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Paul B. Diederich's Basic Vocabulary of Ancient and Medieval Latin

Scope: In 1939 Paul B. Diederich published a paper titled "The frequency of Latin words and their endings". In this paper

Diederich listed the frequency of Latin words in three anthologies covering ancient Latin prose and poetry and medieval Latin.From these words he chose the most frequent ones, i.e. those used more than twenty times, to create a "basic vocabulary"divided into various categories for easier memorization. According to him, this basic vocabulary enables the reader to recognize83.6 percent of the vocabulary of these anthologies (excluding proper names and certain words important almost entirely inmedieval literature). Note: Words which must be distinguished are marked by the abbreviation "d."

IndexI. Nouns and Related Words ..................................................................................2II. Pronouns ....................................................................................................... 12III. Verbs and Related Words ............................................................................... 13IV. Adjectives and Related Words ......................................................................... 25

V. Adverbs .......................................................................................................... 30VI. Interjections .................................................................................................. 32VII. Conjunctions ................................................................................................ 32VIII. Prepositions and Prefixes ............................................................................. 33

19 December 2011 (2nd edition) Carolus Raeticus

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I. Nouns and Related Words

1. Gods

deus, -, m. god

- dea, -ae, f. - goddess

- dvnus, -a, -um - divine

- dvus, -a, -um - divine

- dves, -itis [d.] - rich [d.]

nympha, -ae, f. Nymph

religi, -nis, f. religion

templum, -, n. temple

ra, -ae, f. altar

vts, -is, mf. prophet, soothsayer, poetvtum, -, n. vow, prayer

- dvove, -re, -vv, -vtum - to devote

nmen, -inis, n. divine will or power, divinity

ftum, -, n. fate

- fortna, -ae, f. - fortune

- sors, sortis, f. - lot, luck

2. Time

tempus, -oris, n. time

aets, -tis, f. age

- aevum, -, n. - age

- saeculum, -, n. - age; century

aests, -tis, f. summer

- aestus, -s, m. [d.] - heat, tide, wave, storm [d.]

vr, vris, n. spring

- vernus, -a, -um - spring-like, vernal

hiem(p)s, hiemis, f. winter, storm

annus, -, m. year

mnsis, -is, m. month

- mnsa, -ae, f. [d.] - table [d.]

dis, -, m. day

nox, noctis, f. night

- nocturnus, -a, -um - nightly

- tenebrae, -rum, f. (pl.) - darkness

- umbra, -ae, f. - shade, shadow

- somnus, -, m. - sleep

- somnium, -, n. - dream

hra, -ae, f. hour

mora, -ae, f. delay

- moror, -ri, -tus sum - (dep.) to delay, linger

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3. Sky

mundus, -, m. world, universe, heavenly body

- mundus, -a, -um [d.] - neat, clean [d.]

- orbis, -is, m. - circle, world

- caelum, -, n. - sky

caelestis, -e heavenly

- caeruleus, -a, -um - blue

- polus, -, m. - pole of the earth, sky

sdus, -eris, n. star, constellation, season

- stlla, -ae, f. - star, planet

- astrum, -, n. - star

sl, slis m. sun

r, eris, m. air

- aes, aeris, n. [d.] - copper, brass, money [d.]

aethr, -eris, m. upper air, heaven

aura, -ae, f. air, breeze- auris, -is, f. [d.] - ear [d.]

- aurum, -, n. [d.] - gold [d.]

ventus, -, m. wind

nbs, -is, f. cloud

tempests, -tis, f. season, weather, tempest

- imber, -bris, m. (gen. pl. -ium) - shower, storm

nix, nivis, f. (gen. pl. -ium) snow

- niveus, -a, -um - snowy

4. Fire

ignis, -is, m. fire

incendium, -, n. big fire

- accend, -ere, -cend, -cnsum - to light a fire, kindle

flamma, -ae, f. flame

cinis, -eris, m. ashes

fax, facis, f. fire-brand, torch

focus, -, m. hearth, fireplace

5. Water

aqua, -ae, f. water

- aequor, -oris, n. - water, sea

mare, -is, n. sea

- pontus, -, m. - the deep, sea

- pns, pontis, m. [d.] - bridge [d.]

- pelagus, -, n. - sea, ocean

ra, -ae, f. shore

- rpa, -ae, f. - bank (of river)

- ltus, -oris, n. - shore, beach

aestus, -s, m. tide, wave, storm, heat

- aests, -tis, f. [d.] - summer [d.]

- unda, -ae, f. - wave

sinus, -s, m. bay, gulf, curve, fold

fretum, -, n. strait

gurges, -itis, m. whirlpool

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rvus, -, m. stream

- amnis, -is, m. - stream

lacus, -s, -m. (dat./abl. pl. -ubus) lake

fns, fontis, m. spring, fountain

pns, pontis, m. bridge

- pontus, -, m. [d.] - sea [d.]

nvis, -is, f. ship, boat

- ratis, -is, f. - raft, boat

- classis, -is, f. - fleet, class

- vlum, -, n. - sail

6. Earth

terra, -ae, .f earth, land

- tells, -ris, f. - earth, soil

- humus, -, f. - ground, soil

rs, rris, n. the country(side)- rsticus, -a, -um - rural, rustic

ager, agr, m. field, land

- agricola, -ae, m. - farmer

- arvum, -, n. - ploughed or sown field

- campus, -, m. - plain, field

prtum, -, n. meadow

mns, montis, m. mountain

rps, -is, f. cliff, rock

collis, -is, m. hill

valls, -is, f. valley

- saltus, -s, m. - dale, ravine, glade

- antrum, -, n. - cave

saxum, -, n. stone, rock

- lapis, -idis, m. - stone, jewel

- marmor, -oris, n. - marble

aes, aeris, n. copper, brass, money

- r, eris, m. [d.] - air [d.]

aurum, -, n. gold

- aura, -ae, f. [d.] - air, breeze [d.]

- auris, -is, f. [d.] - ear [d.]

- aureus, -a, -um - golden

- ferrum, -, n. - iron

7. Plants

silva, -ae, f. forest

- nemus, -oris, n. - wood, grove

- lcus, -, m. - sacred grove

- lctus, -s, m. [d.] - grief [d.]

arbor, -oris, f. tree

frns, frondis, f. foliage

- frns, frontis, f. [d.] - forehead [d.]

- folium, -, n. - leaf

rmus, -, m. branch

rbur, -oris, n. oak, strength

palma, -ae, f. palm (tree and hand)

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grmen, -inis, n. grass

- herba, -ae, f. - grass, plant, herb

hortus, -, m. garden

smen, -inis, n. seed

seges, -etis, f. crop, hedge

messis, -is, f. harvest, crop

- mnsis, -is, m. [d.] - month [d.]

- mnsa, -ae, f. [d.] - table [d.]

fls, -ris, m. flower

- flre, -re, -u, -- - to flower

- sertum, -, n. - garland of flowers, wreath

rosa, -ae, f. rose

laurus, - (or -s), f. laurel

llium, -, n. lily

8. Food

cibus, -, m. food

epulae, -rum, f. (pl.) banquet, feast

fams, -is, f. hunger

- fma, -ae, f. [d.] - report, rumor, fame [d.]

mnsa, -ae, f. table

- mnsis, -is, m. [d.] - month [d.]

- messis, -is, f. [d.] - harvest [d.]

pculum, -, n. cup

vnum, -, n. wine

pmum, -, n. fruit

mel, mellis, n. honey

9. Animals

animal, -lis, n. animal

grex, gregis, m. flock, herd

- gregius, -a, -um - outstanding

- pecus, -oris, n. - cattle

- pecus, -udis, f. - one head of cattle, beast

- pecnia, -ae, f. - money

equus, -, m. horse

- eques, -itis, m. - horseman, man of the middle class

bs, bovis, mf. (gen. pl. boum; dat/abl. pl. bbus/bbus) cow

taurus, -, m. bull

iuvencus, -, m. young bull or cow, ox

ovis, -is, f. sheep

corn, -s, n. horn, wing of an army

canis, -is, mf. (abl. sg. -e, gen. pl. canum) dog

lupus, -, m. wolf

le, -nis, m. lion

avis, -is, f. bird

- les, -itis, m. - winged thing, bird

- penna, -ae, f. - featherserpns, -entis, mf. snake

- anguis, -is, mf. - snake

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piscis, -is, m. fish

10. People

populus, -, m. people

- plbs, -is, f. - common people, lowest class of free men in Rome

- vulgus, -, n. - the crowd, common herd

- vulg, -re, -v, -tum - to publish, announce, make public

- turba, -ae, f. - mob, throng, tumult

- turb, -re, -v, -tum - to disturb, throw into confusion, rout

gns, gentis, f. clan, breed, class

- genus, -eris, n. - race, birth, kind

- gign, -ere, genu, genitum - give birth to

hom, -inis, m. man as opp. to animal

- hmnus, -a, -um - human

vir, vir, m. man as opp. to woman

- virts, -tis, f. - courage- vs (sg. only acc. vim, abl. v; pl. vrs, -ium), f. [d.] - violence, force [d.]

mulier, -eris, f. woman

- fmina, -ae, f. - woman, female

puer, puer, m. boy

- puella, -ae, f. - girl

adulscns, -entis, mf. young man/woman

virg, -inis, f. virgin, maiden

senex, -is, mf. old man

- senects, -tis, f. - old age

- sentus, -s, m. - senate

familia, -ae, f. family

parns, -entis, mf. parent

- pari, -ere, peper, partum (paritrus) - to give birth

- par, -re, -v, -tum [d.] - to prepare [d.]

