il.-"

I

A VISUAL

DICT-IONARY

OF

ARCH ITECTURE1-

f

I

r:

,I

It... _.-l-

I I

;

L,

pu r

cha se

~

\

~

~

the

ori

gin

al c

opy

r

I_a(

)

l .

;

l

!

~

I

I

l.

i..

-

r

Digitally signed by Arch. Francis V. Fernandez DN: cn=Arch. Francis V. Fernandez, o=SpiralArchitect, ou=Architecture, email=archfrancisfernandez@y mail.com, c=PH Date: 2009.06.06 05:53:27 +08'00'

ifAlZ~H)

youFRANCIS D.K. CHINGfER~ANr7~l

nee

dt his

t-

boo k

iI-

i

A

fJ

VISUAL DICTIONARY OF

ARCH ITECTU RE

you

nee

dt his

boo k

pu r

cha se

the

oriJ I I I I II I I

if

FRANCIS D.K. CHINGA VNR BOOK

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INCNEW YORK CHICHESTER WEINHEIM BRISBANE SINGAPORE TORONTO

gin

al c

opy

This book is printed on acidfree paper. 8 CopYright @1995 'ry John Wiley &Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneou5~ in Canada.

Printed in ~e United S~ of America.20191817 16 15 1413 12

if

you

nee

dt his

boo k

U~ralj' of Congre% Cataloging-irH'uuncatlon Data: ISBN 0-471-28451-3

pu r

cha se

This publication is designed to proMe accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the underetanding that the publisher is not enqaged In rende:ing professiot131 servius. If professional adviCt or other expert assist...anu is required, the services of a competent professional person should be oought.

the

ori

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in arry form or by arTy means, electronic, mechanical, photocop-yinq, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as ~rmitteJ under Sectionsl(J7 or 108 of the 1976 United States CoPJlight Act, without either the prior written pemission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropr~ per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Cenw, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvere, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. RequesUi to the Publisha for pennisslon should be add~ to the f'enni55loos Department, John M.~ & Sons, Inc.. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 1015U012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@W1lEY.COM.

gin

al c

opy

L:

L

L

(ONTENTS

PREFACE 7

ARCHITECTUREARCH 12 BEAM 15 BRICI< 18 BUILDING 21

9

FORCE 96 FORTIFICATION 98 FOUNDATION 100 FRAME 104 GEOMETRY 108 GLASS 112 HARDWARE 114 HEAT 117 HISTORY 128 HOUSE 136 JOINERY 140 LIGHT 142 LOAD 151

PLASTIC 192 PLATE 194 PLUMBING 196 REINFORCED CONCRETE 202 ROOF 208 ROOM 216 SHEll 219 . SITEWORK 221 SOIL 224

CABLE STRUcnJRE 28 CEILING 30 CERAMIC 32 CHURCH 35 COLOR 38 COLUMN 40 CONCRETE 42 CONSTRUCTION 48~

opy al c

SOLAR ENERGY 226 SOUND 228 STAIR 233 STONE 236 'STRUCTURE 238 SURVEY 246 TEMPLE 248 THEATER 256 TRUSS 259 VAULT 262. VISION 264 WAll 266 WINDOW 271 WOOD 276

DOME 60 DOOR 62 DRAWING 66 ELECTRICITY 74 ELEVATOR 80 FASTENING 82 FIREPLACE 87

MATERIAL 161

boo k

dt his

FIRE SAFETY 88

nee

flOOR 92

if

INDEX 285

you

pu r

cha se

MEASURE 166 MEMBRANE 168 METAL 16? MOISTURE CONTROL 176 ORDER 179 ORNAMENT 182 PAINT 187 PLASTER 188

the

DESIGN 52

MASONRY 155 -

ori

gin

PREFACE

, __.____ =1~ ttl.l

~.

r~'r

~"'.

- .. - ; r - .

; ... >+_.- " :...,: . .-4-.

