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Digital Image Correlation
Steve McNeill, PhD, PE
University of South CarolinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering
Columbia, SC 29212
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Digital Image Correlation?
A non-contacting method of measuring surface
displacements of an object subjected to a drivingforce.
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Digital Image Correlation?
Uses video camera to record images of the
surface which are then analyzed to determine the
surface deformation.
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Digital Image Correlation?
2-D & 3-D versions
2-D, only one camera.Motion must be in
plane
3-D, two cameras.Motion can be
anything as long as it
can be seen by the
camera.
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History of Digital Image Correlation
1980 USCs Drs. Ranson, Peters and
graduate student Chu 2-D
Single Point Large amount of user interaction
Required good guess
Mini-computer (VAX 11/780)
Up to a day to get the single point
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History of Digital Image Correlation
1982 USCs Drs. Ranson, Peters, Sutton
and graduate student McNeill 2-D
A field of points User interaction required for initial point
Required reasonable guess
Mini-computer (VAX 11/780)
First PC version, 30 minutes per point
Problems with out-of-plane motion recognized
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History of Digital Image Correlation
1986 USCs Drs. Ranson, Peters, Sutton,
Chao received NSF funding for 3-D Dual camera
Complex calibration 1 day of user interaction to calibrate
Non-deforming subsets
Mini-computer (VAX 11/780)
Some data obtained but not feasible to use
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History of Digital Image Correlation
1988 USCs Drs. Sutton and McNeill with
graduate student Miao 3-D
Simple grid calibration 2 step calibration process
Non-deforming subsets
Work station computer
Calibration touchy and required good
guesses
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History of Digital Image Correlation
1992 USCs Drs. Sutton and McNeill with
graduate student Helm 3-D
Simple grid calibration Improved 2 step calibration process
Deforming subsets
PC computer
Visual initial guess generator
First truly practical 3-D image correlation
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History of Digital Image Correlation
1998 USCs Drs. Sutton and McNeill with
graduate student Schreier 3-D
No grid needed for calibration Distortion correction
Deforming subsets
Fast 1,000 points per second
Bi-Cubic spline interpolation for lower error
Commercial product
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History of Digital Image Correlation
2003 USCs Drs. Sutton, McNeill, Garcia &
Schreier with graduate students Cornille &Sands
2-D & 3-D
Scanning electron microscope First measurements at nano and micro scale
High speed correlation 10,000 frames persecond
Ultra-high speed 200,000,000 frames per
second
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How does it work?
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How does it work?Pixel
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How does it work?
100
0
Pixel
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How does it work?
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
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How does it work?
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
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How does it work?
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How does it work?
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
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How does it work?
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
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100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
How does it work?
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
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100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
How does it work?
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
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100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
How does it work?
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
22/
2/,
* )),(),((),,,( jvyiuxIjyixIvuyxCn
nji
++++++= =
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100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
How does it work?2
2
2,
* ))25,25()5,5(()2,2,5,5( jiIjiICji
++++= =
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100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
2
2
2,
* ))25,25()6,5(()2,2,5,5( jiIjiICji
++++= =
000,18)0100()1000()1000()1000()100100(
)00()1000()1000()1000()1000(
)00()1000()1000()1000()1000(
)00()1000()1000()1000()1000(
)0100()00()00()00()0100(
22222
22222
22222
22222
22222
=++++
+++++
+++++
+++++
+++++
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100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
2
2
2,
* ))25,25()5,5(()2,2,5,5( jiIjiICji
++++= =
000,18)0100()1000()1000()1000()100100(
)00()1000()1000()1000()1000(
)00()1000()1000()1000()1000(
)00()1000()1000()1000()1000(
)0100()00()00()00()0100(
22222
22222
22222
22222
22222
=++++
+++++
+++++
+++++
+++++
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100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100
How does it work?
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100
0)1,1,5,5( =C
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103 98 103 102 2 3 1 102 99
99 101 102 103 2 2 1 101 101
3 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 3
1 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 22 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 0
102 100 100 104 0 1 0 101 103
100 99 97 101 2 2 0 101 99
102 102 100 101 1 2 3 97 100101 103 102 99 1 0 2 100 97
How does it work?