- pre, -re, -u, -itrus (with dat.) [d.] - to obey, appear [d.]

pater, -tris, m. father

- patria, -ae, f. - fatherland

mter, -tris, f. mother

frter, -tris, m. brother

soror, -ris, f. sister

prls, -is, f. offspring

flius, -, m. son

- flia, -ae, f. (dat./abl. pl. flibus) - daughter

gener, -er, m. son-in-law

neps, -tis, m. nephew, descendant

dominus, -, m. master

- domina, -ae, f. - mistress

prnceps, -ipis, m. a chief

- prncipium, -, n. - origin, beginning

socius, -, m. ally, friend

- comes, -itis, mf. - comrade, companion

vcnus, -, m. neighbor

- hospes, -itis, m. - stranger, guest

hrs, -dis, mf. heir

minister, -tr, m. servant

- famulus, -, m. - servant, slave

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barbarus, -, m. foreigner, barbarian

pauper, -eris, m. poor man, pauper

11. Body

corpus, -oris, n. body

caput, -itis, n. head

coma, -ae, f. hair

- capillus, -, m. - a hair

- crnis, -is, m. - hair, looks

facis, -, f. form, figure, face, manner

- vultus, -s, m. - face, expression, look

frns, frontis, f. forehead

- frns, frondis, f. [d.] - foliage [d.]

oculus, -, m. eye

s, ris, n. mouth

- os, ossis, n. [d.] - bone [d.]- sculum, -, n. - a kiss

dns, dentis, m. tooth

lingua, -ae, f. tongue

gena, -ae, f. cheek

cervx, -cis, f. neck

- collum, -, n. - neck

pectus, -oris, n. chest

cor, cordis, n. heart

sanguis, -inis, m. blood

tergum, -, n. the back

bracchium, -, n. arm

gremium, -, n. lap, embrace

manus, -s, f. hand

- dexter, -t(e)ra, -t(e)rum - right hand

- sinister, -tra, -trum - left hand

- laevus, -a, -um - left

- palma, -ae, f. - palm (hand and tree)

- digitus, -, m. - finger

ps, pedis, m. foot

- impedi, -re, -v, -tum - to hinder

- expedi, -re, -v, -tum - to set free, set forth, explain, be useful to

- pedes, -itis, m. - foot soldier

- passus, -s, m. - pace

- vestgium, -, n. - footstep, trace

membrum, -, n. limb, member

- frma, -ae, f. - form, face, manner

- frmsus, -a, -um - beautiful

- figra, -ae, f. - form, shape, figure

- specis, -, f. - appearance, idea, kind

- img, -inis, f. - image, idea, ghost

- habitus, -s, m. - condition or appearance of the body, dress

- vestis, -is, f. - clothing

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12. Mind

animus, -, m. mind, soul, courage, will

- anima, -ae, f. - breath, life, soul

- mns, mentis, f. - mind, intellect

- rati, -nis, f. - reason, theory

- ingenium, -, n. - genius, talent, nature

memoria, -ae, f. memory

- memor, -is - mindful

- memor, -re, -v, -tum - to remind, mention

- memin, -isse - to remember

- oblvscor, -, obltus sum - (dep.) to forget

sponte (abl., gen. spontis very rare), f. of one's free will

13. Feelings

ra, -ae, f. anger- rscor, -, -- - to become angry

- furor, -ris, m. - anger, madness

- odium, -, n. - hatred

fids, -e, f. faith, trust

- fidlis, -e - faithful

- fdus, -a, -um - faithful

- cnfd, -ere, -fsus sum - trust, confide

sps, -e, f. hope

- spr, -re, -v, -tum - to hope

- dspr, -re, -v, -tum - to despair

clmentia, -ae, f. mercy, clemency

dliciae, -rum, f. (pl.) pleasure, pet, darling

14. Talk

serm, -nis, m. a talk

clmor, -ris, m. outcry, clamor, shout

- clm, -re, -v, -tum - to cry out

tumultus, -s, m. tumult

- tumulus, -, m. [d.] - mound [d.]

murmur, -uris, n. a murmur

rmor, -ris, m. a rumor

iocus, -, m. a joke

15. Writing

verbum, -, n. word

littera, -ae, f. letter (of alphabet)

- litterae, -rum, f. (pl.) - writing; letter

epistula, -ae, f. letter

versus, -s, m. verse, line of poetry

fbula, -ae, f. story

historia, -ae, f. history

c(h)arta, -ae, f. sheet of papyrus

titulus, -, m. title, inscription

lyra, -ae, f. lyre

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chorus, -, m. chorus, dance

pota, -ae, m. poet

auctor, -ris, mf. author

ars, artis, f. art

16. Work and Play

labor, -ris, m. labor, work

- lbor, lb, lpsus sum [d.] - (dep.) to fall [d.]

- labr, -re, -v, -tum - to work

- opus, -eris, n. - a work

negtium, -, n. business

- merx, -cis, f. - merchandise, wares

- pretium, -, n. - price

- ops, opis, f. - resources, power, help

tium, -, n. leisure, rest

- quis, -tis, f. - rest, quiet- quisc, -ere, -v, -tum - to rest, be quiet

17. City and Buildings

urbs, urbis, f. city

via, -ae, f. street

- obvius, -a, -um - in the way of

- iter, itineris, n. - road, journey

mrus, -, m. wall

turris, -is, f. (acc. sg. -im, abl. sg. -i) tower

domus, -s, f. home

- vlla, -ae, f. - country house, estate

lmen, -inis, n. threshold

inua, -ae, f. door

aula, -ae, f. hall, palace

columna, -ae, f. column

thalamus, -, m. bedroom

- torus, -, m. - couch, knot

18. Military

mles, -itis, m. soldier

- mlitris, -e - military, of a soldier

- mlitia, -ae, f. - military service

cohors, -tis, f. cohort, company of soldiers

legi, -nis, f. legion, regiment

- lgtus, -, m. - commander of a legion, military officer, ambassador

arma, -rum, n. (pl.) arms

- arm, -re, -v, -tum - to arm

- tlum, -, n. - weapon

gladius, -, m. sword

- nsis, -is, m. - sword

arcus, -s, m. a bow

- sagitta, -ae, f. - arrow

arx, arcis, f. citadel, high fortified part of a city

moenia, -ium, n. (pl.) walls, ramparts

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castra, -rum, n. (pl.) camp

- castellum, -, m. - fortress

bellum, -, n. war

- proelium, -, n. - battle

- impetus, -s, m. - attack

px, pcis, f. peace

sgnum, -, n. sign, standard, banner

- sgnific, -re, -v, -tum - indicate

victor, -ris, m. victor

- victria, -ae, f. - victory

- vinc, -ere, vc, victum - to conquer

- vinci, -re, vinx, vinctum [d.] - to bind [d.]

triumphus, -, m. triumph

praeda, -ae, f. booty

hostis, -is, mf. enemy

custs, -dis, mf. guardian, sentinel

- custdia, -ae, f. - care, custody

praesidium, -, n. a guard, garrison, help

perculum, -, n. peril, danger

auxilium, -, n. help

19. Government

cvis, -is, mf. citizen

- cvlis, -e - civil, civic

- cvits, -tis, f. - state

is, iris, n. right, law

- istitia, -ae, f. - justice

- istus, -a, -um - just

- iniria, -ae, f. - injustice, injury

- idex, -icis, m. - judge

- idicium, -, n. - trial, judgment

- ls, ltis, f. (gen. pl. -ium) - contention, controversy, suit

- lx, lgis, f. - law

carcer, -eris, m. prison

forum, -, n. forum, public square

cria, -ae, f. senate house, court, curia

prvincia, -ae, f. province

corna, -ae, f. crown

20. Social Approval

fs, n. (indecl.) (what is) right, lawful

- nefs, n. (indecl.) - (what is) wrong, unlawful

ms, mris, m. custom

decus, -oris, n. honor, ornament

mnus, -eris, n. duty, office, favor, reward

praemium, -, n. reward

honor (or hons), -ris, m. distinction, honor

- honestus, -a, -um - honorable, distinguished

laus, -dis, f. praise, esteem

- laud, -re, -v, -tum - to praise

fma, -ae, f. report, rumor, fame

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- fams, -is, f. [d.] - hunger [d.]