'

"')I

if

you

nee

One picture is worth a thousand words

dt his

boo k

pu r

I

r~

i

i

~I

Just as a single image can be worth a thousand words, a single word can conjure up in the mind's eye a thousand images. Regardless of t.he power of a solitary word or image, however, each communicates meaning more effectively when brought together into a sfngle preserrtatlon. The symbiotic relationship between graphic and verbal communication is the basis for this visual dictionary of architecture.

cha seThe reader may use this dctionary in a number ofw3'js.lf one trows the exact term and wants to find CiJt rts meaning, then one can 1001: it up in the index. Looki~ up one term will always present related terms arTa:1ged around one or more illustn In the production of what Is beautiful appeallng. or of more thanordil'l3l)' slgnlflcanu.

aesthetics The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art. beauty. tJste. with a view to estabhshlng the meaning and valiatty of clitlcalJudgments conceming wori::s of art. Also. esthetics.

ana

beautyThe aggregate of qualities In a person or thing that gives Intense pleasure to the senses or deep satlsfactlon to ~ mind or spirit. whether arising from harmony of fonn or color. excellence of craft. trutirfulness. originality. or other. often unspeGlfIal7!e property.

delightA high degree of pleasure orenjoyment.iJ

tasteCriticalJudgment. discernment. or appreciatlon of what Is fitting. harmonious. or beautiful prevailing in a culture or personal to an Il1s in 3centering. Also called folster. f

!

L L l LL

'>.~.-

.~ An archway having sides or Jam~s not at .. :~ right angles with the face of Its abutments_

-.r

lJUVUrt;h

I

~enur!ng

A temForal)' fl7lmework for supportln~ a ma son I)' arch or vault during construction until the work can suppo~ Itself.

camber piece Aroard used as centulng for a flat arch. \~ \ \ \ \ \ (slightly crowned ~ allow for settling of the arch. Also calle4C.1l)1per 51ip.

II j

ffilllI{_

LL

/

_

12

L

lARCH

I l

r

r

,...--------------+-'arch action

I

The manner In whlcn an arch transforms the vertlca I forces of a su pported load Into Inclined components aria transmits them to abutments on either side of the archway.

r--~-------+- ~rchaxisthe median line of an arched structure.I

f"

.---------J-..~

line of thrust;

.

f

f

, The setofresultantsbf thrust and weight each part of an arch Imposes 0'1 the next lower one. For bending to be eliminated throughout an arch. the line of thrust must coincide with the arch axis.

;In

ori

arch C3tTjlng a vtrtlC3lload uniformly JI5triMd i1hng the lenqth of the arch axis.

gin

An tr.oerW ~ry is t~ funlcul.r 5hape for

al cIthru5t. !--...:liI~~::it-"Jrlft"

Junic~lar .1rc_h I An .rch shapeJ to develop only axial compression und~r a given loading. This sh3p.

fLJ~ An arch having onc Impost higher than the1

~\.: .

i

rampant.1rch .

other.

--~-------~ sti~darch

~. .-t-..

An arch restir~ on imposts treated as downward ccn,i~uations of the arctr0lt.

{j

!PeUarchwith cUrYed taus.

. 'A round arch rest'lng 011 two large corbels

. -L .~..,.._________

hor$eSMe arch An.rch having an Intracios that MdensI

ori

aPove the spri~lng Pefore 1I3rrowing to;jJ rounded crown. Also cal1efMoorIsh arch.! ,'trefol1 archAn .1rch having 3 cusped Intrados with threeround or pointed foils.

