Digestive System (PARTS 1, 2, 3)-FINALS

8/8/2019 Digestive System (PARTS 1, 2, 3)-FINALS

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ColitisColitis

Inflammation ofInflammation ofthe colon (largethe colon (largeintestine).intestine).

Diseases of the GI Tract


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Viruses and bacteria can cause colonViruses and bacteria can cause coloninfections.infections.

Most are foodMost are food--borne illnesses or "foodborne illnesses or "foodpoisoning."poisoning."

Common bacterial causes includeCommon bacterial causes include ShigellaShigella,,E.ColiE.Coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter., Salmonella and Campylobacter.

These infections often present with bloodyThese infections often present with bloodydiarrhea and can cause significantdiarrhea and can cause significantdehydration.dehydration.


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PseudomembranousPseudomembranous colitis is caused by thecolitis is caused by thebacteria Clostridiumbacteria Clostridium difficiledifficile (C.(C. difficiledifficile).).

This disorder is often seen in patients who haveThis disorder is often seen in patients who haverecently been taking antibiotics for an infection.recently been taking antibiotics for an infection.The antibiotic alters the normal bacteria presentThe antibiotic alters the normal bacteria presentin the colon and allows an overgrowth of thein the colon and allows an overgrowth of theClostridium bacteria.Clostridium bacteria.

Clostridium bacteria produce a toxin that causesClostridium bacteria produce a toxin that causesdiarrhea. This is an infection, and often there isdiarrhea. This is an infection, and often there isa fever present. The diarrhea is usually nota fever present. The diarrhea is usually not

bloody.bloody.


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DiarrheaDiarrhea An abnormallyAn abnormally

frequent discharge offrequent discharge of

semisemi--solid or fluidsolid or fluidfecal matter.fecal matter.

The most commonThe most commoncause of diarrhea iscause of diarrhea is

infectioninfection----viral,viral,bacterial, andbacterial, andparasitic. Bacteriaparasitic. Bacteriaalso can cause acutealso can cause acutefood poisoning..food poisoning..


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DysenteryDysentery

Frequent wateryFrequent watery

stools, accompaniedstools, accompaniedby:by:

AbdominalAbdominal

FeverFever

DehydrationDehydration


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Dysentery is the body'sDysentery is the body'sresponse to an unwanted visitorresponse to an unwanted visitor

in the digestive system.in the digestive system. The possible culprits include aThe possible culprits include a

parasitic amoeba calledparasitic amoeba calledEntamoebaEntamoeba histolyticahistolytica or aor a

number of bacteria, includingnumber of bacteria, includingsalmonella andsalmonella and shigellashigella. An. Aninfection of E.infection of E. histolyticahistolytica isiscalledcalled amebiasisamebiasis, and any, and anyresulting bloody diarrhea isresulting bloody diarrhea is

called amebic dysentery.called amebic dysentery. Infections ofInfections of shigellashigella bacteria,bacteria,

called shigellosis, can lead tocalled shigellosis, can lead tobacillary dysentery.bacillary dysentery.


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While cases of amebic dysentery tend to beWhile cases of amebic dysentery tend to beisolated and sporadic, epidemics ofisolated and sporadic, epidemics ofbacillary dysentery can sweep throughbacillary dysentery can sweep throughentire villages, cities, or regions. Everyentire villages, cities, or regions. Everyyear, bacillary dysentery kills roughly sixyear, bacillary dysentery kills roughly sixtimes as many people as amebictimes as many people as amebic

dysentery doesdysentery does


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EnteritisEnteritis

Inflammation of theInflammation of the

intestines, usuallyintestines, usuallyreferring to thereferring to thesmall intestines.small intestines.


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Enteritis is usually caused by eating or drinkingEnteritis is usually caused by eating or drinkingsubstances that are contaminated with bacteria orsubstances that are contaminated with bacteria orviruses. The germs settle in the small intestine andviruses. The germs settle in the small intestine andcause inflammation and swelling, which may lead tocause inflammation and swelling, which may lead toabdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, fever, andabdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, fever, anddehydration.dehydration.

