the plants and animals died long ago, and

were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments. Over a long

period of time, and with pressure and temperature, the organicmaterials were converted into the oil and gas which are found

today.

(For example, we know that present day garbage dumps give off methane gas)


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Oil in its natural state can be thickor thin, black or light colored.

When oil is refined, many

products can be obtained:

Energy for power

Gasoline for cars

Diesel fuel for trucks and trains

Hi-octane fuels for planes

Heating oil for houses

Many other materials also comefrom petroleum:

Plastics

Materials for clothes (example:

polyester fabrics)

Chemicals for everyday use

Paints

What else do we know about oil and gas?


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Did you know that oil has natural gas in it?

The natural gas is in solution, just like thecarbon dioxide which is put inside of pop to

give it its fizz.

When oil is produced, some gas is producedwith the oil.

A barrel of oil may contain anywhere from1 cubic ft of gas, to over 10,000 cubic ft,depending on the type of reservoir.

Thats enough gas in a single barrel of oil to

fill your whole house!


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Where can we find Oil and Gas?


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Some people think that oil is in big pools underground.

Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces betweengrains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to

be seen with the naked eye.


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So, how do we find oil-bearing rocks?

Oil and gas are found in natural traps within the earth.

These traps consist of domes or faults. Impermeable rock

above the trap prevents the oil and gas from migrating up

to surface. An impermeable rock is one that fluidcannot pass through.

without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all the way to

the surface and evaporate.


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Oil

Heres an example of a dome-shaped

Oil reservoir.

Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards.

Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why?

Water


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Gas

Heres an example of a Gas reservoir.

Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas from

escaping.

Water


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Gas

Heres an example of an Oil reservoir with a Gas cap

Oil

Why do you suppose the gas is on top?

Water


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How do we find the oil reservoirs?

Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off them, and timing howlong it takes for the sound to come back

Computers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth looks likeunderground.

GasOil

source

receivers

t = 1 sec

t = 1.2 sect = 1.42 sec


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What do we do after we find a

reservoir?

?

? ?


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We Drill Into It ! ! !


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What do we drill with ?


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A Drilling Rig !

Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available:

Land Rig

For drilling on land.

Drill Ship

Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling in

water depths from 100 to 5000+ ft.

Semi-Submersible Rig

Jackup Rig

For drilling in water

depths from 15 ft

to +/- 350 ft.

Inland Barge

For drilling in water depths

from 8 to 30 ft.


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Heres a picture of the drill bit drilling the rock.

The drill string is turned at

surface, which turns the bit

at the bottom of the hole.

The teeth on the drill bit

grind the rock into

fragments, or cuttings.

Drilling mud is

pumped down the inside

of the drill pipe, through

jet nozzles in the bit,and into the annulus.

This is the space

between the sides of the

hole and the drill pipe.

The mud lifts the

cuttings and circulates

them back to surface

where they are removed.


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Whats a drilling rig ?


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A Drilling Rig is:

A package of special equipment put together to enable us todrill into the earth.

A drilling rig has many different parts:

a derrick, a substructure, hoisting equipment, engines for

power, drill pipe, steel tanks, pumps, solids control

equipment, and many other pieces.

Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep as 6

miles? Thats as deep as Mt. Everest is tall!


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Drill string

Drill bit

The hoisting equipment

consists of:

a crown block,a traveling block,

drilling line,

and a drawworks to

pull the drilling line up

or down.

substructure

derrick

This picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig.This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which is

picked up in 30 foot long segments, or joints, of drill pipe.

spare drill pipe

This shows a 30 foot section

of drill pipe being added to

the drill pipe already in the

hole.


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Heres a picture of the drill bit drilling the rock.

The drill string is turned at

surface, which turns the bit

at the bottom of the hole.

The teeth on the drill bit

grind the rock intofragments, or cuttings.

Drilling mud is

pumped down the inside

of the drill pipe, through

jet nozzles in the bit,and into the annulus.

This is the space

between the sides of the

hole and the drill pipe.

The mud lifts the

cuttings and circulates

them back to surface

where they are removed.


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3) the mixture of drilling mud and

drill cuttings are circulated up the

annulus

screens

5) the drill cuttings are removed, and

form a cuttings pile. This can be

hauled off and disposed of.

4) the mixture is

circulated across

screens at surface

1) Clean drilling mud is taken from the steel

mud tanks and pumped down the inside of the

drill pipe.

2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit into the

annulus, lifting the cuttings removed by the drill bit.

6) Clean mud fallsthrough the screens

and is returned to the

pits

The Drilling Mud Cycle

mud pump


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Heres a sequence showing how holes are drilled,First, a large drill bit is used to drill

a short interval of hole.

Then, steel casing is run and cemented on

the outside to keep the hole fromcollapsing.

0

200


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Next,a smaller bit isrun inside the

first casing.

This bit drills

out the bottomof the casing,

and drills new

hole.

200

0

500

Then, this newhole is also

cased off and

cemented.


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In this way, the hole is drilled in stages, until the target reservoir rock is penetrated. Atthis point, the geologists must figure out if there is oil or gas in it.


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They do this by running logs across the zone. Logs are tools run on electric cable

(wireline) which record the physical properties in the rock such as resistivity, porosity,density, radioactivity, and pore pressure.

How do Geologists tell if the reservoir has oil or gas?

H l f h l l k lik G l i l k l d id


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Sand

Shale

Siltstone

Shale

Siltstone

Dolomite

Shale

Heres an example of what a log looks like. Geologists look at logs to decide

whether or not to complete a well (if there is oil), or abandon it (if theres no oil).

Gamma

Radiation

200

500

3000

Electrical

ResistivityPorosity

Looks

like

good

sand

quality

good

resistivity,

may haveoil or gas

poor

resistivity,

probably

water

good

porosity

poor

porosity

good

porosity

poor

resistivity,

probably

water

poor

porosity

goodporosity


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Can you tell where the geologist would complete this well?Gamma

Radiation

200

500

3000

Electrical

Resistivity

Porosity

Looks

like

good

sand

quality

good

resistivity,

may have oil

or gas

poor

resistivity,

probably water

good porosity

poor

porosity

good porosity

poor

resistivity,

probablywater

poor porosity

good porosity

}Right here! This shows a clean sand,with good porosity and resistivity.

good porosity

poor porosity


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If the well looks good on the logs, we run a final stringof casing across the production zone, and cement it in place.


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Then, we run perforating guns in the hole and perforate (shootholes ) in the casing across the productive zone.


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Production tubing is run, with a packer to isolate the producedzone from the casing above.

tubing

Packer

Fi ll th ll i d d i t


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Finally, the well is produced intoa pipeline, which takes it to

production facilities on surface.


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The production facilities on surface separate out thegas, oil, and water into their separate phases.

Production Separator

Oil

Produced

Water

Produced Gas


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Production Separator

Oil

Produced Water

Produced Gas

From there, the oil and gas may

be refined further before beingready to market.

Oil Refinery

Storage Tanks


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Finally, the gas and oil can be sold topower cars and heat houses.


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And Thats Where Oil and Gas Come From!

The End.

Date post:	14-Apr-2018
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