I l.JI

~~~Iarc~.iAn arch strock from one or more

the

gin

I

centers ~Igw the springing line.

cha se

pu r

skewPact -'- -_ _ _ _--'A stone or course of masonry having a sloping f.Jceagainst which the: end of asegmental arch rests.

~t7-,.... /.\"'....

".

'\i.~

tJ

..J/

...../_l

; basket-handle .1rchAthree-centered 3rch having a crown with a radlus mUGh gre3ter than that of the outer pairofcurYes. Alsocallefn~ de panic!

boo k

\

"---~_+

'---'

I lJ

if

you

nee

dt his

polll'ted arch'An arch ~vlng a pointed crown.

ettuli~r3rarc&'equal to the span.

Z r =' A pointed arch havIng two centers and r.:Idll

la~arcltt A pointed ~rch having two unters and radII greater than the span.

, drop al'C"

A pointed a rcll haying two centers arid r.:IdJl tess than the spar!.

G~thl~'~Rh; I r..ApoInted arch, esp. one havIng two centersand equal r.:Idn.

L i LI L

it-~: 'lU'pased arch An arcn havIng a ri~ of tess than half thespan .. -3..

,A ..

l~!

oearchA pointed arch, e3Cn hJunch of which Is a double curve with t~ c.cncave sideuppermost

IL

14

BEAMA

rigid structural member5UPPOrtl"l! ,!,,"ents. to

designed W C3rry and transfer

~1!1I~~!i~II~;;IIIii!lIlIii!!illIlIlIlI!liI;lII~IiIi~Ii~~tirjainiSViel~e,oadsacross space~r+---1-J-h __ 1spanL,.----L.L.-.....,..J. -

'

The extent of space l7etween two supports of a structure. Also. the strocture so supported. The dIstance b-etween the inner faces of the supports of il span.

; rc\earspa~,:..,,:-"-------------4I

-r.= i~=!r~~ler !span.

1 ~~moment t------------------~--

L

,

~ft.!--------'~~ulard1stance il spanr.i~ If'.em~ ~tes from ;1 true W1.J~

- - -__...::::+~..::......l,~------.---

pu r

r f

cha se..

An fnt:er.ul mOmerrt'ec{U31 and opposr-..e to a ~~ roment. generated by a fcru couple to Nlntaln equilibrium of tending rT1efrig ccnsldere.d. negativeshear - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 A~."r:esutta nt. of.s hearforcesthatacts .. . "e:rtIC3l!:t ~~rapn the left pol rt of thestructUrl: l>elrig'consl.:lered,

positive shear - '

, I

Assuming 3 lJI1/formly dTstrWvW l03d, tJ;e projection for wltfch the morrr~ oy~ the 5I.:pport Is eqwf ind opposlU ta the morr.t:rt 3t midspan is approxlmMy% of the 5f!41

nee

dt his

As5l.ifT1ir., 3 uniformly distri/7r.rW l;;;J. the projections for .,.,nlch the mommts om-the supports 3~ eqlJ3/ md oppo$'U to the momer.t 3t midsp71 ;;re approximately '/, IJf the sp:m.

boo k

5u'pended-5pan A sImple ~m supporW by the cantllevers of two adjolnln~ spans withplnneJ constructlonJoints at polnts of zero moment. Also calW hu~-span.

if

'=~'t.~~~tr..nsfer !:>ending 's~s,lncre-ase the rlgldlty of the ~m. and ~uce Its maxlmum defIect1on.

you

~ be3m exterJing~~t~~ih",~J~, " ~~Jn ordu tc aevelOp gr~~rrlgfdttyaiid smaller moments than a ser~s of simple ~ms having similar spans and loading. Both fIXed end and contlnuous !:>eams are Indetamlnate structures for which the values of all reactions, shears, and moments are dependent not only or. span and loaJlng but also on cross sectlonal sn3F~ 3'1d material.

ccrttinuou5 pe4m

.

effective lengthThe dist3~ce l>etween Inflection points In the sp3~;f a flxedend or continuous beJ~. quiIl3ie.-: in nature to the actualleng~h ~3

simp!] s~pportea 'eam. 17

,lJJ.!UKiAm3SOf1f)' unit of clay. formed into rectar.gwr prism while plastic and lurdened Py drying in the sun orfiri~inaUn.

l,

'ccmmott~~Brict made for general Pulkllng purposes and :let s~1a11y treated for color andte~~re.

Also C311ea building br/clt _... _........ - .. - -

;j~~SIIII~

! The processprocess prick l:>y molding . scft-mud of forming relatively wet clay havlng~re C$Ywt- Jt~

.....

mingl1rict'Brlcl: m~ofspec~lclaysforfaclng a wall, often treate4 to produce the ~sJ~~.~glg~ ana 5\Jrfau text-ure. Also calrea fa c't" In-Ick. :., .. --:

j5.1ndstruck brickBricl: formed In the soft-mud process wlt.,~ mold lined with sand to prevent stlckln9. producing a matte'textured surf~3