- glria, -ae, f. - fame, renown, glory

grtia, -ae, f. charm, grace, favor, thanks, for the sake of

- grtus, -a, -um - pleasing

- ingrtus, -a, -um - not pleasing

21. Evil

clds, -is, f. destruction

lctus, -s, m. grief

- lcus, -, m. [d.] - grove [d.]

lacrima, -ae, f. a tear

scelus, -eris, n. crime

fraus, -dis, f. fraud, deceit

culpa, -ae, f. fault, blame

frtum, -, n. theft

nsidiae, -rum, f. (pl.) ambush, treacheryvennum, -, n. poison

error, -ris, m. error, mistake

- err, -re, -v, -tum - to wander, stray

crmen, -inis, n. accusation, charge

poena, -ae, f. punishment, penalty

vulnus, -eris, n. wound

- vultus, -s, m. [d.] - face, expression [d.]

verber, -eris, n. lash, blow

- verber, -re, -v, -tum - to lash

22. Death

mors, -tis, f. death

- mortuus, -a, -um - dead

- mortlis, -e - mortal

- morior, mor, mortuus sum - (dep.) to die

- morbus, -, m. - disease

ltum, -, n. death, destruction

- nex, necis, f. - slaughter

fnus, -eris, n. funeral, ruin

- rogus, -, m. - funeral pyre

- sepulcrum, -, n. - tomb, sepulchre

- sepeli, -re, -pelv, -pultum - to bury

- tumulus, -, m. - mound, grave

- tumultus, -s, m. [d.] - tumult [d.]

- monumentum, -, n. - monument

mns, -ium, m. (pl.) shades, spirits of the dead

23. Abstractions and Unclassified

ntra, -ae, f. nature

causa, -ae, f. cause

mteria, -ae, f. material

rs, re, f. thing, affair, matter

pondus, -eris, n. weight

- mls, -is, f. - mass, heap

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onus, -eris, n. burden

- oner, -re, -v, -tum - to load, burden

cpia, -ae, f. supply, stores

locus, -, m. (pl. -a, -rum, n.) place

- loc, -re, -v, -tum - to place

- situs, -s, m. - site

spatium, -, n. space

vta, -ae, f. life

vs (sg. only acc. vim, abl. v; pl. vrs, -ium), f. force, violence, strength

- vir, vir, m. [d.] - man [d.]

vicis (gen. sg.), vicem (acc. sg.), vice (abl. sg.) change, in turn

fnis, -is, m. end, finish; (pl.) territory

- fni, -re, -v, -tum - to end, finish

- initium, -, n. - a beginning

modus, -, m. manner, way

qumodo in what way, how?

exemplum, -, n. example

rd, -inis, m. order, class in society

condici, -nis, f. condition

discrmen, -inis, n. turning point, crisis, dividing line

pars, partis, f. a part

nm (nllus, nmin, nminem, nll) no one

nihil or nl (indecl.) nothing

numerus, -, m. number

- numer, -re, -v, -tum - to number, count

nmen, -inis, n. name

- nmin, -re, -v, -tum - to name

color, -

ris, m. colorodor, -ris, m. odor

rota, -ae, f. wheel

II. Pronouns

eg (ego) I

- m - me

- mcum - with me

- meus, -a, -um - my

- mihi - to me

ns we, us

- nbs - us, to us

- noster, -tra, -trum - our

t you (singular)

- t - you (acc. sg.)

- tcum - with you (sg.)

- tuus, -a, -um - your (sg.)

- tibi - to you (sg.)

vs you (plural)

- vbs - you, to you (pl.)- vester, -tra, -trum - your (pl.)

s or ss himself, herself, itself, themselves (refers to subject)

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- scum - with him, her, it, them

- sibi - to him, her, it, them

- suus, -a, -um - his, her, its, their

alius, -a, -ud (gen. alterus, dat. ali/alter) other, another

- alinus, -a, -um - stranger, foreigner

- aliter - otherwise

- alter, -era, -erum (gen. alterus, dat. alter) - the other

- alternus, -a, -um - alternate

- cterus, -a, -um - the rest (pl.) others

hic, haec, hoc this, he, she, it

ille, illa, illud that, he, she, it

is, ea, id this or that (not so definite as or , and used chieflyto refer to something or someone already mentioned); he, she,it

dem, eadem, idem same

iste, ista, istud your, this or that of yours

ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself, themselves, that very (for emphasis)

uter, utra, utrum which, which of two, one of two

- uterque, utraque, utrumque - each of two, both

qu, quis who, which

- cui - to whom, to which

aliquis, aliquid someone, something

qucumque, quaecumque, quodcumque whoever, whatever

qudam, quaedam, quiddam (subst., quoddam, adj.) a certain one or thing

qulibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (subst., quodlibet, adj.) anyone or thing you please

quisnam, quidnam who then? what then?

quisquam, quidquam/quicquam anybody, anything

quisque, quaeque, quidque (subst., quodque, adj.) everyone, everything, each

quisquis, quidquid/quicquid (subst., quodquod, adj.) whoever, whatever

III. Verbs and Related Words

1. Verbs Which Express or Affect the Location of the Subject

e, re, i (v), itum to go

- abe, -re, -i, -itum - to go away

- ade, -re, -i, -itum - to go toward, approach

- circume, -re, -i, -itum - to go around

- exe, -re, -i, -itum - to go out, leave

- ine, -re, -i, -itum - to go into, enter upon

- obe, -re, -i (-v), -itum - to go against, die

- pere, -re, -i, -itum - to perish

- praetere, -re, -i, -itum - to pass over, omit

- rede, -re, -i, -itum - to return

- sube, -re, -i, -itum - to go under, approach, follow

- trnse, -re, -i, -itum - to go through

pet, -ere, -v (-i), -tum to go after, seek, ask

- repeto, -ere, -v (-i), -tum - to seek again, repeat

perg, -ere, perrx, perrctum to go on, continue, proceed

proper, -re, -v, -tum to hasten, hurry

curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum to run

- concurr, -ere, -(cu)curr, -cursum - to run together

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- occurr, -ere, -(cu)curr, -cursum - to run against, occur

- cursus, -s, m. - course, race

- currus, -s, m. - chariot

flu, -ere, flx, flxum to flow

- flmen, -inis, n. - river

- fluvius, -, m. - river

- flctus, -s, m. - wave

veni, -re, vn, ventum to come

- adveni, -re, -vn, -ventum - to come toward

- adventus, -s, m. - arrival

- conveni, -re, -vn, -ventum - to come together

- veni, -re, -vn, -ventum - to come out, happen

- inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum - to come upon, find

- perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum - to come through, arrive

cd, -ere, cess, cessum to go, yield, give up

- accd, -re, -cess, -cessum - to approach

- concd, -re, -cess, -cessum - to go away, withdraw

- dcd, -re, -cess, -cessum - to depart, die

- discd, -re, -cess, -cessum - to depart

- excd, -re, -cess, -cessum - to go away, go beyond, exceed

- incd, -re, -cess, -cessum - to advance, enter

- prcd, -re, -cess, -cessum - to go forward, proceed

- recd, -re, -cess, -cessum - to go back recede

vd, -ere, --, -- to go, walk, hasten

vd, -ere, -vs, -vsum to go out, escape, result

vadum, -, n. shallow, shoal, ford, bottom

vagus, -a, -um wandering, unsettled

fugi

, -ere, f

g, fugit

rus to flee

- fuga, -ae, f. - flight, fleeing, escape

vt, -re, -v, -tum to avoid, shun

- vitium, -, n. - vice

appre, -re, -u, (-itrus) to appear

late, -re, -u, -- to be hidden, escape notice

iace, -re, -u, -- to lie (e.g. on ground)

