Did you Know? Normal Respiration is? We breath ________ many times per day? We breath nearly _______ gallons of air in 24 hours Adult lungs hold nearly _____ quarts of air Each breath is equal to about a ______ Respiratory System Responsible for exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) Breathing or Ventilation is the process in which this exchange happens Respiratory system is divided into Upper Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract Upper Respiratory Tract Air is drawn into the Nasal Cavity Lined with mucous membranes and cilia Air is filtered heated and moistened Divided R and L side by the Nasal Septum Upper Respiratory Tract Within our nose are receptors for the sense of smell: What cranial nerve relays this info? Air moves from the nasal cavity into the pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Structures of the Pharynx Nasopharynx: lymph tissue Adenoids Oropharynx: lymph tissue Palatine Tonsils Laryngopharynx: contains the Larynx and the epiglottis what is the role of the epiglottis? Upper Respiratory Tract From the Pharynx air moves into the Trachea How does the Trachea stay open? Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea divides into two branches Bronchi Both are composed of mucous membranes and cilia What holds the Bronchi open? Lower Respiratory Tract Bronchi divide into smaller and smaller branches eventually forming Bronchioles At the end of the Bronchioles are tiny air sacks called alveoli Lower Respiratory Tract Near to the Alveoli are the Pulmonary capillaries It is here that CO2 and O2 Diffuse back and forth Lower Respiratory Tract Lungs are divided into lobes: 3 Lobes on the R and 2 Lobes on the L Space between the lungs is Mediastinum what structures are found here? Lower Respiratory Tract A serous membrane called the Pleura covers the lungs Lower Respiratory Tract Ventilation depends on a pressure the action of the Diaphragm Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts decreasing pressure within the chest and drawing air in Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes reentering the thoracic cavity increasing the pressure within the chest as the pressure increases air leaves. Respiration Pulmonary Ventilation: Is? External Respiration: Is? Transport of Respiratory Gases: Is? Internal Respiration: Is? Upper and Lower function together12.uthscsa.edu/studentresources/AnatomyofB reathing3.swf12.uthscsa.edu/studentresources/AnatomyofB reathing3.swf Getting the Wind Knocked out of you A kind of Diaphragm Spasm that occurs when sudden force is applied to the abdomen putting pressure on the solar plexus Temporary paralysis of diaphragm Making it difficult to breathe Study of the Lungs Pulmonology: the medical specialty concerned with the respiratory system Pulmonologist: The Physician who treats Disorders of the Respiratory system New Words Nas/o, Rhin/oEpiglott/o Sept/oLaryng/o Adenoid/oTrache/o Tonsill/oBronchi/o, Bronch/o Pharyng/oBronchiol/o Alveol/o Pleur/o New Words Pneum/o, Pneumon/oPhren/o Pulmon/o Lob/o Ox/i, Ox/o Thorac/o The best use of our lungst-qQ&feature=relatedt-qQ&feature=related Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD: chronic partial obstruction of the air passages Symptoms? 3 Major disorders Asthma Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema Asthma Produces a Bronchospasm this may be sudden and violent Paroxysmal and lead to dyspnea What are the causes of Asthma? What is the category of the main medications used? Chronic Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi Causes? Symptoms? The two types of medications used are Bronchodilators and Expectorants Emphysema Decreased elasticity of the alveoli- they dilate but do not contract Leading to barrel chest appearance Easier to breath sitting upright Orthopnea Pleural Effusions Any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity Auscultation and Percussion, CXR or MRI &safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&saf e=active&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&saf e=active Pleural Effusions Transudate: non-inflammatory fluid resembles serum Left ventricular heart failure or liver disorders Exudate: high in protein usually contains blood and immune cells Tumors, infections, inflammation Types of Pleural Effusions Hemothorax: pleural effusion caused by blood Pneumothorax: air in the pleural space leading to a collapse of the lungs Atelectasis Collapsed or airless state of the lung and affects all or part of the lung Thoracentesis Surgical puncture of the chest using a hollow- bore needle: removes excess fluid or air Can be diagnostic or therapeutic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noDxydboLrA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noDxydboLrA Tuberculosis (TB) Bacterial infection in the lungs Produces inflammatory nodules: Granulomas Pneumonia Inflammatory disease caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi Sx: Angina, mucopurulent sputum, Hemoptysis- spitting up blood Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS: The lungs no longer function effectively, threatening life Caused by- trauma, sever pneumonia and other major infections The alveoli become edematous then collapse Mechanical ventilation is often required Apnea Temporary loss of breathing Obstructive, central, mixed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjQdAf9cQB o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjQdAf9cQB o Asphyxia Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen Croup Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and sometimes lungsKKu8&feature=relatedKKu8&feature=related Pertussis Acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a whoop sound, also called whooping cough What is the vaccination for this?dvsdvs Epiglottitis Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottis structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing Pulmonary Embolus Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter Abnormal Breath Sounds Cheyne-Stokes Respirations: deep then shallow breathing patterns (damaged respiratory center of the brain) Crackle: caused by air entering moisture filled alveoli _ls_fine.html_ls_fine.html Abnormal Breath Sounds Rhonchus: course, rattling noise similar to snoring (secretion in the larger airways) ature=relatedature=related Stridor: High pitched, harsh breath sounds (swelling of the larynx, upper airway obstruction) ature=fvwrelature=fvwrel Wheeze: Whistling of sighing sound (narrow lumen) Abnormal Breath Sounds Wheeze: Whistling of sighing sound (narrow lumen) Hypoxemia Deficiency of oxygen in the blood Monitored with Oximetry: monitor hemoglobin(Hb) saturated with oxygen Hypoxia Deficiency of oxygen in tissues Pulmonary Function Tests Multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rjN2_hDXEY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rjN2_hDXEY Bronchoscopy Visual examination of the bronchi using endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL6oW8 OdkxU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL6oW8 OdkxU Laryngoscopy Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury Sputum culture Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract Throat culture Test used to identify pathogens, especially group Strep A Rhinoplasty Reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities or for cosmetic purposes Tracheostomy Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea which a breathing tube may be insertedMgMg