1 prick_type!

r waterstruck hick

A des~ll3t1on Indicating the pennlssll7le ~rI3tlon In size, color. ch Ippage "d dJst.ortk)n albwed In a facing ~rick unit.

rexF.ang I1ricl:: sulta171e for use where a !I'1inlmum V3tiatlon In size. narrow color rA ng~. and high degree of l.T1echanlcal pafectlon are rea.ulred.

l

i~iil~II~~~~~,III~1

mold lulnicated with water to prevent stlci:!~. Briel: formed In the soft-mud process with 3 producing a smooth, dense surface.

"trrt-mud pro~

! The process of fonnlng prick and structur.il tile ~ extruding stiff l:>ut plastic clay having a moisture content ofl2t to 151 through a !~ ana cuttlng the extrusion to length with w'resl:>efore firing.

u uI

FB5F,cln~ kick sultJple for use where a wider color ~,nd greater variation In size art' ~rmitted than for type FBX.

1drrprcss process iThe process of fonnlng prick ~ motdlng relatively dry clay having a moisture co~,.e:q; of51 W under high pressure, resulting in sbrpedged, smooth-surfacea pricks.

opy

FDAF.a~ I1ricl:: sulta\7le for use where

al c

p,rtlcubr effects are desired resultlngfrotn lIOIIurJformlty In size. color. ana texture of the Individual units.

1 b1n)

l.i

ori

gin thet MW~

~thl~, esp. one for firing pottery,17a\:ir-3 . m=ks, or dryl~ tlml:>er. j~~hin~'f

f.. fumau or oven for Pumll1g, I:1aklng, or dryi~

,

.

a~.andm3XlmumSJturatlon

coefl'.clent.

boo k

A dr!s~tUtIon Indlcatlng the aura!7i11ty of a . A ImCk grade sutta~1e for exposure to-' ,moder'3te weatherl~ as when used ~e !:>rid: untt wfIen exposed to weathering. The grade on surfaces unlikely to l7e penneated U..5.ls dIv1ka In~ three weathering liiltn Wlltel Iii subfreezing temperatures. ~ - serer!, moderAte, and negllgll7le ...cc,~dIng to annual winter rainfall ana the 6n~1 number of freezing-cycle days. Brick is pJd for use In each /'e9lon accoralng to ~ strength. maximum water

lorici~'

, - - - - - -_ _--.:

Plfing luiCk un~lterTl4tely with too much or too httle air to vary their face COlOr..

cha se

!cuU ,. 1 A !nicI: or tlmb~ rejected as being ~ Infer':rquality.

pu r

dt his

j5W ~ , A !nick grade suita~1e for exposure to

\severe weatheri~.;as when In contact with ..... ~-----=:::the ground or uSMon surfar.es Ukely to ~e- ~ permeated with water In subfreezl~ temperatures. . _ _---=------~::::

t1~

if

you

~-~~Jfi!e.l7ridcr .. :AGT{mUle of fire cl3y ana used for IInln~ amaGtts and flreplaces.

~.

The ~ofW3ter a~ Py. claLImmersed In either cold or boIIIn4 I'I7ter for a st3 ted length of time. ~'5 a percent3ge of the weIght of~".edryl/l1lt.I"'.lSOlllj' unit when

nee

NW ..................... , .......... -......... A brick grade sulta~1e for ~posure tojl!e9~'-~~ ~~as when used as a 113Gb,'" orin Itfterlor ma son r y . -

t.~_c~

~iI coefficientThe rnlooft~ weight of water absorPed ~5bhiy Dille hf!fflersta In cotr IIt7ter to the weight aDsor\:1ed when ~ In rolh~ water, Indicating the ~ reslstJnce of the brick to the #etlan of freezl~ and thawing.

A clay used In the making of ~rucl&t;S. aria otHer objects exposed to high tempentlJres.

Wctry

A material having the a17i1lty to ~taln Its physical shape ana cliemlCal WnE' w~ suPjected to high temperatures.

~!y_,

U

I

3

weight of water absorPea ~._' partIally Immersed for croe minute, expressed I~ grams or ounces p minute. AlsocalleJ mlt/al rau of iI~iTl3S011f'y unit when

~.

18

BRICK

rnoml,,' dim ",.IonIto

A brlc~ dline~S'o()f1 Lvgerthan the actual dJ~s:cn account for the . thicl:ness rf 3 :nortar Joint.

~l

.3 courses = 8 in. (20.3 mm)

moduL-lr brickA 17rld: h.wing nominal dimensions of 4 x 21,.'3 x3 in. (102 x68 x203 111m) .

-r---

'h

NormJn brick

APricl: h.wing nominal dimensions at4 x 21,'3 x12 in. (102 x 68 x 305 mm) ...

SCRurick

. . -.--~------_e====~~~;;;a;5 COU."'5ts = 16 In. (406 mm) F==ib=~=:.d,-,-~..,~

Briel:: h3';119 nominal dimensions of 6 x 2113 x12 In. (102 x 68 x 305 mm) .

engineered brickAInicl: h.wlng nominal dimensions of4x3~/s.5In. (I02x81x203mm).

