Digitale medier: formidling og design19. aprilOnline communities, identitet og repræsentation

Oversigt

• Online communities• Ingen kage :o(• Foredrag i Audi 1

– Jeanette Blomberg 14.30-15.30

– John King 15.30-16.30

Online communities

• Hvilken form for kommunikation?

• Hvilke sites er online communities?

• Fokus på – Identitet– Sprog– Køn– Relation online/offline

Hvad er online communities for en størrelse?• Igen: De må pr. definition

være medier af tredje grad• Her er et eksempel• Er de en form for

kommunikation (altså udveksling af meddelelser)?

Transmissionsmodellen

Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1963). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Original Publication: 1949, ISBN: 0252725484. P. 7.

Eller?

• A ritual view of communication is directed not towards the extension of messages in space but toward the maintenance of society in time; not the act of imparting information but the representation of shared beliefs (Carey p. 18)

Er de en form for kommunikation som ritual?• One must examine

communication […] as the primary phenomena of experience and not as something ”softer” and derivative from a ”realer” existent nature (Carey p. 26).

• Hvordan opleves Arto af brugerne? Som en primær virkelighed, som en udvandet udgave af en udenforliggende virkelighed, eller som en kombination?

Hvilke sites er online communities?• Online mødesteder

– Dating: dating.dk– Friending: arto.dk– Knowledge sharing: slashdot

• User generated content– Fildeling

• Client/server: Napster• Peer-to-peer (P2P): Limewire

– Tagging: del.icio.us

• Blogs (web logs)• Husk etikken!

Baym, N. (1998). The emergence of online community. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety 2.0. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.Baym, N. K. (2000). Tune in, log on: soaps, fandom, and online community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN: 0761916490

Blogs (Nardi et al.)

• ”a series of archived Internet posts typically characterized by brief texts entered in reverse chronological order and generally containing hypertext links to other sites recommended by the author”

Hvad er en blog?

• Reverse chronological journaling (format)

• Regular, date-stamped entries [with permalink - CB] (timeliness)

• Links to related news articles, documents, blog entries within each entry (attribution)

• Archived entries (old content remains accessible)

• Links to related blogs (blogrolling)• RSS or XML feed (ease of

syndication)• Passion (voice)

Gill, K. E. (2004). How can we measure the influence of the blogosphere?, WWW2004. New York, NY, URL: http://faculty.washington.edu/kegill/pub/www2004_blogosphere_gill.pdf.

Short history• April 1997: Scripting News

begins• September 1997: Slashdot

launch• Late 1997: Jorn Barger creates

term ’weblog’• Early 1999: First blogging

portal, EatonWeb• August 1999: Launch of

Blogger (free blogging tool)• 2002: Blogger acquired by

Google

Three levels of privacy

• Listed– On commercial blog-sites list of

blogs

• Unlisted– Can be detected via ’referrer’

data in followed links

• Password protected– Must log in to view, but can still

be quoted

Five reasons to blog

• Documenting the author's life

• Providing commentary and opinions

• Expressing deeply felt emotions

• Working out ideas through writing (blog as muse)

• Forming and maintaining communities or forums

Design recommendations• Integration with online

communication and document management tools

• Photoware• Searching and indexing• Audience specificity and

privacy• Group blogs• Quality control• Ease of use

Teenage blogs (Huffaker & Calvert)• Blogs were retrieved using

search strings such as "teens," "teen blogs," and "teenager," yielding 347 teen blogs. After reviewing each link, and removing inactive URLs or links to sites created by adults (including 18- and 19-year-olds), 184 blogs remained (males = 63, females = 121), which represents the final sample of active teenage blogs

Sampling method

• Because of the abundance of female blog results, the sample was separated by gender and a stratified random sampling method was employed to even the sample. The final sample consisted of a total of 70 weblogs, equally distributed across male and female authors

Disclosure of personal information

Use of emoticons

DOES AUTHOR REVEAL??

TOTAL (n=70) MALE (n=35) FEMALE (n=35)

First name 70% (49) 36% (25) 34% (24)

Full name 20% (14) 13% (9) 7% (5)

Age 67% (47) 37% (26) 30% (21)

Birth date 39% (27) 21% (15) 18% (12)

Location 59% (41) 34% (24) 25% (17)

Contact information

61% (43) 27% (19) 34% (24)

Email 44% (31) 19% (13) 25% (18)

Instant Messenger name

44% (31) 24% (16) 20% (14)

Home page URL 30% (21) 9% (6) 21% (15)

Disclosure of personal information by gender

Contingency table of sexual identity

 Mean Score

MALEMean Score

FEMALE

Certainty 42.44 40.33

Tenacity 32.31 31.65

Leveling 8.56 7.89

Collectivity 4.46 3.18

Insistence 43.90 37.57

Numerical Terms 32.99 33.09

Ambivalence 17.49 19.62

Self-reference 35.43 38.84

Variety 0.53 .55

Mean language scores for activity, aggression, and passivity

 Mean Score

MALEMean Score

FEMALE

Activity 51.04 50.06

Aggression 3.03 2.14

Accomplishment 5.14 4.60

Communication 8.83 9.38

Motion 4.94 3.67

Cognitive Terms 7.82 8.68

Passivity 3.96 3.83

Embellishment 43.90 37.57

Traditional language differences

• In other CMC contexts, studies have found that females use language that is polite, appreciative, and cooperative (Herring, 2000, 2001; Savicki, 1996)

• By contrast, males use language that is more confident (Arnold & Miller, 1999), more aggressive, and less concerned with politeness (Herring, 2000, 2001)

The role of identity• In previous work, identity has been

approached in terms of the relationships between the internal experience, such as personality and self-definition, and the external world, such as social relationships and shared values (Erikson, 1993; Freud, 1989; Jung, 1976; Lacan, 1986)

• The Internet has provided a new context for identity exploration, as the virtual world provides a venue to explore a complex set of relationships that is flexible and potentially anonymous

On the internet, everybody knows if you’re a dog! • While this study supports the social

interactionist perspective, in as much as language is being used to construct and reflect adolescent identity (Harter, 1998), multiple "public" faces were not the norm. Instead, our data suggest a tendency for adolescents to use language to create an anchor and a consistent public face as they engage in the very serious business of constructing a stable cohesive set of representations of who they are

Girlpower!

• Interestingly, the blogs created by young males and females are more alike than different. Perhaps the technical ease of use of blogs levels the differences between males and females, or perhaps this generation of Internet users is becoming more androgynous in its online communication and interaction

Blogs lige nu

• Mest populære blogs på Technorati

• Danske blogs– Urbanblog– Nyhedsavisen– DR– TV2– Computerworld

Shields, R. (2003). The virtual. London: Routledge. Turkle, S. (1984). The second self: computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN: 0671468480Turkle, S. (1996). Life on the screen: identity in the age of the Internet. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN: 0297815148