Diasporas and Transnational Diasporas and Transnational Migrant NetworksMigrant Networks

►Global Patterns of MigrationGlobal Patterns of Migration

►Case studies: Europe; and US (North Case studies: Europe; and US (North Carolina)Carolina)

►Migration: Major issuesMigration: Major issues

Why People Migrate? Why People Migrate?

Theories in International StudiesTheories in International Studies

►"Push-Pull" Theory: "Push-Pull" Theory: ►Rational Economic Choices Rational Economic Choices

Pushed from poor places Pushed from poor places

Pulled to wealthy alternativesPulled to wealthy alternatives

Why People Migrate? Why People Migrate?

Theories in International StudiesTheories in International Studies

►"Migration Systems" Theory: "Migration Systems" Theory: ►Critique of Rational ChoiceCritique of Rational Choice

People don’t move just anywherePeople don’t move just anywhere Collective historical experiencesCollective historical experiences Macrosystems of economics recruitment, colonial Macrosystems of economics recruitment, colonial

legacylegacy Microsystems of family networks, Microsystems of family networks, --"--"Chain MigrationsChain Migrations""

Earlier Migrations vs. New MigrationsEarlier Migrations vs. New Migrations

►Globalization I:Globalization I: Southern Eastern Europe to USA, Southern Eastern Europe to USA, Northern Europe to Colonies, Northern Europe to Colonies, Asian Contract LaborAsian Contract Labor

►Globalization II: Globalization II: Displaced Populations, Political RefugeesDisplaced Populations, Political Refugees

►Globalization III: Globalization III: Developing World to First WorldDeveloping World to First World

Current Migrations and NetworksCurrent Migrations and Networks

►Movement to "Immigrant Nations" Movement to "Immigrant Nations" (Australia, USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina) (Australia, USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina)

►Movement from former colonies into Europe Movement from former colonies into Europe ►Movement from Asia, North Africa, and Movement from Asia, North Africa, and

Middle East to Oil-producing States Middle East to Oil-producing States

►Diasporas and Overseas Immigrant Diasporas and Overseas Immigrant CommunitiesCommunities

Who Migrates Today?Who Migrates Today?

►Movement from Poorer to Richer Nations Movement from Poorer to Richer Nations ►Blue-collar and Service Jobs:Blue-collar and Service Jobs:

Permanent or Short-termPermanent or Short-term

►Educated Professionals:Educated Professionals: Medical professions, engineersMedical professions, engineers 1972-1985: 145,000 science professionals from 1972-1985: 145,000 science professionals from

India, China, South Korea & Philippines to USAIndia, China, South Korea & Philippines to USA

►StudentsStudents►RefugeesRefugees

► Europe: issue of migration from former colonies, Europe: issue of migration from former colonies, workers from Eastern Europe and Middle Eastworkers from Eastern Europe and Middle East

► In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted for 88% of population growthfor 88% of population growth

Europe, 1950-1988Europe, 1950-1988

►Germany - 25 millionGermany - 25 million Eastern and South Eastern Europe, TurkeyEastern and South Eastern Europe, Turkey

►France - 21.9 millionFrance - 21.9 million North and West AfricaNorth and West Africa

►UK, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia - UK, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia - 25 million25 million UK - UK - South Asia, CaribbeanSouth Asia, Caribbean Others - Others - Eastern-South Eastern Europe, Eastern-South Eastern Europe,

TurkeyTurkey

Case: Great Britain and ThatcherismCase: Great Britain and Thatcherism

►Margaret Thatcher, British Tory Margaret Thatcher, British Tory (Conservative Party) PM, 1979-1990(Conservative Party) PM, 1979-1990 Opposed influx of migrants from the former Opposed influx of migrants from the former

British empire, especially Caribbean, Pakistan, British empire, especially Caribbean, Pakistan, India, and Middle East; India, and Middle East;

seen as threat to English identityseen as threat to English identity

►But what was English identity?But what was English identity?