Norwegian I1rick A 17M h3Vi~ nominal dimensions of4 x 3'/s x 12 in. (102 x81 x 305

mm).

4 coursts = 8 In. (20.3 mm)

opy al c ori gin the pu r cha se

rrjumbo urick.

Roman ~rickBrick h~'';"'J ncminJI dimensions of 4x2x 12 in. (102x51 x 305 mm).

ecanomy PrickA modu~r vrick having nominal dimensIonsof 4x 4 x 5 in. (102 x 102 x 203 mm).

r r

Any of "'3 r100J 5 C'1erslzed 17ricks h3vlng nomlnJl di~~S:Ons establJshed Dy them3nubct~~e-.

boo k

fir

seal'

I

-'i"

dt his

stret:.cMrA l?rlcl: or other m3sonry untt laideage~

A brd or tl.e i-.3Ying normal face2In.(51I11m~

dlmensloos ~Jt 2 nominal thickness of

nee

hortzoot..fIy In a wall with the lo~er or parallel to tne$lJri:ou.

ht-JA !mel:: cut t... rsversely so as to leaveonetr1dw~

:''' .. ''~r.,A 17rld: or other m3sonry u,nlt /;lid horlzonta ily 1(1 a wall with the shorter end ~ or parallel to the surface.

if

you

rr

~:..,

TaChipar rJC> stones or 1nicks to acertain s~ c-r sl1ape.

-., .. ,~~JA I7rld: lakl horizontally on the longer

edge with the shorter end exposed. AI$O.~JA I7rld: laid vertically with the longer face edge ~pqsed .

fc.~~}

r~k l;ikl vertically with the I1readfaceex~.

. itorl

, ... '.' 7shineri'A brIck i3J het;.leen two 1acent levels. ')

"1111 i 1111111 ii II(

'~ ... ,,/'t

I-f--

[]

I

pu r

---~..;

I

-~-'

boo k

JJ

I H+l

rF

n~

dt his

nr nrI I

i 1

ni f~

-

-

jJ

I

you

lk.

u..

nee

4-

~

+

III

f.L l.1.. l..L..1.I .. I

A

II

g

J.

I

I

II

I

(

'(

V I

H B I

-

if

low-riseDescrlUiog ,;a l1Uilding having one. two. or three stones.nd usually 110 eleva te r. One of the upper floors of a warehouse orfa~. typlcal~ unpartltloned ana

II

sometJmes converted or adapted to other uses. as living a.uarters. artists' studios. or exh ii:>itlon ga l!eries.

I

loft ~ildingA \?tJ:!dlng haVing several floors with large areas of unobstructed space. originally renUa out for ~ht Industrial purposes and r.ow fre'.uently converted to residentialOCCt;p3r.cy.

;

I

_.J

1

BUILDING

L

.rtticAroom or space directly under the roof of a Pullding, esp. a house.

luff eltory -- --. -- -.. -...... -........ ", A usal7le living space withIn a sloping roof. ", usually hav~ng dormer wIndows for lighting.

t. _

f L

-crawl space ,.,...,.,." An area In a Irolldlng hJvlng a clearance less than human height, !rot accessll1leI1y crawhng. esp. such a space I1elow the flrst floor tha t Is enclosed by foundation walls.

L

A horizontal or Inclined door over a

~ .~l__________~____s_ta_I~ay_g_M_n_g_~_c_ts_s_to a_ce_"a_r_.________________________~ __ __

ori

gin

[f

l1ulkhe3d --- .......... -... -........../

/

al c theI

opy-$-l

,

L

cellar __ J A room or set of rooms, for the storage of food. fuel. or the like. wholly or partlyunderground and usually l1e'neath a bulk/ing.

cyclone cellar A cellar or other underground place forshelter during violent storms, as cyclones, torna.ms, or hurrIcanes. Also called stann cell.1r.

:'- floor A contlnuous supportIng surface . extenalng horizontally throughout a : bulkltng. havIng a number of rooms and ; constftutlng one level In the strocture.

pu r

cha se

!,

boo k

;-.. mezzanine A low or partial story Wtween two main : stories of a l1ulkllng. tsp. one that projects i as a blcony and forms a composltion withthe story I1eneath It.

nee

dt his

-B--

r- fi~tfloor!:

if

I

The gl"O'Jna floor of a bu!k:flng. In 8rltaln and elsewhere, the first floor IS tile floor ImmedIately above the ground floor.

you

--;.- ground floor : The floor of a Irolldlng at or neartstto ground level

rkI

"f

fr--4.---------~

.........- - - - - - - -.... --- - v -

;'" pasement : Astory of a l1ulldlng that Is wholly or part~ A I1elow ground level.

areawayA sunken area affording access.air, and light to a !7asement door or wIndow.

subbasement Arry story or floor l1elow the maIn l1asement of a l1uifding

BUILDINGl.;" .... ,~~~

..

(.~