- iaci, -ere, ic, iactum [d.] - to throw [d.]

incumb, -ere, -cubu, -cubitum to lie upon, apply to

- cuble, -is, n. - bed, lair

cad, -ere, cecid, csrus to fall

- accid, -ere, -cid, -- - to happen

- incid, -ere, -cid, -- - to fall on, meet

- csus, -s, m. - fall

lbor, lb, lpsus sum (dep.) to fall, slip

labor, -ris, m. [d.] labor [d.]

ru, -ere, ru, rutum (ruitrus) to fall, be ruined, rush

- runa, -ae, f. - ruin, fall

surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum rise

orior, orr, ortus sum (dep.) to rise, begin

- exorior, -orr, -ortus sum - to rise up, rise from

ascend, -ere, -end, -nsum to ascend

dscend, -ere, -scend, -scnsum to descend

st, stre, stet, statum (statrus) to stand

- ast, astre, astit, -- - to stand by, assist

- cnst, -stre, -stit, -sttrus - to exist, consist, continue, be certain

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- nst, -stre, -stit, -sttrus - to stand on, follow closely, press

- obst, -stre, -stit, -sttrus - to stand in the way of, block

- praest, -stre, -stit, -stitum (-sttrus) - to stand before, show

sede, -re, sd, sessum to sit

- resd, -ere, -sd, -sessum - to sit down, sink down

- sds, -is, f. (gen. pl. -um) - seat

mane, -re, mns, mnsum to remain

habit, -re, -v, -tum to live in, inhabit

occup, -re, -v, -tum to seize, occupy

intr, -re, -v, -tum to enter

- intr - inside of, within

gredior, -, gressus sum (dep.) to go out

- ingredior, -, ingressus sum - (dep.) to go in, enter, begin

penetr, -re, -v, -tum to penetrate, enter

tang, -ere, tetig, tctum to touch

- conting, -ere, -tig, -tctum - to touch, concern, happen

haere, -re, haes, haesum to stick, cling to, stand still

sequor, -, sectus sum (dep.) to follow

- cnsequor, -, -sectus sum - (dep.) to follow, obtain

- persequor, -, -sectus sum - (dep.) to follow, pursue, punish

- secundus, -a, -um - following, second, favorable

comitor, -ar, -tus sum (dep.) to accompany, follow

2. Verbs Which Affect the Location of the Object

move, -re, mv, mtum to move

- remove, -re, -mv, -mtum - to remove

fer, ferre, tul, ltum to bring, carry

- affer, afferre, attul, alltum - to bring to

- aufer, auferre, abstul, abltum - to carry away

- cnfer, cnferre, contul, colltum - to bring together

- dfer, dferre, dtul, dltum - to carry down, report

- differ, differre, distul, dltum - to scatter

- effer, efferre, extul, ltum - to bring out, utter

- nfer, nferre, intul, illtum - to bring on, attack

- offer, offerre, obtul, obltum - to offer, place before

- perfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum - to carry through

- praefer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum - to carry before, show, prefer

- prfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum - to bring forth, advance

- refer, referre, rettul, reltum - to bring back, report, it matters, it is important

trnsfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum to transfer, convey, change

port, -re, -v, -tum to carry

- portus, -s, m. - port

- porta, -ae, f. - gate

veh, -ere, vx, vectum to carry, bear

ger, gerere, gess, gestum to carry, carry on

toll, -ere, sustul, subltum to lift, remove

trah, -ere, trx, tractum to drag, draw, take

- dtrah, -ere, -trx, -tractum - to take down or away, lower, humiliate

- tract, -re, -v, -tum - to drag, handle, manage

dco, -ere, dx, ductum to lead, draw

- addc, -ere, -dx, -ductum - to lead towards

- ddco, -ere, -dx, -ductum - to lead down, accompany

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- dco, -ere, -dx, -ductum - to lead out, raise up

- redco, -ere, -dx, -ductum - to lead back, reduce

- dux, ducis, m. - leader

mitt, -ere, ms, missum to send, send forth or away, throw

- admitt, -ere, -ms, -missum - to send to, let go, admit

- mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum - to send away, lose

- committ, -ere, -ms, -missum - to begin, entrust to

- dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missum - to send away, stop

- permitt, -ere, -ms, -missum - to permit, give up, throw

- prmitt, -ere, -ms, -missum - to promise, send forward

- remitt, -ere, -ms, -missum - to send back, concede, grant

mand, -re, -v, -tum to entrust to, command

- commend, -re, -v, -tum - to entrust to, recommend

pell, -ere, pepul, pulsum to drive, strike

- expell, -ere, -pul, -pulsum - to drive out, expel

- impell, -ere, -pul, -pulsum - to drive upon, push forward

- puls, -re, -v, -tum - to strike, beat, knock

ag, -ere, g, ctum to do, drive, act

- agit, -re, -v, -tum - to drive about, vex, consider, observe

- agmen, -inis, n. - column of soldiers, band

cg, -ere, cog, coctum to force

- exig, -ere, -g, -ctum - to demand, require, exact

- perag, -ere, -g, -ctum - to finish, relate, go through

- urge, -re, urs, -- - to urge, drive on, press

iaci, -ere, ic, iactum to throw

- adici, -ere, -ic, -iectum - to throw at

- dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum - to throw down

- inici

, -ere, -i

c, -iectum - to throw into or on

- obici, -ere, -ic, -iectum - to throw against, oppose, expose

- prici, -ere, -ic, -iectum - to throw forward

- subici, -ere, -ic, -iectum - to throw under, place under, subdue

- trici, -ere, -ic, -iectum - to throw across, bring across

- iact, -re, -v, -tum - to throw about, boast, discuss

- ictus, -s, m. - blow, stroke, accent (of verse)

- iace, -re, -u, -- [d.] - to lie (e.g. on ground), recline [d.]

d, dare, ded, datum to give, offer, put

- add, -ere, -did, -ditum - to add, give to, place

- circumd, -dare, -ded, -datum - to surround, put around

- prd, -ere, -did, -ditum - to bring forth, betray

- redd, -ere, -did, -ditum - to give back, return

- subd, -ere, -did, -ditum - to put under, subdue, substitute

- trd, -ere, -did, -ditum - to give up, hand over, communicate

- dn, -re, -v, -tum - to (give as) present

- dnum, -, n. - gift, present

praebe, -re, -bu, -bitum to offer, furnish, give

tribu, -ere, -u, -tum to give as a share, attribute

pn, -ere, posu, positum to place, put, lay

- appn, -ere, -posu, -positum - to pleace near, put to

- compn, -ere, -posu, -positum - to put together, compose, arrange

- dpn, -ere, -posu, -positum - to put down, put aside

- impn, -ere, -posu, -positum - to put upon or in

- prpn, -ere, -posu, -positum - to put forward, propose

iung, -ere, inx, inctum to join, unite, connect

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- iugum, -, n. - yoke

- coniung, -ere, -inx, -inctum - to join together

- coninx (coniux), -iugis, mf. - mate, wife, husband

- martus, -, m. - husband

- uxor, -ris, f. - wife

nect, -ere, nex(u), nexum to tie, fasten, connect

fg, -ere, fx, fxum to fix, fasten, attach, transfix

misce, -re, miscu, mixtum to mix, mingle

merg, -ere, mers, mersum to dip, immerse, sink

pend, -ere, pepend, pnsum to hang, weigh, consider, pay

- suspend, -ere, -pend, -pnsum - to suspend, hang up

- pende, -re, pepend, -- - to hang, depend on

- impende, -re, --, -- - to overhang

indu, -ere, -u, -tum to put on, assume

ed, -ere (orsse), d, sum to eat

- d, -ere, -did, -ditum [d.] - to give out, publish [d.]

bib, -ere, bib, -- to drink

hauri, -re, haus, haustum to empty, draw out

fund, -ere, fd, fsum to pour, scatter

- effund, -ere, -fd, -fsum - to pour out

lb, -re, -v, -tum to pour a libation, sacrifice, touch, take from

capi, -ere, cp, captum to get, take

- accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum - to accept

- concipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum - to conceive, catch, receive

- dcipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum - to deceive

- excipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum - to except, take out, take up

- incipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum - to begin

- percipi

, -ere, -c

p, -ceptum - to perceive

- recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum - to take back, recover, receive

- suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum - to undertake

- captvus, -a, -um - captive

rapi, -ere, rapu, raptum to seize, snatch, grab

- corripi, -ere, -ripu, -reptum - to seize, lay hold of

- ripi, -ere, -ripu, -reptum - to snatch away, rescue

carp, -ere, carps, carptum to pluck

dprehend, -ere, -end, -nsum to catch, perceive

sm, -ere, smps, smptum to take, select, assume

- cnsm, -ere, -smps, -smptum - to consume, spend

em, emere, m, mptum to buy

habe, -re, -u, -itum to have, hold

- adhibe, -re, -u, -itum - to apply

- prohibe, -re, -u, -itum - to prohibit

posside, -re, -sd, -sessum to possess

tene, -re, tenu, tentum to hold

- contine, -re, -tinu, -tentum - to hold together, contain

- obtine, -re, -tinu, -tentum - to obtain

- pertine, -re, -tinu, -- - to pertain

- retine, -re, -tinu, -tentum - to retain

- sustine, -re, -tinu, -tentum - to sustain

relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum to leave, abandon

- reliquus, -a, -um - remaining

- linqu, -ere, lqu, -- - to leave, depart

dser, -ere, -seru, -sertum to desert, forsake

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vend, -ere, -did, -ditum to sell

pand, -ere, pand, passum (pnsum) to spread out, expand, explain

nstru, -ere, -strx, -strctum to arrange, furnish, draw up in order of battle, instruct

stern, -ere, strv, strtum to strew, lay low, cover

sparg, -ere, -rs, -rsum scatter

quati, -ere, --, quassum (perf. -cussonly in composita) to shake

vert, -ere, -rt, -rsum to turn, change, overthrow

- vert, -ere, -vert, -versum - to turn away, avert

- adversus, -a, -um - turned away, adverse, hostile

- convert, -ere, vert, -versum - to convert, turn towards

- dversus, -a, -um - turned apart, different, diverse

- revertor, -, reversus sum (or revert, -ere, -vert) - to turn back, return

- vertex (or vortex), -icis, m. - the top

- vers, -re, -v, -tum - to turn around, be engaged in

volv, -ere, volv, voltum to roll, revolve, ponder

aperi

, -

re, -ru

, -rtum open- comperi, -re, -per, -pertum - to find out

- experior, -r, expertus sum - to try

- operi, -re, -eru, -ertum - to cover

- reperi, -re, repper, repertum - to find out

claud, -ere, claus, clausum to close

3. Verbs Which Express or Affect the State of the Subject

sum, esse, fu, futrum to be

absum, abesse, fu, futrus to be away, be absent

adsum (assum), adesse, -fu (affu), -futrus (affutrus) to be present

dsum, deesse, dfu to be lacking

prsum, prdesse, prfu to be useful or advantageous to, profit

supersum, superesse, superfu to be over and above, survive, remain

futrus, -a, -um about to be, the future

possum, posse, potu to be able, can

potns, potentis powerful

potentia, -ae, f. power

potests, -tis, f. power

potis, -e able

potior, -ius preferable, rather

potissimum chiefly, above allmere, -re, -u, -itum to merit, deserve

nscor, -, ntus sum (dep.) to be born, spring from, arise

- ntus, -, m. (nta, -ae, f.) - offspring, child

vv, -ere, vx, vctrus to live, be alive

- vivus, -a, -um - alive, lively

- convvium, -, n. - banquet, feast

spr, -re, -v, -tum to breathe, blow, inspire

- spritus, -s, m. - spirit, breath

exsist (exist), -ere, -stit, -stitum to arise, come into existence

crsc, -ere, crv, crtum to increase, grow

- auge

, -

re, aux, auctum - to cause to increase, strengthen

abund, -re, -v, -tum to abound, overflow

pate, -re, -u, -- to be open, be clear, extend

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vire, -re, -u, -- to be green, vigorous, youthful

- viridis, -e - green

palle, -re, -u, -- to be pale

rube, -re, -u, -- to be red, blush

rde, -re, rs, rsum to burn, glow, desire, be in love

- rdor, -ris, m. - heat, ardor

- arduus, -a, -um - steep, difficult

r, -ere, uss, ustum to burn up

fulge, -re, fuls, -- to shine

- fulmen, -inis, n. - thunderbolt

lce, -re, lx, -- to be bright, be daylight, be clear or evident

- lcidus, -a, -um - bright, clear, lucid

- lmen, -inis, n. - light

- lna, -ae, f. - moon

- lx, lcis, f. - light

mic, -re, -u, -- to shine, sparkle, vibrate

nite, -re, -u, -- to shine, be brilliant, be sleek

- nitidus, -a, -um - shining, handsome, polished

care, -re, -u, -itrus to be without, lack, miss, want

- ege, -re, -u, -- - to be without, be in need, be destitute, be poor

parc, -ere, peperc (pars), parsrus to spare, be moderate or frugal, refrain from

vac, -re, -v, -tum to be empty, be free of, be at leisure

- vacuus, -a, -um - empty, free from, unoccupied

dormi, -re, -v, -tum to sleep

imitor, -r, -tus sum (dep.) to imitate, copy

- simul, -re, -v, -tum - to make like, represent, feign, simulate

- simulcrum, -, n. - likeness, portrait, statue

4. Verbs Which Affect the State of the Object

mt, -re, -v, -tum to change

flect, -ere, flex, flexum to bend

torque, -re, tors, tortum to twist, torture

tend, -ere, tetend, tentum (tnsum) to stretch, tend, contend

- intend, -ere, -tend, -tentum - to aim, intend, direct, be intent on

- ostend, -ere, -tend, -tentum (-tnsum) - to show

ter, -ere, trv, trtum to rub, wear

percuti, -ere, -cuss, -cussum to strike

prem, -ere, press, pressum press, pursue

- opprim, -ere, -press, -pressum - to oppress, press down, crush

reg, -ere, rx, rctum to rule, direct, govern

- drig, -ere, -rx, -rctum - to direct, guide

- rig, -ere, -rx, -rctum - to erect, raise, lift

- porrig, -ere, -rx, -rctum - to extend, stretch out

- rctus, -a, -um - straight, right

- rx, rgis, m. - king

- rgn, -ae, f. - queen

- rgius, -a, -um - royal

- regi, -nis, f. - region

- rgn, -re, -v, -tum - to reign, rule

- rgnum, -, n. - kingdom

vinci, -re, vinx, vinctum to bind

- vinculum, -, n. - bond, fastening, chain

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cing, -ere, cinx, cinctum to gird, surround

solv, -ere, solv, soltum to loosen, untie

- absolv, -ere, -solv, -soltum - to absolve, acquit, free

dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsum to divide, separate, distinguish

teg, -ere, tx, tctum to cover

- tctum, -, n. - roof, dwelling

ping, -ere, pnx, pictum to paint, stain, dye, color

temper, -re, -v, -tum to be temperate, refrain from, temper

ex(s)tingu, -ere, -nx, -nctum extinguish

torre, -re, torru, tostum to heat, parch, burn

excit, -re, -v, -tum excite, arouse

- citus, -a, -um - quick

exerce, -re, -u, -itum to exercise, train, use, practice

- exercitus, -s, m. - army

par, -re, -v, -tum to prepare

- compar, -re, -v, -tum - to prepare, compare

- pre, -re, -u, -itrus [d.] - to obey [d.]

- pari, -ere, peper, partum (paritrus) [d.] - to give birth [d.]

5. Constructive Activities

faci, -ere, fc, factum to make, do

- affici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to affect, influence

- cnfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to finish, get, weaken, destroy

- dfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to fail, revolt

- effici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to bring about, effect

- interfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to kill

- perfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to accomplish, complete

- praefici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to put in charge of

- prfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to make progress, help

- refici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to make again, restore

- suffici, -ere, -fc, -fectum - to suffice, put under, supply

- f, fier (fer), factus sum - to be made, become

- facilis, -e - easy

- officium, -, n. - office, duty

fing, -ere, fnx, fictum to conceive, fashion, make, feign

cond, -ere, -did, -ditum to build, found, keep, conceal

cre, -re, -v, -tum to create

tor, t, sus sum (dep.) to use

- sus, -s, m. - use, experience

- sus est - it is necessary

- tilis, -e - useful

- tilits, -tis, f. - usefulness

rn, -re, -v, -tum to ornament, honor, equip

lav, -re, lv, lautum (lavtum) to wash, bathe

psc, -re, pv, pstum to feed, eat, graze

- pstor, -ris, m. - shepherd

al, -ere, alu, altum (alitum) to nourish, support

- almus, -a, -um - foster, kind

- altus, -a, -um - tall, deep

col, -ere, colu, cultum to cultivate, live in, study, pay attention or respect to

cultus, -s, m. cultivation, worship

mni, -re, -v, -tum to fortify, build, protect, strengthen

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dfend, -ere, -end, -nsum to defend

servi, -re, -v, -tum to serve, be a slave to

- servitium, -, n. - slavery, service

- servus, -, m. - slave

- serv, -re, -v, -tum - to save

6. Destructive Activities

noce, -re, -u, -itum to harm, injure

caed, -ere, cecd, caesum to kill, cut

- caeds, -is, f. - slaughter

occd, -ere, -cd, -csum to kill, die

laed, -ere, laes, laesum to injure

lacer, -re, -v, -tum to lacerate, wound

feri, -re, --, -- (as perfect use c or percti) to strike

- fer, ferre, tul, ltum [d.] - to bear [d.]

