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Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF VESSELS IN WORLD MERCHANT FLEET
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Page 1: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

DIFFERENT TYPES OF VESSELS IN WORLD

MERCHANT FLEET

Page 2: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

OVERVIEW

DRY BULK CARRIERS

CONTAINER SHIPS

TANKERS

FERRIES & CRUISE SHIPS

SPECIALIST SHIPS

Page 3: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

DRY BULK CARRIERS

Page 4: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

DRY BULK CARRIERS

A bulk carrier, bulk freighter, or bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, and cement in its cargo holds.

Today's bulkers are specially designed to maximize capacity, safety, efficiency, and durability.

Today, bulkers make up 15% - 17% of the world's merchant fleets and range in size from single-hold mini-bulkers to mammoth ore ships able to carry 400,000 metric tons of deadweight (DWT).

Page 5: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

DRY BULK CARRIERS

A number of specialized designs exist: some can unload their own cargo, some depend on port facilities for unloading, and some even package the cargo as it is loaded.

Over half of all bulkers have Greek, Japanese, or Chinese owners and more than a quarter are registered in Panama.

South Korea is the largest single builder of bulkers, and 82% of these ships were built in Asia.

Page 6: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

CONTAINER SHIPS

Page 7: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

CONTAINER SHIPS

Container ships (sometimes spelled containerships) are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. They are a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo.

Container ship capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). Typical loads are a mix of 20-foot and 40-foot (2-TEU) ISO-standard containers, with the latter predominant.

Today, about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container, and modern container ships can carry over 19,000 TEU (e.g., MSC Zoe). Container ships now rival crude oil tankers and bulk carriers as the largest commercial vessels on the ocean.

Page 8: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

CONTAINER PORTS

Container traffic through a port is often tracked in terms of twenty foot equivalent units or TEU of throughput.

As of 2009, the Port of Singapore was the world's busiest container port, with 25,866,000 TEU handled.

That year, six of the busiest ten container ports were in the People's Republic of China, with Shanghai in 2nd place, Port of Hong Kong in 3rd, Shenzhen 4th, Guangzhou 6th, Ningbo 8th, and Qingdao 9th. Rounding out the top ten ports were Busan in South Korea at number 5, Dubai in the United Arab Emirates at number 7, and Rotterdam in the Netherlands in the 10th position with 9,743,290 TEU served.

In total, the busiest twenty container ports handled 220,905,805 TEU in 2009, almost half of the world's total estimated container traffic that year of 465,597,537 TEU.

Page 9: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

TANKER SHIPS

Page 10: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

TANKERS

A tanker (or tank ship or tankship) is a merchant vessel designed to transport liquids or gases in bulk. Major types of tankship include the oil tanker, the chemical tanker, and gas carrier. In the United States Navy and Military Sealift Command, any type of tanker used to refuel other ships is called an oiler.

Page 11: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

OIL TANKERS

Page 12: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

OIL TANKERS

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a merchant ship designed for the bulk transport of oil. There are two basic types of oil tankers: the crude tanker and the product tanker.

Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries.

Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets.

Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation.

The size classes range from inland or coastal tankers of a few thousand metric tons of deadweight (DWT) to the mammoth ultra large crude carriers (ULCCs) of 550,000 DWT.

Tankers move approximately 2,000,000,000 metric tons (2.2×109 short tons) of oil every year.

Page 13: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

OIL TANKERS

Second only to pipelines in terms of efficiency, the average cost of oil transport by tanker amounts to only two or three United States cents per 1 US gallon (3.8 L).

Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved. One of these is the naval replenishment oiler, a tanker which can fuel a moving vessel.

Combination ore-bulk-oil carriers and permanently moored floating storage units are two other variations on the standard oil tanker design.

Oil tankers have been involved in a number of damaging and high-profile oil spills. As a result, they are subject to stringent design and operational regulations.

Page 14: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

CHEMICAL TANKERS

Page 15: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

CHEMICAL TANKERS

A chemical tanker is a type of tanker ship designed to transport chemicals in bulk.

As defined in MARPOL Annex I, chemical tanker means a ship constructed or adapted for carrying in bulk any liquid product listed in chapter 17 of the International Bulk Chemical Code.

As well as industrial chemicals and clean petroleum products, such ships also often carry other types of sensitive cargo which require a high standard of tank cleaning, such as palm oil, vegetable oils, tallow, caustic soda, and methanol.

