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dr. Alya Amila Fitrie, M.Kes, Sp.PADepartment of Histology
Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Sumatera Utara
2014
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Lip
Palate
Tongue
OralCavity
Esophagus
Stomach (Cardia, Fundus andCorpus, Pylorus)
Small intestine (Duodenum,Jejunum, Ileum)
Large Intestine (Caecum,Appendix, Colon,)
Rectum
Anal Canal)
AlimentaryCanal
SalivaryGland
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Glands
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3 regions:
External aspects is covered with thin skin
Vermillion Zone
The pink region of the lip
is covered with thin skin, devoid sweat gland and hair follicles
Mucous aspect
is covered by stratified squamous non keratinized ep.
Sub mucosa is composed of dense and loose connective
tissue. They have dense vascularization
Muscle: skeletal muscle
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Crown, cervix, root
Mineralized: Enamel, Dentin,
Cementum
Periodonsium: Gingiva, Alveolus,Periodontal ligament
Pulp chamber: Connective tissue,
vascular, lymph, nerve
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Hard palate
str squamouskeratinized/parakeratinized ep,irregular
collagenousCT, and bonyshelf
Soft palate
str squamousnonkeratinized ep, denseirregular CT,minor
salivaryglands, andbony shelf
Uvula
str squamousnonkeratinized ep,areolar CT,muscle
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Dorsal surface : Lingual papillae
Filiform papillae : Str squamous
keratinized ep
Fungiform papillaeFoliate papillae (degenerate at 3 y old)
Circumvalate papillae : Von Ebner
glands produces lipaseIntrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscle
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Papila filiformis
Papila foliate
Papila
fungiformis
Papila
circumvallate
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Sensory organs, perception of
taste. (In fungiform andcircumvalate papillae)
Taste pore
Oval structure, composed of 60 80 spindle-shaped cells, pale.Microvili protrudes from tastepore Basal cells (type IV cells)
Dark cells (type I cells)
Light cells (type II cells)
Intermediate cells (type III cells)
Nerve fibers form synapticjunctions w/ type I, II, III cells
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MUCOSA : Epithelium, Laminapropria (glands, lymph vessel
and nodules, richlyvascularized), Muscularis
mucosa
SUBMUCOSA : Connectivetissue layer (Dense, irregularfibroelastic CT: glands (+) in
oesophagus n duodenum)blood&lymphatic vessels,
Submucosal plexus(Meissners)
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA :Most consist of smoothmuscle w/ myenteric(Aurbacchs) plexus)
SEROSA & ADVENTITIA
Intraperitoneal : serosa
Retroperitonea : adventitia
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12
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Mucosa Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/
Adventitisa
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Enteric Nervous System Meissners submucosal plexus Controlling secretory, mucosal movement, blood flow
regulation
Auerbachs myenteric plexus Peristaltic Motility functions
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerve Parasympathetic Stimulates peristalsis; inhibits sphincter muscle; triggers
secretion
Sympathetic Inhibit peristalsis; activate sphincter muscles
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Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Mucosa
Esophageal glands
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
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Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa
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Epithelium: simple columnar ep
Mucus layer/visible mucus; bicarbonate ion
Gastric pit/Foveola gastrica Surface lining cells Regenerative/stem cells
Lamina propria
Loose CT, vascular >>> Houses gastric/fundic/oxyntic glands Surface lining cells Mucous neck cells Regenerative (Stem) cells Parietal (Oxyntic) cells
Chief (Zymogenic) Cells DNES Cells/APUD/Enteroendocrine/Argentaffin Cells
Muscularis mucosae
3 layers: inner circular; outer longitudinal; outermost circular(occasionally)
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SUBMUCOSA
Dense, irregular CT
Richly vascularized n lymphoid tissueSubmucosal plexus
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
Innermost oblique layer, middle circularlayer, outer longitudinal muscle layer
Auerbachsmyenteric plexus
SEROSA
Thin, loose CT covered by simple