pgn, -re, -v, -tum to fight- corrump, -ere, -rp, -ruptum - to corrupt, destroy

frang, -ere, frg, frctum to break

negleg, -ere, -lx, lctum to neglect, disregard

perd, -ere, -did, -ditum to ruin, destroy, lose

pecc, -re, -v, -tum to sin, err, commit a crime

damn, -re, -v, -tum to condemn, sentence

- damnum, -, n. - damage, injury

7. Verbs Affecting Other Verbs

oportet, -re, -uit to must, ought

dbe, -re, -u, -itum to be obliged, owe, ought

decet, -re, decuit it is fitting, proper

licet, -re, -uit (licitum est) it is permitted, may

cnor, -r, -tus sum (dep.) to try

tempt, -re, -v, -tum to try, attempt

coep, coepisse, coeptum to begin

cess, -re, -v, -tum to stop, cease, be idle

8. Vocal Activities

dc, -ere, dx, dictum to say, tell

- indic, -re, -v, -tum - to indicate, make known

i, ais, ait, aiunt to say

inquam, inquis, inquit, inquiunt to say (few other forms)

loquor, -, loctus sum (dep.) to talk, speak, say

- loquentia, -ae, f. - eloquence

fateor, -r, fassus sum (dep.) to confess, admit

- cnfiteor, -r, -fessus sum - (dep.) to confess, acknowledge

narr, -re, -v, -tum to tell, relate

nnti, -re, -v, -tum to announce

- nntius, -, m. - messenger

responde, -re, -spond, -spnsum to respond, answer

quaer, -ere, -sv, -stum to ask, inquire, beg, try to get

- queror, -, questus sum - (dep.) to complain, bewail

- requr, -ere, -sv, -stum - to ask for, need

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rog, -re, -v, -tum to demand, entreat

r, -re, -v, -tum to speak, pray, beg

- rti, -nis, f. - oration, speech

- rtor, -ris, m. - orator, speaker

precor, -r, -tus sum (dep.) to pray, beg, curse

- prex, precis, f. (mostly used in pl., in sg. only. dat., acc.,abl.)

- prayers, curse

cnsul, -ere, -lu, -ltum to consult, consider

- cnsilium, -, n. - plan, consultation, wisdom

- cnsul, -is, m. - consul (head of Roman government)

mone, -re, -u, -itum to advise, warn

hortor, -ri, -tus sum (dep.) to urge, exhort, encourage

iube, -re, iuss, iussum to order, command

imper, -re, -v, -tum to order, command

- impertor, -ris, m. - commander, emperor

- imperium, -, n. - an order, right to command

vet

, -

re, -u

, -itum to forbid, preventneg, -re, -v, -tum to deny, say no

ir, -re, -v, -tum to swear

can, -ere, cecin, cantum to sing, play a musical instrument, prophesy

- cant, -re, -v, -tum - to sing, play

- cantus, -s, m. - song, poetry

- carmen, -inis, n. - poem

son, -re, -nu, -nitum to sound, resound, shout

- sonus, -, m. - sound, noise

- sonitus, -s, m. - sound, noise

voc, -re, -v, -tum to call

- revoc, -re, -v, -tum - to call back

- vx, vcis, f. - voice

appell, -re, -v, -tum to name, call by name

sile, -re, -u, -- to be silent

- silentium, -, n. - silence

tace, -re, -u, -itum to be silent

- tacitus, -a, -um - silent, secret

9. Mental and Sensory Operations

vide, -re, vd, vsum to see

- invide, -re, -vd, -vsum - to envy

- invidia, -ae, f. - envy

- vs, -ere, vsi, -- - to look at, come to see, call upon

cern, -ere, crv, crtum to distinguish, decide

- dcern, -ere, -crv, -crtum - to decree, resolve

tueor, -r, tuitus sum (ttus sum) (dep.) to look at, look after, guard

- intueor, -r, -tuitus sum - to gaze at

- ttus, -a, -um - safe

spect, -re, -v, -tum to look at

- exspect, -re, -v, -tum - to wait for, expect

- aspici, -ere, -spex, -spectum - to look at

- cnspici, -ere, -spex, -spectum - to catch sight of, perceive

- dspici, -ere, -spex, -spectum - to look down on, despise

- respici, -ere, -ex, -ectum - to look back, reflect

- suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum - to look up to, look upwards, suspect

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audi, -re, -v, -tum to hear

- auris, -is, f. - ear

- aura, -ae, f. [d.] - air, breeze [d.]

- aurum, -, n. [d.] - gold [d.]

vigil, -re, -v, -tum to watch, be awake

senti, -re, sns, snsum to feel, perceive, think

- snsus, -s, m. - sense, feeling

- sententia, -ae, f. - opinion, thought, sentence

intelleg, -ere, -lx, lctum to understand, know

sci, scre, scv (sci), sctum to know

nesci, -re, -v, -tum to not know, be ignorant of

nsc, -ere, nv, ntum to become aquainted with, recognize, know

- agnsc, -ere, agnv, agnitum - to perceive, recognize, acknowledge

- cognsc, -ere, -gnv, -gnitum - to become aquainted with, perceive, recognize, know

cnse, -re, -su, -sum to give an opinion, think, vote, take a census, estimate, censor

reor, r

r

, ratus sum (dep.) to think, suppose, judge- reus, -, m. - accused person, defendant in a trial

crd, -ere, -did, -ditum to believe, think

cgit, -re, -v, -tum to consider, reflect, think

- cgitti, -nis, f. - cogitation, reflection

put, -re, -v, -tum to think, suppose, reckon

- arbitror, -r, -tus sum - (dep.) to think, judge

- exstim, -re, -v, -tum - to think, judge, decide

statu, -ere, -u, -tum to decide, think, stand, set up

- cnstitu, -ere, -u, -tum - to establish, determine, appoint

- nstitu, -ere, -u, -tum - to establish, arrange, decide, introduce

dstin, -re, -v, -tum to settle, resolve, aim, make fast

sin, -ere, sv, situm to permit, allow

dsin, -ere, si, situm to stop, cease

vol, velle, volu, -- to wish, be willing

- nl, nlle, nlu, -- - to be unwilling, not wish

- ml, mlle, mlu, -- - to prefer

- volunts, -tis, f. - wish, consent

- volupts, -tis, f. - pleasure

- vol, -re, -v, -tum [d.] - to fly [d.]

- volucer, -cris, -cre; (as subst.) volucris, -is, f. - flying, a bird

cnsusc, -ere, -suv, -sutum to be used to, accustomed to

- assusc, -ere, -suv, -sutum - accustomed to

- cnsutd, -inis, f. - custom

sole, -re, solitus sum to be accustomed to

disc, -ere, didic, -- to learn

- disciplna, -ae, f. - training, discipline

doce, -re, docu, doctum to teach

leg, -ere, lg, lctum to read, select

- collig, -ere, -lg, -lctum - to collect

- lig, -ere, -lg, -lctum - to elect, select

scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum to write

gnr, -re, -v, -tum to not know, be ignorant of

fall, -ere, fefell, -- (falsus mostly only used as adj.;

d

ceptus serves as PPP)

to fool, deceive, escape notice, be mistaken

- fallx, -cis - deceitful, false

- falsus, -a, -um - false

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dubit, -re, -v, -tum to doubt, hesitate