~~~~~~~~------.----.--- ---~~~...

~~

" ",,_, -'-,

"',:r

The front ofa ~ulk:llng orany of Its skies facl~ a pu~hc wtrj or space. esp. one dlsUngulshui by Its architectural

fro nUspieceA prtnc!p31 fac3de. or a part or feature a facade. often t~ as a separate elerT'l!rTt of tl-.e des~n 3nd highlighted by

eatment.

""", """""

,Ii

OrT1a~ntation.

""""""",.,'

opy

1j

1

!

cha se

:-- pavilion ~ Acerrtr31 or fIa r.l:i:-..g ?ro}xt~ subl~lvIslon~~ : of a f:3C3de. us~i!J ~tea by more elabor3t.e decon.

A ~..anqu"r ~Ji!dlng h3V!r-qlittle width ~ , respect to its length ... hetqht.

3na

JI

~

Ploc1:II ~rge buildIng divided Into a numberof~me a~rtments. offices. or shops.

cha se

the

A P-.lltalng or structure hIgh In proportlon to Its lateral dImensions. . ~ standing alone orformir.g part of a lo rgtr I7ulldlng.

atrium

Askiit. central court In abuil.::li~~.

pu r

h3v1~ a glass roof and surrc~ -Jed by sevml Stories of

ori

esp. a farge Interior one

gin

al c

C~", .

