M. Malabayabas and Takashi Yamano
Diffusion of Swarna Sub1 seeds in Odisha and Uttar Pradesh,
India: Preliminary findings
(STRASA Socio-Economic Team)
1. Distribution of Swarna Sub1 in Eastern India 2. Methodology: Neighbor survey3. Preliminary findings of the Neighbor survey4. Research directions
Outline of the presentation
Phase II: Varietal tracking and Impact assessment
Assess technology transfer among farmers and its impact in adopting stress-tolerant rice
varieties on rice production
Sample areas in EUP
Sample areas in Odisha
Murali, Nelson, Thenkabail, and Singh, 2011
Stress-prone areas in South Asia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Uttar Pradesh Bihar West Bengal Odisha
State
Pe
rce
nta
ge
are
a (
%)
Submergence Drought
Estimates of submergence and drought prone areas in Eastern India
Murali, Nelson, Thenkabail, and Singh, 2011
Source: STRASA, 2012
Number of farmers distributed with Swarna Sub1 in Eastern India
Manzoor Dar, 2012
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Nu
mb
er o
f fa
rmer
s
Uttar Prradesh
Bihar
Odisha
West Bengal
Assam
Andhra Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh456 – 49,352
Odisha53 – 29,570
Percentage farmers distributed with Swarna Sub1 in from 2008-2011
Manzoor Dar, 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Per
cen
tag
e o
f fa
rmer
s
National Food Security Mission NGO's
Research Questions
Who uses the seeds?
How the seeds were
transferred?
Where are the seeds
Initial step: Investigate the farmer-to-farmer seed distribution through a neighbor survey among farmers who have adopted Swarna Sub1 in Uttar Pradesh and Odisha
Baseline survey April-June 2012
Post Planting survey
October 2012
Post harvest survey
April-July 2013
Definition of terms
Original user - farmers who received sseds from NGOs like Nand Educational Foundation for Rural Development (NEFORD) and Association for India’s Development (AID)
Neighbors (or villagers) - are NOT listed Original Users in the sample villages - lives in the same village of the OU - chosen randomly from Voter’s Registration list
Neighbor survey
Neighbor
Original user
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor user
Neighbor non-user
OU = 4Neighbor = 12
NGONFSM
Neighbor
Original user
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Original user
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Original user
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Neighbor
Voter’s registration list
Survey questionnaire which answers the following: • Household and farming characteristics• Knowledge about their neighbor
Computer software (EDI)• Computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) software
Global Positioning System (GPS)• spatial location of the adopters and non-adopters
Sample size of the study
State District
Number of
village
Sample size
Original user
Neighbor Neighbor user
All
Odisha 2 16 40 193 17 233
Uttar Pradesh 6 36 134 436 126 570
Total 8 52 174 629 143 803
Survey sites
Nel Garcia, GIS
Rice yield trends in Uttar Pradesh and Odisha (1971-2010)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Year
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
UP Odisha India
Odisha (1.2-2.4t/ha)UP (1.2-3.2t/ha)
Key Results: Flood characteristics Characteristics Odisha Uttar Pradesh
Duration (days) 8 16
Timing September July- August
Crop stage Panicle initiation stage
Early tillering stage
Harvesting
Household affected
by flood
2008-2010 3 (1%) 60 (10%)
2011 231 (99%) 568 (99%)
Characteristics
Original user Neighbor
User Non-user
Male dominated
household
96-98% 84-100% 98-83%
Age of the respondent
(years old)
49-51 50 45-50
Respondent’s
education (years)
7-9 6-9 5-6
Household size 7 6 6
Marital status
(married)
95-98% 96-100% 92-97%
Religion (Hindu) 95-100% 96-100% 88-99%
Household Characteristics
Farm characteristics
Characteristics Original user
Neighbor
User Non user
Average farm size (ha) 1.0- 1.1 0.60-0.98 0.49-0.92