Enteritis may also be caused by:Enteritis may also be caused by:

An autoimmune condition such asAn autoimmune condition such as Crohn'sCrohn's diseasedisease

Certain drugs, including ibuprofen, naproxen sodium,Certain drugs, including ibuprofen, naproxen sodium,and cocaineand cocaine

Damage from radiation therapyDamage from radiation therapy


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GastritisGastritis Inflammation ofInflammation of

the mucosal liningthe mucosal lining

of the stomachof the stomach


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Gastritis can be caused :Gastritis can be caused :

drinking too much alcohol,drinking too much alcohol, prolonged use ofprolonged use of nonsteroidalnonsteroidal

antianti--inflammatory drugsinflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) such as aspirin or(NSAIDs) such as aspirin oribuprofen,ibuprofen,

or infection with bacteria such asor infection with bacteria such asHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori).Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

Sometimes gastritis developsSometimes gastritis developsafter major surgery, traumaticafter major surgery, traumaticinjury, burns, or severeinjury, burns, or severe

infections. Certain diseases, suchinfections. Certain diseases, suchas pernicious anemia,as pernicious anemia,autoimmune disorders, andautoimmune disorders, andchronic bile reflux, can causechronic bile reflux, can causegastritis as well.gastritis as well.

Helicobacter pylori


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GastroenteritisGastroenteritis

Many different virusesMany different virusescan causecan cause

gastroenteritis,gastroenteritis,including rotaviruses,including rotaviruses,norovirusesnoroviruses,,adenoviruses, type 40adenoviruses, type 40or 41,or 41, sapovirusessapoviruses, and, andastrovirusesastroviruses..

RotaViruses

Noroviruses


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GastroenteritisGastroenteritis

Inflammation ofInflammation ofthe mucosal liningthe mucosal lining

of the stomachof the stomachand smalland smallintestinesintestines


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HepatitisHepatitis Inflammation of theInflammation of the

liver; usually the resultliver; usually the resultof viral infection, butof viral infection, butcan be caused by toxiccan be caused by toxic

agents.agents.

Inflammation of theInflammation of theliver, can have manyliver, can have manycauses including:causes including:

AlcoholAlcohol DrugsDrugs

VirusesViruses

Liver


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DiseaseDiseaseNameName Mode of TransmissionMode of Transmission

Type AType A

FecalFecal oral transmissionoral transmission

Person to personPerson to person

Infected food handlersInfected food handlers

Fecally contaminated foods and water.Fecally contaminated foods and water.

Type BType B

Sexual or household contact with an infectedSexual or household contact with an infectedpersonperson

Mother to infant before or during birthMother to infant before or during birth

Injected drug useInjected drug use

Tattooing;Tattooing;

Type CType C

PrimarilyPrimarily parenterallyparenterally transmittedtransmitted

(e.g., via blood transfusion)(e.g., via blood transfusion)

RarelyRarely

SexuallySexually


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DiseaseDiseaseNameName

Mode of TransmissionMode of Transmission

Type DType D

Exposure to infected blood and body fluidsExposure to infected blood and body fluids

Contaminated needlesContaminated needlesSexual transmissionSexual transmission

Type EType E

FecalFecal oral transmissionoral transmission

Primarily via fecally contaminated drinking waterPrimarily via fecally contaminated drinking water

Also person to personAlso person to person

Type GType GParenteralParenteral


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Disease NameDisease Name Mode of TransmissionMode of Transmission

BacterialBacterial

Gastritis andGastritis andUlcersUlcers

Via ingestionVia ingestion

Presumed to be either oralPresumed to be either oral oral or fecaloral or fecal oral transmission.oral transmission.

CampylobacterCampylobacterEnteritisEnteritis

Ingestion of contaminated food (e.g., chicken,Ingestion of contaminated food (e.g., chicken,pork), raw milk, contact with infected pets andpork), raw milk, contact with infected pets andfarm animals.farm animals.

CholeraCholera

Via fecalVia fecal oral routeoral route

Contact with feces or vomitus of infectedContact with feces or vomitus of infectedpeople.people.

Ingestion of contaminated water and foodsIngestion of contaminated water and foods

especially raw or undercooked shellfish andespecially raw or undercooked shellfish andother seafood.other seafood.


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Viral GastroenteritisViral GastroenteritisViral EnteritisViral EnteritisViral DiarrheaViral Diarrhea

MOTMOT

-- FecalFecal--oral routeoral route-- Airborne transmission and contact with contaminatedAirborne transmission and contact with contaminated fomitiesfomities maymaycause hospital epidemicscause hospital epidemics-- Food borneFood borne-- Water borneWater borne

-- Shellfish transmissionShellfish transmission


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Disease NameDisease Name Mode of TransmissionMode of Transmission

SalmonellosisSalmonellosis

Ingestion of contaminated food (e.g., eggs,Ingestion of contaminated food (e.g., eggs,unpasteurized milk, meat, poultry, raw fruits, andunpasteurized milk, meat, poultry, raw fruits, andvegetables).vegetables).