opy

~

._entlrely surrounclea by walls or I7ulldlngs.

~~~a open to the sky and mostly or

-'V./ '

I

I~

courtyard

boo k

galb'es.

A court adjacent to or wlthfn a building. esp. one enclosed on all four sIdes.

~~

A cOOnnakd or arcaded space within the body of a ~ng !lut open to the air on one ~?ften at'an upper story overlooking an~ccurt.

you

rUM no17i1e

_ ... -.................... -........... J

nee

dt his

-

................. .

L.fi "atrium An open. skylit court around which a house or bultdlng Is ~ullt.

patioA courtyard, esp. of a house. enclosed by low I1Ulldlngs. arcades. or walls. .

if

The prir.clpaf story of a large ~ulldlng. as a pal3ce or villa. wtth formal reception and din~ rooms. u5~1ly one fltqht a!love the~floor.

Di

corU!e .. ---- .......... -- ..... --- ...... . A br~ or principal courtyard of an Italian

palma.

L ypatuzaA large. Imposing puplic ~JM'~ ~ priV3':.e residence. esp. In It31y'

Li

LI

26

r j

~

CABLE STRUCTUREr-

!tsU5penslo~ structure

ri

A structure of cal7ies suspended and prestressed !letween compression meml7ers to directly support applied loads.

suspension 17ridge A Imdge having a d,e.c.I: suspended from cables raised on towers and securely anchored to abutments at the ends.

.

~~... ' . ' .. _ .'

single-curvature structureA suspension structure utlllzl~ a parallel series of ca17les to support surface-forming l7eams or pl3tes. A si~le-cul'V3ture structure Is susuptlule to flutter Induced by the aerodynamic effects of wind. This lia17i1ity can l7e reduced by Increasing the dead load on the structure or anchoring the primary ca17les to the ground with

~..

~

~

~

r

;-=~~~ ~. it~ .~ r... component of thrust In a suspension or ~ cal:>le-stayed structure a n d . . n . transferring the force to a ground foundation.------~-

~.,

transve~guyca17les.

~;~~!~a~~~~~~~~;;I---------~'" ~.. ~vn~

,-_.........~primary cable

rr' Iif

stayed structure. supportlng the sum of ~ vert.ical force components In the primary aM gfl'J caPles. Incnning the mast enal:ks It to pIcl: up some of the hortzootal cal:>le thrust and reduces the foru In ~ guyca!rles.

double-cable structure - .--.- - -.. A suspension s~re having upper and lower sets of cables of different curvattlres, pm.ensloned by tles orcompresslon struts to make the system more rlgk:l2nd reslst3nt to flutter.

(i: ~

I

if

i

r

I

you

I

nee

rf[f

'-I

dt his

boo k

pu r

cha se

i------------ -- .-.- ... -

the

orisecondary cable 011e of the pretensloned cables used for stal:rillzln a 5uspenslof'l5tructlire against flutter, uS1J311y having a cumture oppo$fte to tha t of the primary cables.

gin

al c

i

r

Avertical or inclined compression rneml7er In a suspenslon or cable-

One of the pretenslooed cables directly supportlng the load on 3 suspension structure.

opy

douule-curvaturestructure Asuspension structure composed of a field of crossed C41l>leS of differentand often reverse curvatureS. Each set of caufes h3s a different natu:"31 ~rIod ofvlur3tlon, thus form log a selfdam~nln~ system that Is more resistant to flutter.

L .. bound2rycableAcable for ~nchorlng a set of secondJr)' cables In a suspenslon S"" JCture. ....

II,I

C3ule-stayed structureA structure h3Vln~ vertical or Inclined masts from which cables extend to suppcrt horizontally spannIng members arranged irI a parallel or radial pattern.'

t I\..;

I

I

29

., (ElLINGThe overhead interior surface or Iini"4 of. room. often concealing the underside of the floor or roof above.

o

al c gin boo k pu r cha se the ori dt his nee you ifcharacter.

opy!?eam ceiling The unac:rslde of a ftoor showing ~supporting I1eams arid finished to form a ceiling.

jcoffer

One of a number of recessed. USUoiily squareor octagonal panels in .. ceiling. ~. or vault. Also called c.alsscn.i.1curur.

1

'; bcunar/. A ceiling. soffit. orv.ult aOorred Mt.h ..

pattern of recessed p:onel$.

plafona , Aflat or vaulted ceiling of decorative

l30

Il _

r-

BUILDINGorientationThe position of a ~uik:ling on a site In relation to true north, to points on the compass, to a sPeGlfiG place or feature, or to local conditions of sunlight, wln~ and :_.;":.