squamous ep
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Cardiac Gastric pit depth is shallower
Highly coiled glands
Cell population: mostly surface-lining cell, some mucous neck
cells, a few DNES and Parietalcell, but no chief cells
Pylorus Gastric pit deeper
Highly convoluted and tend tobranch
Same as cardiac; but mostlymucous neck cells
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REGION CELL TYPES
ISTHMUS Surface-lining cells and few DNES
cells
NECK Mucous neck cells, Stem cells,
parietal cells, and few DNES cellsBASE Chief cells, occasional parietal
cells, and few DNES cells
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Produced thick mucus layer
Apical cell Glycocalyx-covered, short, stubbymicrovili
Secretory granules
Lateral cell
Zonula occludens n adherensBasally nucleus
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Columnar, resemble surface-lining cells
Produce soluble mucusand lysozymeto lubricate gastric contents
Predominat in pyloric
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In the base of pits but more numerousin the neck
Columnar
Have little heterochromatin anddisplay large nucleolus
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Large, round to pyramid-
shapedMainly in upper half of
fundic glands
Produce HCl and gastric
intrinsic factor
Eosinophilic cytoplasm
Invaginations apical
plasmalemma to formintracellular canaliculi
Tubulovesicular system
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Columnar with basophilic
cytoplasm, basally locatednuclei, apical secretorygranules (pepsinogen)
Rich RER, Golgi apparatus,
but a few lysosomesMicrovilli
Secretion of pepsinogen isinduced by both neural and
hormonal, triggered bysecretinbinding to thereceptor (in basal cell)
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Releases secretory granulesto lamina propria Paracrine
Endocrine
Neurocrine
13 different secretorygranules types
2 types Closed type
Open type Microvili monitor luminal
contents
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Modifications of the Luminal Surface
Transversefolds ofsubmucosaand mucosa
that formsemicircularto helicalelevations
Plicaecirculares(valves ofKerckring)
Epitheliallycovered,finger-like oroak leaf-likeprotrusionsof laminapropria
Vili
Modificationsof apical ofintestinalepithelium
cellmembrane
Microvili
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Duodenum
Brunners (duodenal) glands in submucosa
Jejunum
Plicae circulares (Valves of Kerckring)
Ileum
Peyers patch
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Jejunum
Ileum
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The most numerousTall cell with
basally located
nucleus, brush
border (microvili),
and cell junction
For terminal
digestion and
absorptions of
water and nutrients
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Unicellular glands
Produced mucinogen
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Squamous like cell above the lymphoid nodule
Important for defense mechanism
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Large,
eosinophilic,
apical secretorygranules
lysozyme
Pyramid-shapecell in bottom of
crypts Lieberkuhn
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Appendix
Caecum and Colon
Rectum and Anal Canal
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Mucosa Epithelium: simple columnar Lamina propria Richly endowed crypths of Lieberkuhn No Paneth cells; surface absorptive cells >>>>> Goblet cells >>>, DNES
>
SubmucosaMuscularis externa 2 layers: inner circular; outer longitudinal
Outer longitudinal layer is not continous but is gathered into 3fascicles: taenia coli
Serosa Appendices epiploicae: fat-filled pouches
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Taenia Coli
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Rectum resembles colon but the crypts of
Lieberkuhn are deeper and number fewer per
unit area
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Mucosa Epithelium: simple cuboidal from rectum to pectinate line Str squamous nonkeratinized: from pectinate line to external anal
orifice Str squamous keratinized: epidermis at anus
Lamina propria houses anal glands (at rectoanal junction) andcircumanal glands (distal end of anal canal)
Submucosa Fibroelastic tissue houses 2 venous plexus: internal and external
hemorrhoidal plexus
Muscularis externa Inner circular layer becomes thickened at pectinate line to form
internal anal sphincter muscle
External anal sphicter muscle comes from pelvis
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Thank you