Page 16: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

CHEMICAL TANKERS

Oceangoing chemical tankers range from 5,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT) to 35,000 DWT in size, which is smaller than the average size of other tanker types due to the specialized nature of their cargo and the size restrictions of the port terminals where they call to load and discharge.

Chemical tankers normally have a series of separate cargo tanks which are either coated with specialized coatings such as phenolic epoxy or zinc paint, or made from stainless steel.

Page 17: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

GAS CARRIERS

Page 18: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

GAS CARRIERS

A gas carrier (or gas tanker) is a ship designed to transport LPG, LNG or liquefied chemical gases in bulk.

Page 19: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

TYPES OF GAS CARRIERS

Fully pressurized gas carrier The ships, basically oil tankers, had been converted by fitting small, riveted, pressure vessels for the carriage of LPG into cargo tank spaces. This enabled transport over long distances of substantial volumes of an oil refinery by-product that had distinct advantages as a domestic and commercial fuel.Today, most fully pressurised oceangoing LPG carriers are fitted with two or three horizontal, cylindrical or spherical cargo tanks and have typical capacities between 3,500 and 7,500 m3(120,000 and 260,000 cu ft). However, in recent years a number of larger-capacity fully pressurised ships have been built, most notably a series of 10,800 m3 (380,000 cu ft) ships, built in Japan between 2003 and 2013. Fully pressurised ships are still being built in numbers and represent a cost-effective, simple way of moving LPG to and from smaller gas terminals.

Page 20: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

TYPES OF GAS CARRIERS

Semi-pressurised ships

These ships carried gases in a semi-pressurized/semi-refrigerated state however due to further development semi-pressurised/fully refrigerated gas carriers had become the shipowners' choice by providing high flexibility in cargo handling. These carriers, incorporating tanks either cylindrical, spherical or bi-lobe in shape, are able to load or discharge gas cargoes at both refrigerated and pressurised storage facilities.

Page 21: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

TYPES OF GAS CARRIERS

Ethylene and gas/chemical carriers Ethylene carriers are the most sophisticated of the gas tankers and have the ability to carry not only most other liquefied gas cargoes but also ethylene at its atmospheric boiling point of −104 °C (−155 °F). These ships feature cylindrical, insulated, stainless steel cargo tanks able to accommodate cargoes up to a maximum specific gravity of 1.8 at temperatures ranging from a minimum of −104 °C to a maximum of +80 °C (176 °F) and at a maximum tank pressure of 4 bar.

Page 22: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

TYPES OF GAS CARRIERS

Liquefied natural gas (LNG carrier)

The majority of LNG carriers are between 125,000 and 135,000 m3 (4,400,000 and 4,800,000 cu ft) in capacity. In the modern fleet of LNG carriers, there is an interesting exception concerning ship size. This is the introduction of several smaller ships of between 18,000 and 19,000 m3 (640,000 and 670,000 cu ft) having been built in 1994 and later to service the needs of importers of smaller volumes.

Page 23: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

CARGOS CARRIED ON GAS CARRIERS1.Butadiene

2.Ethylene

3.LPG

4.LNG

5.Propylene

6.Chemical gases such as ammonia, vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and chlorine.

Page 24: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

FERRIES & CRUISE SHIPS

Page 25: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

FERRIES & CRUISE SHIPS

Ferries usually perform short journeys for a mix of passengers, cars and commercial vehicles. Most of these ships are Ro-Ro (roll on - roll off) ferries, where vehicles can drive straight on and off, making it a speedy and easily accessible way to travel. Demand for cruise ships expanded rapidly during the 1980s, leading to a new generation of large and luxurious 'floating hotels'.

A cruise ship or cruise liner is a passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are a part of the experience, as well as the different destinations along the way. Transportation is not the prime purpose, as cruise ships operate mostly on routes that return passengers to their originating port, so the ports of call are usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even "cruises to nowhere" or "nowhere voyages" where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call.

Page 26: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

SPECIALIST SHIPS

Page 27: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

SPECIALIST SHIPS

Specialist ships are ships which are designed for special purposes such as anchor handling and supply vessels for the offshore oil industry, salvage tugs, ice breakers and research vessels.

Page 28: Different types of vessels in world merchant fleet

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