101 103 99 3 0 1 100 98 102
99 101 102 1 2 3 103 102 101
102 101 99 3 2 2 102 101 99
1 3 2 1 0 1 3 1 32 1 0 3 2 2 2 3 1
3 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
102 97 101 3 0 0 99 103 97
99 103 101 2 2 2 97 101 102102 98 102 1 3 2 102 99 101
What the numbers really look like
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103 98 103 102 2 3 1 102 99
99 101 102 103 2 2 1 101 101
3 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 3
1 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 22 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 0
102 100 100 104 0 1 0 101 103
100 99 97 101 2 2 0 101 99
102 102 100 101 1 2 3 97 100101 103 102 99 1 0 2 100 97
How does it work?
101 103 99 3 0 1 100 98 102
99 101 102 1 2 3 103 102 101
102 101 99 3 2 2 102 101 99
1 3 2 1 0 1 3 1 32 1 0 3 2 2 2 3 1
3 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
102 97 101 3 0 0 99 103 97
99 103 101 2 2 2 97 101 102102 98 102 1 3 2 102 99 101
What the numbers really look like
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103 98 103 102 2 3 1 102 99
99 101 102 103 2 2 1 101 101
3 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 3
1 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 22 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 0
102 100 100 104 0 1 0 101 103
100 99 97 101 2 2 0 101 99
102 102 100 101 1 2 3 97 100101 103 102 99 1 0 2 100 97
How does it work?
101 103 99 3 0 1 100 98 102
99 101 102 1 2 3 103 102 101
102 101 99 3 2 2 102 101 99
1 3 2 1 0 1 3 1 32 1 0 3 2 2 2 3 1
3 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
102 97 101 3 0 0 99 103 97
99 103 101 2 2 2 97 101 102102 98 102 1 3 2 102 99 101
What the numbers really look like
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103 98 103 50 2 3 51 101 99
99 101 102 53 2 2 51 100 101
3 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 3
1 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 22 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 0
102 100 100 52 0 1 50 99 103
100 99 97 50 2 2 50 102 99
102 102 100 49 1 2 53 103 100101 103 102 48 1 0 52 97 97
How does it work?
101 103 99 3 0 1 100 98 102
99 101 102 1 2 3 103 102 101
102 101 99 3 2 2 102 101 99
1 3 2 1 0 1 3 1 32 1 0 3 2 2 2 3 1
3 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
102 97 101 3 0 0 99 103 97
99 103 101 2 2 2 97 101 102102 98 102 1 3 2 102 99 101
Sub Pixel Movement
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103 98 103 50 2 3 51 101 99
99 101 102 53 2 2 51 100 101
3 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 3
1 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 22 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 0
102 100 100 52 0 1 50 99 103
100 99 97 50 2 2 50 102 99
102 102 100 49 1 2 53 103 100101 103 102 48 1 0 52 97 97
How does it work?
101 103 99 3 0 1 100 98 102
99 101 102 1 2 3 103 102 101
102 101 99 3 2 2 102 101 99
1 3 2 1 0 1 3 1 32 1 0 3 2 2 2 3 1
3 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
102 97 101 3 0 0 99 103 97
99 103 101 2 2 2 97 101 102102 98 102 1 3 2 102 99 101
Sub Pixel Movement
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103 98 103 50 2 3 51 101 99
99 101 102 53 2 2 51 100 101
3 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 3
1 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 22 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 0
102 100 100 52 0 1 50 99 103
100 99 97 50 2 2 50 102 99
102 102 100 49 1 2 53 103 100101 103 102 48 1 0 52 97 97
How does it work?
101 103 99 3 0 1 100 98 102
99 101 102 1 2 3 103 102 101
102 101 99 3 2 2 102 101 99
1 3 2 1 0 1 3 1 32 1 0 3 2 2 2 3 1
3 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
102 97 101 3 0 0 99 103 97
99 103 101 2 2 2 97 101 102102 98 102 1 3 2 102 99 101
Sub Pixel Movement
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How does it work?
0 0100
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How does it work?
0 0100
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How does it work?
0 0100
0100
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How does it work?
0 0100
50 0100
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How does it work?
y&xofpartintegertheareiy&ixwhere)()1,1(
)1,(
),1(
),(
y&xofpartfractionalthearefy&fxwhere
),(
CBAiyixID
AiyixIC
AiyixIB
iyixIA
DfxfyCfyBfxAyxI
++++=
+=
+=
=
+++=
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Image Correlation
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Software
VIC 2-D & VIC 3-D
VIC 2-D on lab computers B202.
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Software
www.correlatedsolutions.com
VIC 2-D & VIC 3-D
VIC 2-D on lab computers Wed.
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Questions?