- dubius, -a, -um - doubtful, hesitant

10. Favor

am, -re, -v, -tum to love

- amor, -ris, m. - love

- amcitia, -ae, f. - friendship

- amcus, -, m. - friend

- inimcus, -a, -um - enemy, unfriendly

fove, -re, fv, ftum to cherish, keep warm

complector, -, complexus sum (dep.) to embrace, surround, grasp

nb, -ere, nps, nuptum to marry

cr, -re, -v, -tum to care for, take care of, cure

- cra, -ae, f. - care, anxiety

- scrus, -a, -um - free from care, secure

dlig, -ere, -lx, -lctum to love, like, esteem- dligns, -entis - diligent

- dlctus, -a, -um - beloved, dear

prob, -re, -v, -tum to approve, prove, show

plaud, -ere, plaus, plausum to applaud

fave, -re, fv, fautum to favor, help

mror, -r, -tus sum (dep.) to wonder, be astonished, admire

- mrus, -a, -um - wonderful, astonishing

celebr, -re, -v, -tum to celebrate, visit frequently or in large numbers, throng, honor,make known

veneror, -ri, -tus sum (dep.) to venerate, worship

libet, -re, libuit (libitum est) it pleases, is agreeable

- libns, -entis - willing

- libd, -inis, f. - desire, lust

place, -re, -u, -itum to please, be agreeable

- placidus, -a, -um - placid, gentle

iuv, -re, iv, itum to please, delight, help

- iuvenis, -is, mf. (gen. pl. -um) - youth, young man or woman

- iuventa, -ae, f. - youth

- iuvents, -tis, f. - youth

fruor, fru, frctus sum (fruitus sum) (dep.) to enjoy

- frctus, -s, m. - fruit, enjoyment, profit

- frx, frgis, f. (mostly pl.) - fruit, produce

gaude, -re, gvsus sum to rejoice

- gaudium, -, n. - joy

rde, -re, rs, rsum to laugh

ld, -ere, ls, lsum to play

- ldus, -, m. - game, school

salve, -re, --, -- to be well (used chiefly in greeting)

- salv (sg.), salvte (pl.) - like our hello!

- sals, -tis, f. - safety, health

- salvus, -a, -um - safe, sound

vale, -re, -u, -itrus to be strong, prevail, goodbye

- validus, -a, -um - strong

dsder, -re, -v, -tum to desire, long for, miss, lose

- dsderium, -, n. - a desire

opt, -re, -v, -tum to desire

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cupi, -ere, -v, -tum to desire, yearn

- cupd, -inis, f. - a desire

- cupidus, -a, -um - eager, fond, greedy

stude, -re, -u, -- to be eager, zealous, strive for, want

- studium, -, n. - study, zeal, fondness

- studisus, -a, -um - eager, diligent, studious

aude, -re, ausus sum to dare

- audx, -cis - daring, bold

cert, -re, -v, -tum to struggle, contend

- certmen, -inis, n. - a struggle, contest

11. Disfavor

cave, -re, cv, cautum to beware, watch out for

time, -re, -u, -- to be afraid

- timor, -ris, m. - fear

vereor, -r, veritus sum (dep.) to fear, reveremetu, -ere, -u, (-tum) to fear

- metus, -s, m. - fear, dread

horre, -re, -u, -- to shudder, bristle

- horridus, -a, -um - rough, shuddering, horrible

terre, -re, -u, -itum to frighten, terrify

- terror, -ris, m. - terror, fear

patior, -, passus sum (dep.) to suffer, endure

dole, -re, dolu, dolitrus to suffer pain, grieve

- dolor, -ris, m. - grief, pain

maere, -re, -u, -- to be sad, mourn

- maestus, -a, -um - sad

fle, -re, -v, -tum to weep, cry

pude, -re, -u, -- to be ashamed, cause shame, disgrace

- pudor, -ris, m. - shame

resist, -ere, -stit, -- to resist, oppose, stand

spern, -ere, sprv, sprtum to spurn, despise

contemn, -ere, -ps, -ptum to despise, hold in contempt

IV. Adjectives and Related Words

1. Size

magnus, -a, -um big, great, large

- mior, mius - bigger, greater

- maximus, -a, -um - biggest, greatest

- magis - more, rather

- magnitd, -nis, f. - greatness, magnitude

- magister, -tr, m. - master, teacher

largus, -a, -um plentiful, liberal, generous

grandis, -e great, large, grand

immnsus, -a, -um immense

ing

ns, -gentis huge, vasttantus, -a, -um so great, so much

quantus, -a, -um how great, how much (following , as)

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altus, -a, -um tall, high, deep

ltus, -a, -um broad, wide

- latus, -eris, n. [d.] - side [d.]

parvus, -a, -um (comp. minor, superl. minimus) little, small

- minor, minus - smaller, less

- minimus, -a, -um - smallest, least

- parum - too little, less

exiguus, -a, -um very little, tiny

tenuis, -e thin, weak

longus, -a, -um long

brevis, -e short

gravis, -e heavy, serious

levis, -e light

- lev, -re, -v, -tum - to raise

amplus, -a, -um ample, large

modicus, -a, -um moderate

2. Number

aequus, -a, -um equal, fair, just

pr, paris equal, like

- pariter - in like manner, alike

quot (indecl.) how many?

omnis, -e all

- cnctus, -a, -um - all, the whole

- ttus, -a, -um - whole, entire, all

- tot (indecl.) - so many

- niversus, -a, -um - whole (lit. turned into one)

multus, -a, -um much, many

- pls, plris - more

- plrimus, -a, -um - most

- multitd, -inis, f. - multitude, large number

paucus, -a, -um (class. only pl. pauc, -ae, -a) few, scarce

- paulus, -a, -um - little, small

rrus, -a, -um rare, few, scattered

nllus, -a, -um none, no

- llus, -a, -um - any

nus, -a, -um one

- nicus, -a, -um - only, sole, unique

- singul, -ae, -a - single, one at a time

- slus, -a, -um - only, alone, sole

- slitd, -inis, f. - solitude

- prmus, -a, -um - first

- prior, prius - former, prior

duo, duae, duo two

- geminus, -a, -um - double, twin

trs, trs, tria three

- ter - three times

- tertius, -a, -um - third

qurtus, -a, -um fourth

qunque (indecl.) five

sex (indecl.) six

septem (indecl.) seven

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oct (indecl.) eight

novem (indecl.) nine

decem (indecl.) ten

centum (indecl.) hundred

mlle (sg. indecl., pl. mlia, -ium n.) thousand

3. Texture Density

cer, cris, cre sharp, keen, brave

- acis, -, f. - line of battle

firmus, -a, -um firm, strong

- firm, -re, -v, -tum - to strengthen

mollis, -e soft

- lnis, -e - gentle

- lentus, -a,- um - slow

- mtis, -e - mild

- tener, -era, -erum - tenderplnus, -a, -um full

- comple, -re, -v, -tum - to fill up

- exple, -re, -v, -tum - to fill up

- imple, -re, -v, -tum - to fill up

innis, -e empty

- vnus, -a, -um - empty, void, vain

- cavus, -a, -um - hollow

dnsus, -a, -um dense, thick

- crber, -bra, -brum - thick, frequent

- frequns, -entis - crowded, numerous

liquidus, -a, -um liquid

4. Appearance

albus, -a, -um white

- candidus, -a, -um - shining white

niger, -gra, -grum black

- ter, tra, trum - black, dark

obscrus, -a, -um dark, obscure

purpureus, -a, -um purple

pulcher, -chra, -chrum beautiful

pinguis, -e rich, fat

ndus, -a, -um bare, nude

5. Position

celsus, -a, -um lofty, high

- sublmis, -e - high, exalted, sublime

medius, -a, -um in the middle of

plnus, -a, -um plain, level, flat

nferus, -a, -um lower, lower world, dead

- nfernus, -a, -um - lower, lower world

humilis, -e low, humble

profundus, -a, -um deep, profound

extrmus, -a, -um last, extreme, end

scrtus, -a, -um secret

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prvtus, -a, -um private

- pblicus, -a, -um - public

- rs pblica, repblicae, etc. - the state

- commnis, -e - common

- proprius, -a, -um - one's own, special

6. Time

aeternus, -a, -um eternal

- immortlis, -e - immortal

- perpetuus, -a, -um - perpetual

vetus, -eris old

- vetusts, -tis, f. - age, antiquity

- antquus, -a, -um - ancient, old

- prscus, -a, -um - former, ancient

- mtrus, -a, -um - mature, ripe

novus, -a, -um new- recns, -entis - recent

- praesns, -entis - present

- assiduus, -a, -um - constant, steady

celer, -eris, -ere swift

- vlx, -cis - swift, rapid

- rapidus, -a, -um - rapid, violent, devouring

- citus, -a, -um - quick

tardus, -a, -um slow, late

7. Favorable

bonus, -a, -um good

- bene - well

- bengnus, -a, -um - kind

- melior, -ius - better

- optimus, -a, -um - best

pius, -a, -um dutiful, God-fearing, pious

- piets, -tis, f. - virtue, piety, devotion

- impius, -a, -um - impious, godless

fortis, -e brave, strong

nbilis, -e noble

lber, -era, -erum free

- lberlis, -e - suitable to a freeman, generous, noble

- lber, -re, -v, -tum - to set free

- lberts, -tis, f. - liberty

- liber, -br, m. [d.] - book [d.]

