DIGITAL CODING SIMULATION USING MICRO-RING RESONATOR FORLONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION
MASOUD RANJBAR
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
DIGITAL CODING SIMULATION USING MICRO-RING RESONATOR FOR LONGDISTANCE COMMUNICATION
MASOUD RANJBAR
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical - Electronics and Telecommunication)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JUNE 2013
In the name of ALLAH the Most Beneficial and the most Merciful
Specially dedicated to my beloved Parents and Brothers .
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am so grateful to My Parents whom without their encouragement and
support, I would not have a chance to complete this project. I wish to express my
sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr.David Ian Forsyth, for encouragement,
guidance, critics and friendship to finish what I have started. I would like also to
show my appreciation towards the Institute of Advanced Photonics Science, and
Faculty of Electrical Engineering at UTM for supporting me to accomplish this work.
My sincere appreciation also extends to my friend DR Iraj Sadeghi Amiri who has
provided assistance for me at various occasions.
v
ABSTRACT
Much interest has recently been expressed in communication through optical fibers,
in this project we investigate nonlinear behaviors of light known as bifurcation and chaos
within a nonlinear silicon micro-ring resonator (MRR). The research is used to controlling
MRR behaviors such as chaos applicable in security signal coding systems. The variable
parameters affect the bifurcation to be happened in smaller round-trip among total round trip
of 20000 or input power. Therefore, rising of the nonlinear refractive indices, coupling
coefficients and radius of the MRR leads to descending in input power and round trips
wherein the bifurcation occurs. As result, bifurcation or chaos behaviors are seen at lower
input power. In addition, the effect of FSR and FHWM on communication link has been
observed. Furthermore, in this work, a performance of nonlinear soliton wave which is
generated by Micro ring resonator, in order to be coded and used as a carrier to transmit data
over a long distance is investigated ,Controlled chaotic signals from the MRR system are
used to generate logic codes of “0” and “1”, which are applicable in wireless network
communication.
vi
ABSTRAK
Faedah yang lebih baru-baru ini telah dinyatakan dalam komunikasi melalui gentian
optik, dalam projek ini kita menyiasat tingkah laku bukan linear cahaya dikenali sebagai
pencabangan dua dan chaos dalam silikon bukan linear mikro cincin resonator (MRR).
Penyelidikan ini digunakan untuk mengawal tingkah laku MRR seperti chaos berkenaan
dalam keselamatan isyarat sistem pengkodan. Parameter pembolehubah menjejaskan
pencabangan dua yang akan berlaku dalam lebih kecil sepanjang perjalanan antara jumlah
perjalanan pusingan 20000 atau kuasa input. Oleh itu, kenaikan indeks biasan bukan linear
pekali gandingan dan jejari MRR membawa kepada penurunan dalam kuasa input dan
perjalanan pusingan di mana pencabangan dua berlaku. Hasilnya, pencabangan dua atau
tingkah laku chaos dilihat pada kuasa input yang lebih rendah. Di samping itu, kesan FSR
dan FHWM pada pautan komunikasi telah diperhatikan. Tambahan pula, dalam kerja-kerja
ini, prestasi gelombang soliton bukan linear yang dihasilkan oleh MRR, untuk dikodkan dan
digunakan sebagai pembawa untuk menghantar data melalui jarak yang panjang telah
disiasat. Isyarat chaotic terkawal daripada sistem MRR digunakan untuk menjana kod logik
"0" dan "1", yang boleh diguna pakai dalam komunikasi rangkaian jarak jauh.