% (marginal farmers) 40-60% 53-87% 68-93%
Land type (% area)
(Medium land)
45-50% 46-56% 43-58%
Tenure (owned%) 82-98% 80-98% 63-98%
Rent-in (36%)
Irrigation source
Odisha Canal (57%)
No irrigation (22%)
Electric/Diesel tube well (44%) and No
irrigation (40%)
Canal (66%)
Uttar Pradesh Electric/Diesel tube
well (81%)
Electric/Diesel tube
well (93%)
Electric/Diesel tube well (97%)
Rice varieties Odisha Uttar Pradesh
Swarna (1979) 11% 18%
Swarna Sub1 (2009) 7% 25%
Sarju 52 (1980) 11%
Pooja (1999) 44%
Samba Mahsuri (1986) 7% 22%
Others 31% 24%
Major rice varieties kharif 2011(% area)
Adoption of Swarna Sub1 (number of farmers)
9%
35%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
UP Odisha
State
Nu
mb
er
of
farm
ers
Neighbor Neighbor user
Number of farmers with Swarna Sub1 seeds (by year of acquisition) in Odisha
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year of first acquisition
Per
cen
tag
e o
f fa
rmer
s (%
)
OU Neighbor userOU – 4.7 kg
Neighbor – 11.1 kg
Number of farmers with Swarna Sub1 seeds (by year of acquisition) in UP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year of first acquisition
Per
cen
tag
e o
f fa
rmer
s (%
)
OU Neighbor userOU – 13.2 kg
Neighbor – 6.6 kg
Yield Effects under different days of flood during Kharif 2011
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
No submergence 1 to 7 days 8 to 14 days
Type of submergence
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Swarna Swarna sub1
Percentage sold and prices (in 2011)
Rice variety
Odisha Uttar Pradesh
% sold Price (Rs/kg)
% sold Price (Rs/kg)
Swarna 63 9.57 53 8.83
Swarna sub-1 56 9.51 54 8.63
Transfer of Swarna Sub1Odisha Uttar Pradesh
Farmers transfer seeds (%) 28% 5%
Number of recipients 52 40
Mode of transfer Sold (40%)
Exchange with rice seeds (18%)
Given away (55%)
To whom it was
transferred
Husband’s male relative (60%)
Male farmers neither relative or friend (55%)
Location Villagers (48%) Outsider (67%)
Outsider (48%)
Odisha Uttar Pradesh
Known OU (average) 2 4
Distance from OU house (walking minutes)
7 9
Distance from OU plot (walking minutes)
14 15
Years known 28 30
Given seeds by OU No (95%) No (97%)
Relationship of neighbor to OU
Distribution of sample respondents
Distribution of sample respondents in Uttar Pradesh
Distribution of sample respondents in a Gorakphur village
Distribution of sample respondents in a Gorakphur village
Summary
• High participation male farmers in the initial adoption and transfer of Swarna Sub1 seeds.
• Adoption of Swarna Sub1 was low among the neighbors. However, among the adopters, high adoption was observed in 2011.
• Acceptability of Swarna Sub1 in the local market having a comparable price with Swarna.
• Yield effect of Swarna Sub1 adoption is prominent under 8 to 14 days in Orissa.
• Small portion of the Swarna Sub1 seeds were transferred during kharif 2011.
Future Direction for Research
• Ex-ante analysis of Swarna Sub 1 adoption in Eastern India (Takashi/Malu/Manzoor/Murali) • Farm-level diffusion studies such as Social Network Analysis (SNA) that will identify the factors affecting the rapid transfer of the stress tolerant varieties (Swarna Sub1) using panel data for three cropping season (Malu/Takashi/Val).
• Adoption studies that deals on farmer’s perception about the attributes of the variety (Theory of Planned Behavior) (Takashi/Malu/Srinivas)
Future Direction for Research
• Seed system studies that focus institutional constraints (seed growers, traders and millers) that affect the rapid delivery of other stress-tolerant variety such as Sahbhagi Dhan.
• Gender studies that deals with identification of the constraints that enable the women to participate in the transfer of new seeds.
• Randomized Control Trial of Sahbhagi Dhan in Odisha, West Bengal (Takashi/Malu/Manzoor/UC Berkeley team).
• Assessment of Block Demonstrations of Ministry of Agriculture, India (Takashi/Manzoor/Malu/Architesh-new assistant)