- libellus, -, m. - little book

sapins, -entis wise

- sapientia, -ae, f. - wisdom

- snus, -a, -um - sane, healthy

ntus, -a, -um noted, known

- not, -re, -v, nottum - to mark, note

- gntus, -a, -um - unknown

- clrus, -a, -um - famous

- praecipuus, -a, -um - special, distinguished

- nsgnis, -e - distinguished, outstanding

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dgnus, -a, -um worthy

- dgnits, -tis, f. - dignity

- dgnor, -r, -tus sum - (dep.) to consider worthy

- indgnus, -a, -um - unworthy

vrus, -a, -um WAHR

- vr - in truth, really

flx, -cis happy, fortunate

- nflx, -cis - unhappy, unfortunate

- betus, -a, -um - blessed

- laetus, -a, -um - joyful

- sernus, -a, -um - serene, fair weather

- contentus, -a, -um - contented

prosper(us), -era, -erum prosperous, fortunate

- dves, -itis (gen. pl. -um) - rich

- dvitiae, -rum, f. (pl.) - wealth

- ds, dtis - rich

- ber, -eris - rich, abundant; (as noun) udder

dulcis, -e sweet

- suvis, -e - sweet, pleasant

- blandus, -a, -um - flattering, tempting

- crus, -a, -um - dear

- icundus, -a, -um - joyful, jolly

- commodus, -a, -um - easy, convenient, obliging, fit

prus, -a, -um pure

- merus, -a, -um - pure, unmixed

- integer, -gra, -grum - whole, upright

- castus, -a, -um - chaste

sacer, -cra, -crum sacred, holy- sacerds, -tis, mf. - priest

- snctus, -a, -um - holy, sacred, saint

- sollemnis, -e - solemn

- fstus, -a, -um - sacred, festive

8. Unfavorable

malus, -a, -um bad

- vlis, -e - vile, common, worthless

- foedus, -a, -um - foul, filthy

- turpis, -e - disgraceful, base

- improbus, -a, -um - bad, wicked

crdlis, -e cruel

- ferus, -a, -um - fierce, wild, savage

- fer [d.] - almost [d.]

- saevus, -a, -um - raging, violent

- drus, -a, -um - dire, horrible

- sevrus, -a, -um - severe, strict

- asper, -era, -erum - rough, harsh

- drus, -a, -um - hard, harsh, enduring

- vstus, -a, -um - ruined, laid waste

miser, -era, -erum poor, wretched

- miseror, -r, -tus sum - (dep.) to pity

- trstis, -e - sad

- anxius, -a, -um - anxious

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- sollicitus, -a, -um - worried, agitated

aeger, -gra, -grum sick

- fessus, -a, -um - tired, exhausted

- lassus, -a, -um - weary, languid

caecus, -a, -um blind

- stultus, -a, -um - stupid

- rudis, -e - rude, rough, uncultivated

avidus, -a, -um greedy, eager, avid

- invtus, -a, -um - unwilling

9. Unclassified

tlis, -e such

- qulis, -e - as, what sort of

necesse (only used with esse) necessary

- necessits, -tis, f. - necessity, need, relationship

similis, -e like, similarsimplex, -icis simple

varius, -a, -um varied

aptus, -a, -um apt, fitting, fastened to

certus, -a, -um certain

- incertus, -a, -um - uncertain

vehemns, -entis vehement, violent

frgidus, -a, -um cold, frigid

- frgus, -oris, n. - cold (noun)

V. Adverbs

1. Time

lim once, formerly

quondam once, sometime

nper (superl. nperrim) recently

simul at the same time

iam now, already

nunc now, already

prtinus (prtenus) immediately

statim immediately, on the spotsubit suddenly

repente suddenly

mox soon

mne early, in the morning

crs tomorrow

tandem finally, at last

dnique finally, at last

numquam never

- umquam (unquam) - ever

quoti(n)s how many times

semel onceiterum again

rrsus (rrsum) back, again

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bis twice

saepe often

di for a long time

semper always

sque even, up to, continuously

interim meanwhile

- intere - meanwhile

- interdum - meanwhile

quand when

- aliquand - sometimes, at some time

tum then

- tunc - then

2. Place

hc here

- hinc - from here, hence- hc - to this place, hither

- adhc - up to this time

ib (ibi) there

- ibdem (ibidem) - in the same place

illc there, at that place

- illc - thither, to that place

inde thence, from that place

- deinde - thereupon, then, next

penitus deeply

fors outdoors, not at home

passim everywhere, here and there

procul far off, at a distance

ub (ubi) where (in)

qu where (to)

unde whence, from where

- undique - everywhere, on all sides

3. Cause Manner

cr why

- qur (qu r) - why, wherefore, on what account

erg therefore, then, so

- igitur - therefore, then, so

- ide - therefore, then, so

sc thus, so, in this manner

- scut (scut) - as, just as

ita so, thus

- itaque - and so, therefore

- item - also, likewise, in like manner

tam so, so far, so much, to such a degree

- tamquam - as, as if, just as

quam how, in what way, how much, than, as

- quamvs - as much as you please, ever so much, exceedingly,

however muchsatis enough

nimis too much

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- nimius, -a, -um - too much, too great, too long

plrumque for the most part, generally

frstr in vain

4. Adversative

nn not

- haud - not at all

- nndum - not yet

nve (neu) and not, nor

- nve ... nve (neu ... neu) - neither, nor

forsitan perhaps

paene almost

- fer - almost

- ferus, -a, -um [d.] - wild [d.]

vix hardly, scarcely

modo only, sometimessaltem at least

mm rather (contradicting a previous statement as not being strongenough)

tamen nevertheless, however, yet

VI. Interjections

ecce look! see!

heu (heu or eheu) alas! too bad!

i hurrah!

O

sclicet of course, to be sure

quippe certainly, by all means

VII. Conjunctions

et and

- -que - (attached to a word) and

etiam even, also, yet, again

quoque also

atque (ac) and, and also

at but

sed but

aut or

autem however, on the contrary

vel or

- vel ... vel - either ... or

- -ve - (attached to a word) or

- velut (velut) - as, just as

nam (or namque as a stronger variant) for a long time

enim for, indeed

quidem indeed, at least

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- qudam, quaedam, quiddam (subst., quoddam, adj.) [d.] - someone [d.]

an whether, or

nec (neque) and nor, nor

n lest, that...not, not

- -ne - (attached to a word) sign of a question, translated only bychanging the English word-order to question form

ut (ut) that, in order that

- utinam - O that! would that!

cum when, since, although (as prep., with)

dum while

dnec until

quoniam since

quia because

quod because

quamquam although

s if

- sve (seu) - or if

- sve ... sve - whether ... or

- quasi - as if

- nis (nisi) - unless

- ets - although

qun lest, that ... not, rather

VIII. Prepositions and Prefixes

ante before (in time)- ante - before

prae before, in front of, on account of

- praeter - besides, beyond, more than, except

- praetere - besides, further

pr for, before, in place of, in proportion to

- prope - near

- proximus, -a, -um - nearest

- propinquus, -a, -um - near, neighboring

propter near, on account of

- ob - on account of, towards, at, in the way of

ad to, toward

in in, at, on (as prefix somtimes means not)

inter (prep. with acc.) between, among, amid

apud at, near, at the house of, in the words of

circum around

- circ - about, in the neighborhood of

contr against, opposite

super over, above, more than

- supr - over, above, more than

- superior, -ius - higher, upper, former

- suprmus, -a, -um - highest, last

- super, -re, -v, -tum - to overcome, conquer

- superbus, -a, -um - proud, arrogant

sub below, under, (of time), about, just before

- nfr - below, beneath

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per through

extr outside of

sine without

(ab) from, away from

d from, down from, concerning

ultr beyond, on the other side of

- ulterior, -ius - farther, beyond

- ultimus, -a, -um - farthest, last

(ex) out of, from

post after

- poste - afterwards

- postquam - after

- posterus, -a, -um - later, the following, the future

- postrmus, -a, -um - last

con- (com-) (prefix) together

dis- (prefix) apart, not

re- (red-) (prefix) back, again

trns- (tr-) (prefix) across