vii
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of Study 1
1.3 History of LASER 2
1.4 Statement of the Problem 3
1.5 Research Questions 4
1.6 Research objectives 4
1.7 Scope of the study 5
1.8 Thesis Organization 5
1.9 Summary 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction of Soliton 6
2.2 Optical Soliton 6
2.3 Optical Fiber 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
2.4 Components of a Microring resonator system 8
2.4.1 Fiber Optic Coupler 8
2.4.2 Fiber Optical Ring Resonators(FORR) 9
2.4.3 Vector Soliton 9
2.4.4 Temporal Solitons 10
2.4.5 Spatial solitons1 11
2.4.6 Dark Soliton 11
2.4.7 Bright soliton 12
2.5 Types of Ring Resonators 13
2.5.1 Single Ring Resonators 13
2.5.2 Double Ring Resonators 13
2.6 Advantages of Fiber Optics 14
2.7 Soliton behavior 16
2.8 SPM ( self phase modulation ) 16
2.9 Optical Bistability(OB) and Hysteresis loop 17
2.10 Bifurcation phenomena 18
2.11 Chaos Phenomena 18
2.12 Signal logic Codes generation by MRR 19
2.13 Multi optical Soliton 20
2.14 Generation of optical potential well in order to generate quantum
binary codes 23
2.15 Generation of Quantum Photon Information 26
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 PROPAGATING OF LIGHT INSIDE SMRR 30
3.3 Performance parameters 30
3.3.1 Effective Refractive Index 31
3.3.2 MRR 31
3.3.3 Input electric field 32
3.3.4 Output electric field 32
3.3.5 Electric field in the next round trip 33
3.3.6 output field 34
3.3.7 output power 34
3.3.8 Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) 34
3.3.9 Free Spectral Range (FSR) 35
3.4 Encoding 36
3.5 Summary 37
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 38
4.2 Nonlinear refractive indices 38
4.3 Coupling coefficients 45
4.4 Radius 51
4.5 Output power 58
4.6 Signal logic codes generation 62
4.3 Summary 72
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
5.1 Conclusions 73
5.2 Future Works 74
ix
REFERENCES 75
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
4.1 Values of output power versus input power (a): n2=2*10-20 m2/W 39
4.2 Values of output power versus input power (b): n2=2.5*10-"20 m2/W 40
4.3 Values of output power versus input power (c): n2=3*10-20 m2/W 40
4.4 Values of output power versus input power (d): n2=3.4*10-20 m2/W 41
4.5 Round-trip vs. Out Power (W) k = 0.01 46
4.6 Round-trip vs. Out Power (W) k = 0.04, (c) 46
4.7 Round-trip vs. Out Power (W) k = 0.06 47
4.8 Round-trip vs. Out Power (W) (d): k = 0.1 47
4.9 Values of output power versus ring radius (R=8 |j.m.) 52
4.10 Values of output power versus ring radius (R=20 |im.) 53
4.11 Values of output power versus ring radius (R=25|im.) 53
4.12 Values of output power versus ring radius (R=40 |im.) 54
4.13 Values of output power versus round-trips 59
4.14 Values of output power versus input power 60
4.15 Values of output power versus round-trips 63
4.16 Values of output power versus input power 64
xi
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Ordinary pulse propagation vs. soliton propagation 6
2.2 Structure of fiber 7
2.3 The schematic of Fiber coupler 8
2.4 Gaussian wave in MRR 9
2.5 Design of Ring and schematic of vertically micro-ring 9
resonator
2.6 A pulse (top curve) propagating through a nonlinear medium 10
undergoes a self-frequency shift (bottom curve) due to self
phase modulation. The front of the pulse is shifted to lower
frequencies, the back to higher frequencies. In the center of
the pulse the frequency shift is approximately linear
2.7 Focus of light by a convex lens 11
2.8 Dark soliton pulse 12
2.9 Bright Soliton pulse 12
2.10 Ring resonator channel dropping filter 13
2.11 Two ring resonators coupled in series 14
2.12 Self-phase modulation 17
2.13 Optical bi-stability of the nonlinear FORR and represents 18
hysteresis loop
LIST OF FIGURES
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
xii
Bifurcation phenomena 18
Chaos Phenomena 18
Schematic diagram of a PANDA ring-resonator connected to 21
an add/drop filter system
Multi soliton signal generation using PANDA ring resonator 21
system where (a), (b), (c) and (d) are powers inside the
PANDA system and (e) is the output power from the
throughput
Output multi soliton signal generation using an add/drop 22
filter system, where (a): dark soliton at through port, (b):
expansion of multi dark soliton, (c) bright soliton at drop
port, and (d): expansion of multi bright soliton
A schematic of an entangled photon pair manipulation within 23
a Micro-ring resonator. The quantum state is propagating to a
rotatable polarizer and then is split by a beam splitter (PBS)
flying to detector”DN1, DN2, DN3 and DN4
System of integrated MRR systems, incorporating with a 24
multiplexer device and a beam splitter
dark and bright soliton generation with FWHM and FSR of 25
0.54 nm and 4.71 nm respectively, using multiplexer system
dark and bright soliton pulses simultaneously seen from 25
photo detectors 1 and 2
A schematic diagram of an add/drop filter 27
Results of the optical tweezers generation (a): input dark 28
soliton and Gaussian pulse, (b), (c) and (d): interior signals,
(e) and (f): through and drop port output signals