r t

."..:

cbimTo assert or dema nd re~nitlon or possesstcn.

frontTo face In a specific direction or look out upon.

e._

follyA whimSical or extravagant Structure built to serve as a conversation piece, lend Interest to a view, or com memoratea person or event.

.merge To comlnr.e. !knd. or unite ~radually by stages so as to I1lur identity or distinctions.

Asmall,often ornamental ~ulk:ling In agarden.

pavilion

f

L

pL1Z3A pul7llc 5qU.3re or apen space In a city or town.

gazeboi-_

Afreestanding roofed structure, usually open on the sides. affordl~ shade and restIn a garden or pari::.

i

3

L

maR, usuar1y having a vaulted roof and lined with comrr.erci;;ll establishments. An aro;I useJfora stroH orwall:.esp.~n a pul7llc p!xe.lS for pleasu~ or dlsp!ay.pro~fUde

cha se

941 lleria Aspaclo!J5 promenade, court, or Indoor

::::::::=====rrrr=n:=T'r==rr:n==:rr===r Al7ultdlng, or architectural feature of a ~Ivedere I[J[ If afd0Rf-H ... -.-.1lullJlng. Qesi9ned and situated to look out upon 3 pleasing scene.

]

L

French tern for a broad walk planteJ ",ith trees.

.' P

,

~

~_

I

;,

r f[LI

iL

uellisA fume supportlng apen latticework, used or 3 support for growing vines or plants3S a screen

I.3tticeA Structure of crossulstrlps arranged to form a rt:.3JiJ r p3 ttem of open spaces.

if

bWcewor1: Irrtmwlnea with cl1mln~ v1n_~~ . d flowers. . ~" ~ .

you

ari?or _ .... - ..... -.. -.-.--- .......... '._"' .. '_ A shelta c.f shruPs and 17r.lllches or of

nee

dt his

Jllee

J.~

pu r

the

ori

gin boo ktapi3ry Clipped or trimmed Into ornamental arlO fantastic shapes. or the work or art of such clipping. _.

r

surrounded ;,y 3 bui!d1119 Or llultdlngs. as on college CJmpus. Also called quad.

Asquar~ or 'tU3arangular space or court

al c

L

'luadrangfe --- .. --.--.--.----.--......... .

opypergola . A structure of parallel colonnades supporting an open roof of Peilms and cr05s1119 raftus or trelliswork. (NU wHich cllml1lng plants are trained to grow.

DO'27

(ABLE STRUCTUREA structural system utilizing the caHe as the principal means of support..

.' sagTheyert~31

distance from the supports to

the lowest point of 3 cable structure.As the 5Jg of 3 CJb{e incre35t:S. the Inte.maJ forces dtvtloped in the uble dXrt3se.cap~

A flexIple structural meml1er. as wire rope or ~'chaln, having high tensile strength / Put offering no resl~ nee to com presslonOr~g.

Ii

Ii~

!

!funicularslupe ... jThe shape assumed Vi a fruly cleformlng

opy

ori

funicular polygon .,._ ...................... / The wpe assumed Vi a freely cleformlng n-----------,-,o~ In direct I'tSf'On5e to a set of ~,

gin

C3P\e In direct external to the Acaple and location ofresponse forces. magnitude alw-ays adapts Its sh3pe so that It 15 In pure tension under the action of an applled load.

al c

,,.,.,

j

i

!

funicuL1r structure

u

concentrated loads.

pu r

C3P\elndlrectresponsetoa uniformly J"tStrIbuteaload.

~~""

,".,' /

\. \",,- ,---"

,./

dt his

uniform cal7lesuspendeafreely from two polnt6 not In the same vertlcall1ne. For a load that Is uniformly distrluutea In a ~I prqectlon. the cUrr'e approaches~ of a p3r.1rola

r.m~'"

boo k

~r;.;;~~.~-;;;i.;~.~~~.- ----.-._-- ;\~:--.-;:iLl

Ii

11-

cha se

~":~:::;ed;;~i~~:ki;~I~~ -1,Jut appears to rt&ct more or less of the Inck:!tnt light. V3rylng from Vlack to white for surface colors and from plack to colorless for transpa rent volume colors.

JI

boo k

gray SQle .... sc.1e of achrornatk;

dt his

colors h.ivfng several. usua~ ten, equal: graa..'"tlons ranging ~.., from ..mite to pl.1ck.

11-.C'j.'y.;'i,' :" ':j

~.tt{'?1

The degree l1y which a color appears to reflect more or less of the Incident ~ht, corresponding to lightness of the perulvedcolor.

U

brightnessThe dimenSion of a color which Is correia ted with luminance ana by which visual stimuli are ordered continuously from 'Iery dim to very plight. Pure white has the maxlmu m Prlghtness. and pure I1!acl: the mlnlmu m Lnightness.

!

u

!

you

Thea~ofcerbln wavelengths of t..'e 5ght \tIc1dent on a coIore