Digital Fundamentals

FloydFloydDigital Fundamentals, 9/eDigital Fundamentals, 9/e

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.All rights reserved.

Slide 1

Digital FundamentalsDigital Fundamentals

CHAPTER 12CHAPTER 12

Introduction to ComputersIntroduction to Computers




Slide 2

The Basic Computer The Basic Computer




Slide 3

The Basic Computer The Basic Computer

• Central processing unit (CPU)Central processing unit (CPU)

• Memories and storageMemories and storage

• Input/output portsInput/output ports

• BusesBuses




Slide 4

The Computer System The Computer System

• Central processing unit (CPU)Central processing unit (CPU)

• Memories and storageMemories and storage

• Input/output portsInput/output ports

• BusesBuses




Slide 5

The Computer System The Computer System




Slide 6

Microprocessors Microprocessors




Slide 7


• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

• Instruction decoder (normally Instruction decoder (normally part of the ALU)part of the ALU)

• Register array Register array

• Control UnitControl Unit




Slide 8


Basic OperationsBasic Operations

• Perform arithmetic and logic operationsPerform arithmetic and logic operations

• Move data between memory locations Move data between memory locations and input/output portsand input/output ports

• Make decisions and act accordinglyMake decisions and act accordingly




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• Programming OperationsProgramming Operations– Data transferData transfer– Arithmetic and logicArithmetic and logic– Bit manipulationBit manipulation– Loops and jumpsLoops and jumps– StringsStrings– Subroutines and interruptsSubroutines and interrupts– ControlControl




Slide 10

The Software Model for the Pentium Processor The Software Model for the Pentium Processor




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• Basic operationBasic operation– Fetch an instruction from memoryFetch an instruction from memory– Decode the instruction Decode the instruction – Execute the instructionExecute the instruction




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• 8086/8088 Architecture8086/8088 Architecture– Bus interface unit (BIU)Bus interface unit (BIU)– Execution unitExecution unit (EU)(EU)




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• Bus Interface Unit (BIU)Bus Interface Unit (BIU)– Instruction pointer (IP)Instruction pointer (IP)– Instruction queueInstruction queue– Segment registersSegment registers

• CS• DS• SS• ES




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• Execution Unit (EU)Execution Unit (EU)– ALUALU– General registersGeneral registers

• Data set– Accumulator (AH, AL)

– Base index (BH, BL)

– Count (CH, CL)

– Data (DH, DL)

• Pointer and index set– Stack pointer (SP)

– Base pointer (BP)

– Destination index (DI)

– Source index (SI)

– FlagsFlags




Slide 15

Computer Programming Computer Programming




Slide 16

Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming

• Levels of programming languagesLevels of programming languages

• Types of instructionsTypes of instructions




Slide 17

Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming

• Levels of Programming LanguagesLevels of Programming Languages– Computer hardwareComputer hardware– Machine languageMachine language– Assembly languageAssembly language– High-level languageHigh-level language




Slide 18

Computer Programming Computer Programming

• Types of InstructionsTypes of Instructions– Data transferData transfer– ArithmeticArithmetic– Bit manipulationBit manipulation– Loops and jumpsLoops and jumps– StringsStrings– Subroutines and interruptsSubroutines and interrupts– Processor controlProcessor control




Slide 19

Interrupts Interrupts




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Interrupts Interrupts

• Polled I/OPolled I/O

• Interrupt-driven I/OInterrupt-driven I/O

• Software interruptSoftware interrupt




Slide 21

Internal System InterfacingInternal System Interfacing




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Internal System InterfacingInternal System Interfacing

• Multiplexed busesMultiplexed buses

• Bus signalsBus signals

• Tristate buffersTristate buffers

• Bus contentionBus contention

• Multiplexed busesMultiplexed buses




Slide 23

Standard Buses Standard Buses




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• Internal busesInternal buses• External busesExternal buses• Serial I/O interface busesSerial I/O interface buses• Parallel I/O interface busesParallel I/O interface buses




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• Serial I/O interface busesSerial I/O interface buses– RS-232CRS-232C– IEEE 1394IEEE 1394– Universal serial bus (USB)Universal serial bus (USB)




Slide 26


• Parallel I/O interface busesParallel I/O interface buses– IEEE 488 (GPIB)IEEE 488 (GPIB)– Small computer system interface (SCSI)Small computer system interface (SCSI)

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Digital Fundamentals

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