2.25 A schematic of an entangled photon pair manipulation within 29
xiii
a ring resonator. The quantum state is propagating to a
rotatable polarizer and then is split by a beam splitter (PBS)
flying to detector DN1, DN2, DN3
3.1 Nonlinear silicon microring resonator (MRR) 33
3.2 Full width at half maximum 34
3.3 The free spectral range and line width of the output from a 35
cavity
3.4 System of encoding and decoding 36
4.1 Bifurcation and chaos behavior of light inside MRR, where 39
and for different nonlinear refractive indices: (a):
n2=2x10-20 m2/W, (b): n2=2.5x10-20 m2/W, (c):
n2=3x10-20 m2/W and (d): n2=3.4x10-20 m2/W
4.2 Simulation results of bifurcation behavior generation inside a 45
MRR by respect to various value of coupling coefficient ( K),
where (a): K = 001, (b): K = 004, (c): K = 006 and (d):
K = 0.1
4.3 Simulation results of bifurcation and chaos phenomena inside 52
a micro-ring resonator by the respect to various values of
MRR radius (R)
4.4 Simulation results of chaotic signals within the MRR, where
(a): output power versus round-trips, (b) output power versus 58
input power
4.5 Simulation results of chaotic signals within the MRR, where 62
(a): output power versus round-trips, (b): output power versus
xiv
input power, (c): Analog Codes, (d): Logic Codes of “0” and“1”
4.6 Simulation results of chaotic signals within the MRR, where 68
(a): output power versus round-trips, (b): output power versus
input power, (c): Analog Codes, (d): Logic Codes of “0” and
“1”
5.1 Schematic of a computer wireless networks system, where 74
the transmission of logic codes can be implemented using
MRR
xv
LASER - Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
MASER - Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
MRR - Micro Ring Resonator
FORR - Fiber Optical Ring Resonators
CW - Continuous Wave
SPM - Self-Phase Modulation
OB - Optical Bistability
SMRR - Single Micro Ring Resonator
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
EDF - Erbium Doped Fiber
PBS - Polarizing Beam Splitter
Mux - Multiplexer
Rad - add/drop filter
E - Electric field
Hz - Hertz
GHz - Gigahertz
BW - Bandwidth
L - Length
FWHM - Full Width at Half Maximum
FSR - Free Spectral Range
dB - Decibel
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
C H A P T E R 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the background of the study including of creation of
fiber optic in communication and history of LASER has been investigated.
Additionally statement of the problem and the purpose of the study. Along with the
objectives of the study, research questions Thesis Organization, and definitions of
some terms are also offered.
1.2 Background of Study
The impression of applying fiber to transport an optical communications
signal is created by Alexander Graham Bell. Though the idea forced wait about 80
years for well improved glasses with low-cost technology for that to turn out to be
suitable in practical circumstances. Progress of fibers and strategies toward optical
communications originated in early 1960s and still continues intensely today. An
optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of glass (silica) or plastic, slightly
thicker than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or “light pipe” [1] to transmit
light between the two ends of the fiber [2]. The field of applied science and
engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as
fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which
2
permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than
other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals
travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference.
Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be
used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces. Optical fibers
typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material
with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection.
This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Micro-ring resonator is a type of single
mode fibers which has the input of a LASER beam and generates dark and bright
soliton waves which has a nonlinear behavior. In this study we are going to do digital
coding simulation using this micro-ring resonator for long distance communication,
the functions and procedure of the study will be analyzing in the next chapters.
1.3 A Brief History of Lasers:
Max Plank published work in 1900 that provided the understanding that light
is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Without this understanding the laser would
not have been invented. The principle of the laser was first known in 1917, when
physicist Albert Einstein described the theory of stimulated emission. However, it
was not until the late 1940s that engineers began to utilize this principle for practical
purposes. At the onset of the 1950’s several different engineers were working
towards the harnessing of energy using the principal of stimulated emission. At the
University of Columbia was Charles Townes, at the University of Maryland was
Joseph Weber and at the Lebedev Laboratories in Moscow were Alexander
Prokhorov and Nikolai G Basov.