FecalFecal oral transmission from personoral transmission from person personperson

Food handlersFood handlers

Contaminated water supplies.Contaminated water supplies.

Typhoid Fever,Typhoid Fever,Enteric FeverEnteric Fever

Transmission via fecalTransmission via fecal oral route.oral route.

Food or water contaminated by feces or urine ofFood or water contaminated by feces or urine ofpatients or carriers.patients or carriers.

Oysters harvested from fecally contaminated waters.Oysters harvested from fecally contaminated waters.

Fecally contaminated fruits and raw vegetables.Fecally contaminated fruits and raw vegetables.

From feces to food by flies.From feces to food by flies.

Shigellosis,Shigellosis,

BacillaryBacillaryDysenteryDysentery

Direct or indirect fecalDirect or indirect fecal oral transmission fromoral transmission frompatients or carriers.patients or carriers.

Fecally contaminated hands and fingernails.Fecally contaminated hands and fingernails.

Contaminated food, milk, drinking water, files canContaminated food, milk, drinking water, files cantransfer organisms from latrines to food.transfer organisms from latrines to food.


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Pictures ofBacterial InfectionsPictures ofBacterial Infections

Bacterial GastritisBacterial Gastritis

and Ulcersand Ulcers


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Campylobacter EnteritisCampylobacter EnteritisAbdominal Pain

High Fever

Abdominal

Cramping


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CholeraCholera

Watery stools

Dehydrated

Circulatory collapse

Renal failure


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SalmonellosisSalmonellosis

HeadacheHeadache

Abdominal painAbdominal pain

DiarrheaDiarrhea

NauseaNausea

VomitingVomiting

DehydrationDehydration


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Typhoid FeverTyphoid Fever

AnorexiaAnorexia

ConstipatedConstipated

FeverFever

HeadacheHeadache


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Shigellosis,Shigellosis,BacillaryBacillaryDysenteryDysentery

Infection in largeInfection in largeintestineintestine

Diarrhea withDiarrhea withbloodblood

Mucus and pusMucus and pus

FeverFever


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Bacterial infection of the G.IBacterial infection of the G.Itracktrack

EnterovirulentEnterovirulent eschrichiaeschrichia colicoli

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is aEscherichia coli (E. coli) is agramgram negative bacillus thatnegative bacillus thatis normally lives in theis normally lives in theintestines of people (andintestines of people (and

animals). It can also liveanimals). It can also liveelsewhere. Most strains of E.elsewhere. Most strains of E.coli are quite harmless. Theycoli are quite harmless. Theyare simply part of the normalare simply part of the normalintestinal flora. However,intestinal flora. However,

some isolates are capable ofsome isolates are capable ofcausing diseasecausing disease


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There are two major food intoxications caused by the bacteria. TheseThere are two major food intoxications caused by the bacteria. Theseare:are:

BotulismBotulism caused by the presence in foodcaused by the presence in foodof toxin produced by Clostridiumof toxin produced by Clostridiumbotulinumbotulinum..

StaphylococcalStaphylococcal intoxication caused byintoxication caused bythe toxin produced by S.the toxin produced by S. aureus.Botulismaureus.Botulismis an intoxication caused by the ingestionis an intoxication caused by the ingestion

of food containing the neurotoxin (toxinof food containing the neurotoxin (toxinthat affects the nervous system) producedthat affects the nervous system) producedby anaerobic, spore forming Clostridiumby anaerobic, spore forming Clostridiumbotulinumbotulinum..


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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

(EHEC) diarrhea

MOT:

Fecal oral routeInadequately cooked, fecallycontaminated beef

Unpasteurized milk

Person to person

Fecally contaminated water


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(ETEC)(ETEC)

diarrhea, travelersdiarrhea, travelersdiarrheadiarrhea

MOT:MOT:

FecalFecal oral routeoral route

Ingestion ofIngestion of fecallyfecally

contaminated foodcontaminated foodand waterand water

Date post:	09-Apr-2018
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Digestive System (PARTS 1, 2, 3)-FINALS

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