United States of America: United States of America: Some Immigration Statistics: Some Immigration Statistics:

►1880-19201880-1920: 30 million, : 30 million, Southern and Eastern EuropeSouthern and Eastern Europe

►1945-19901945-1990: 18 million: 18 million Northern Europe, Asia, Latin AmericaNorthern Europe, Asia, Latin America

►1991-19951991-1995: 1 million annually: 1 million annually West Africa, South Asia-Middle East, East and West Africa, South Asia-Middle East, East and

Southeast Asia, Central & South America, Southeast Asia, Central & South America, Caribbean Caribbean

Immigration in the U.S.A.http://www.immigration-usa.com/i_suphwy.html

http://www.wave.net/upg/immigration/resource.html

The New Melting PotThe New Melting Pot

State Growth1. North Carolina 73%2. Nevada 60%3. Kansas 54%4. Indiana 50%5. Minnesota 43%6. Virginia 40%7. Maryland 39%8. Arizona 35%9. Utah 31%10. Oregon 26%

Ranked by percentage increase of immigrants from 1995 to 1999**For states with a foreign-born pop. of at least 50,000 in 1995, Urban Institute

Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-3

Percent Distribution of Foreign BornPercent Distribution of Foreign Bornby World Region of Birth: 2000by World Region of Birth: 2000

Latin America 51.0%

Asia25.5%

Europe 15.3%

OtherRegions 8.1%

U.S. Immigration DataU.S. Immigration Data

►The leading source countries for legal The leading source countries for legal immigration are immigration are 1.1.Mexico (91,000), Mexico (91,000), 2.2.Vietnam (78,000), Vietnam (78,000), 3.3.the Philippines (59,000), and the Philippines (59,000), and 4.4.the republics of the former Soviet Union the republics of the former Soviet Union

(44,000). (44,000).

►Undocumented immigration total Undocumented immigration total approx. 300,000 annually. approx. 300,000 annually.

Percent of Population with a Bachelor’s Percent of Population with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher by Origin: Degree or Higher by Origin: 20002000

25.8

32.9

44.9

11.2

36.8

25.6

TotalForeign

Born

Europe Asia LatinAmerica

OtherRegions

Native

Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-3

(In Percent)(In Percent)

Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-3

Percent of Population with Full Time, Year Percent of Population with Full Time, Year Round Earnings of $50,000 or More Round Earnings of $50,000 or More

by Origin: 2000 by Origin: 2000 (Population 15 years and over with income)(Population 15 years and over with income)

19.1

33.229.5

8.5

27.524.6

Total ForeignBorn

Europe Asia LatinAmerica

OtherRegions

Native

Perc

en

t

Percent Distribution of Hispanic by Type: Percent Distribution of Hispanic by Type: 20002000

Mexican66%

Puerto Rican9%

Cuban4%

Central and South

American15%

Other Hispanic

6%

Top States in Percentage Top States in Percentage Growth of Mexican PopulationGrowth of Mexican Population

North CarolinaNorth Carolina 655%655%

GeorgiaGeorgia 460%460%

TennesseeTennessee 457%457%

ArkansasArkansas 390%390%

South CarolinaSouth Carolina 379%379%

AlabamaAlabama 368%368%

DelawareDelaware 321%321%

KentuckyKentucky 261%261%

New JerseyNew Jersey 258%258%

NevadaNevada 235%235%

U.S.U.S. 53%53%

Family reunification Family reunification Permanent migrantsPermanent migrants

Public School growthPublic School growth

Latino Organizations CBOLatino Organizations CBO

Hispanic leadership in Hispanic leadership in GovernmentGovernment

Mexican Counsel Mexican Counsel (Historic)(Historic)

Latino Legislative AgendaLatino Legislative Agenda

Hispanic voting potentialHispanic voting potential

Latino buying power Latino buying power interestinterest

Professional bilingual Professional bilingual searchessearches

Developed ties Developed ties 

Rural community Rural community (church) (church) 