At this stage the engineers were working towards the creation of what was
termed a MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of
Radiation), a device that amplified microwaves as opposed to light and soon found
use in microwave communication systems. Townes and the other engineers believed
it to be possible to create an optical maser, a device for creating powerful beams of
light using higher frequency energy to stimulate what was to become termed the
3
lasing medium. Despite the pioneering work of Townes and Prokhorov it was left to
Theodore Maiman in 1960 to invent the first Laser using a lasing medium of ruby
that was stimulated using high energy flashes of intense light. Townes and Prokhorov
were later awarded the Nobel Science Prize in 1964 for their endeavors. The Laser
was a remarkable technical breakthrough, but in its early years it was something of a
technology without a purpose. It was not powerful enough for use in the beam
weapons envisioned by the military, and its usefulness for transmitting information
through the atmosphere was severely hampered by its inability to penetrate clouds
and rain. Almost immediately, though, some began to find uses for it. Maiman and
other engineers developed laser weapons sighting systems and powerful lasers for
use in surgery and other areas where a moderately powerful, pinpoint source of heat
was needed.[3]but in case of optical communication A fiber laser is a laser in which
the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as
erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, and thulium. They are
related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing.
Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can
also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
In the non-mode locking regime, the first soliton fiber laser has been
successfully achieved in an all-normal dispersion erbium-doped fiber laser with a
polarizer in cavity. Experimentally finding that apart from the bright pulse emission,
under appropriate conditions the fiber laser could also emit single or multiple dark
pulses. Based on numerical simulations we interpret the dark pulse formation in the
laser as a result of soliton shaping.[3]
1.4 Statement of the Problem
Considering the importance of the network communication and data
transition, the applications required significantly to have better capacity and higher
bitrate which are low in current communication technology, therefore we increase
the bitrate by generating highly chaotic signals.
4
Using micro-ring resonator we can produce both digital and analog waves, by
analyzing the analog waves we turn the chaotic noise into logic codes in a digital
form, while it has to be coded by applying a coding programming system to provide
us a coded soliton which is able to be used as a carrier of signal in optical
communication.
We produce analog signals using MATLAB with high capacity and high number of
pulses using ring resonator systems.
1.5 Research Questions
In this research there are three basic Questions to be answered:
1. How can we transmit data for long distance communication?
2. How can we use soliton as carrier of digital information?
3. How can we advance transmission of data codes? Perhaps by trying various
parameters in micro-ring systems?
1.6 Research objectives
This research aims to achieve the following objectives:
1. To simulate and coding the optical soliton using MRR.
2. Generation of digital signal information codes using MATLAB in MRR
system in order to apply in communication technology , whi
ch can be used as carrier of information to transfer it for a long distance
communication .
3. Improving the transmission of data codes in order to optimizing the
bifurcation and chaotic signals by controlling the power input and other parameters .
5
1.7 Scope of the study
The scope of this project is first of all design optimized communication
system Using nonlinear Micro-ring resonator to provide a Nonlinear condition
under the direct impact of nonlinear Kerr effect. After that, simulate the design in
terms of performance Parameters Matlab, .Then, optimize the proposed
Communication system.
1.8 Thesis Organization
The development of digital communication systems has established new
requirements for micro-ring resonator. The motivation for the research in this thesis
is to find new approaches for performance improvement of soliton wave to deal with
these challenges. After a general overview of basic theories and components of MRR
and providing problem statement, objectives, scope of the project in chapter 1, a brief
review of micro-ring resonator applications in optical communication systems and a
general view of the soliton generation in order to create a communication link, and
literature review are presented in chapter2.The project methodology, parameters,
simulation tools, the design steps, the software used in the simulation process and the
design specifications is discussed in chapter 3. An illustration of simulated results,
optimizing the system specification, the advantages of the proposed design,
discussions for results including tables and Matlab codes are also provided in chapter
4. Chapter 5 contains the conclusion of the project and the recommended future
work.
1.9 Summary
In this chapter, an overview of the optical fiber communication system and
LASER is presented. This overview concentrates mainly on the MRR components
which is one of the critical components that affects the performance of the optical
communication system.
75
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