Other industries  Other industries  

Meat processing Meat processing plants plants 

Year round Year round opportunities opportunities 

Public Sector Public Sector 

Focus on interpretersFocus on interpreters

Single males  Single males  

Seasonal workSeasonal work

Dynamic immigration Dynamic immigration 

Agriculture Agriculture 

No participation in No participation in gov’t gov’t

Military Military representationrepresentation

1970-80’s 1980-90’s 1990 - 2000

30 years: Latinos in NC30 years: Latinos in NC

NC Hispanic Demographic GrowthNC Hispanic Demographic Growth

►Hispanic population in NC:Hispanic population in NC: 1990: 76,745 1990: 76,745 2000: 2000: 379,000379,000

►NC Metro Growth (now):NC Metro Growth (now): 44,000 Charlotte, 44,000 Charlotte, 34,000 Raleigh, 34,000 Raleigh, 100,000 Triangle100,000 Triangle

►NC Rural Growth (future)NC Rural Growth (future)

Cycles of the Migration ExperienceCycles of the Migration Experience

►Temporary Labor or Study Temporary Labor or Study ►Prolonged Stay, Links Develop, Ethnic Prolonged Stay, Links Develop, Ethnic

Network Network ►Family members join the WorkerFamily members join the Worker►Permanent Settlement (Children) Permanent Settlement (Children)

GENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATIONGENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Dr. H. Nolo Dr. H. Nolo MartínezMartínez

DirectorDirector

Hispanic/Latino AffairsHispanic/Latino Affairs

Office of the GovernorOffice of the Governor

NC Latino Growth in NC

Contemporary migration: Major issuesContemporary migration: Major issues

► Complex identity formation: Complex identity formation: New working classesNew working classes transnationalism and disporatransnationalism and dispora

► Multiculturalism and "National Coherence” (politics Multiculturalism and "National Coherence” (politics of recognition)of recognition)

A new working class?A new working class?

►

                        

          

•

                  

    

Transnationalism and DiasporasTransnationalism and Diasporas

►Maintain close links with home Maintain close links with home countriescountries

►Play major role in political and Play major role in political and economic processes in their home economic processes in their home countries: countries: E.g. South African, Eritreans, immigrants E.g. South African, Eritreans, immigrants

(Post-conflict reconstruction)(Post-conflict reconstruction)

TransnationalismsTransnationalisms

National Identities and the Challenge of National Identities and the Challenge of ImmigrantsImmigrants

► Citizenship Rights? Blood or Soil? Citizenship Rights? Blood or Soil? ► Multiculturalism and "National Coherence"Multiculturalism and "National Coherence"► Europe: issue of migration from former colonies, Europe: issue of migration from former colonies,

workers from Eastern Europe and Middle Eastworkers from Eastern Europe and Middle East

► In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted for 88% of population growthfor 88% of population growth

►Rise of anti-Immigration sentimentsRise of anti-Immigration sentiments►NetherlandsNetherlands►FranceFrance

Xenophobia and the New RightXenophobia and the New RightPim FortuynPim Fortuyn (Source: The Independent, Tuesday 7 (Source: The Independent, Tuesday 7

May 2002)May 2002)

Take the US Census Bureau Pop Quiz:

http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/foreign/p20-534/quiz/popquiz.html

Immigration in the U.S.A.http://www.immigration-usa.com/i_suphwy.html

http://www.wave.net/upg/immigration/resource.html

BBC Asian DiasporasBBC Asian Diasporas

►http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiand_family.shtmlnd_family.shtml

►http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiand_business.shtmlnd_business.shtml

►http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiand_politics.shtmlnd_politics.shtml

Europe: Migration debateEurope: Migration debate

►Sheila Barter, Le Pen’s success ‘stuns’ Sheila Barter, Le Pen’s success ‘stuns’ ethnic minorities BBC Online: ethnic minorities BBC Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1949154.stme/1949154.stm

►Paul Reynolds, ‘Fortress Europe’ raises Paul Reynolds, ‘Fortress Europe’ raises the drawbridge BBC Online: the drawbridge BBC Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2042779.stme/2042779.stm

►Rise of Pim Fortuyn and immigration in Rise of Pim Fortuyn and immigration in the Netherlands: the Netherlands: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/ihttp://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2002/europe_and_I…/n_depth/world/2002/europe_and_I…/netherlands.stnetherlands.st