DIMACS/CCICADA Interdisciplinary Seminar Series, Spring 2012 Enhancing correctional efficiencies,...

DIMACS/CCICADA Interdisciplinary Seminar Series, Spring 2012

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes

James P. Wojtowicz, CCICADA/Rutgers University March 26, 2012


welcome & acknowledgements


‘Big Data’ Analytics: Theoretical Knowledge,Research & Methodologies

Practice:Complex OperationalResponsibilities/Issues/Problems

motivation



motivation

sophisticated approaches and techniqueschallenge of meeting mission responsibilities




motivation

advance science

address of real-world problems

potential mutual benefit



attempt to formulate a real-world question in the context of . . .

goal


objectives

provide a foundation of the mission (and other) components of practice

describe an issue in terms of practice and science

use correctional system as example

engage discussion and feedback from . . .


example taken from:

Preliminary Flow Analysis of the New Jersey State Correctional System(Partners: Fretz, Boros, Altiok &

Wojtowicz)

analysis of offender flow (intake to discharge)

process simulation - - resource (and mission) optimization


understanding the operational entity


general components

constituents

rules, regulations

mission

philosophies

definition


components of corrections

definition: loss of liberty

defines primary function



constituents rules, regulations (documentation)philosophies

incapacitation

punishment

restoration

rehabilitation

public

offenders

victims

taxpayers

families

regulations

laws

policies

guidelines

NJAC – 10A:

NJSA – Title 2C

P & P

Brimage – plea agree.

provide definitions, logic, constraints

stakeholders

insight: internal & external influences



defines entity priorities

mission

defines the outcomes, measures and objectives



correctional mission (dual)

Safety & Securityof custody, staff public and offender

Offender care & Rehabilitation



correctional mission (dual+)

safety & securityof custody, staff public and offender

offender care & rehabilitation

financial management(responsibility)

security vs. economics



correctional mission (dual+)

safety & securityof custody, staff public and offender

offender care & rehabilitation

financial management(responsibility)

criminal justice system mission

public safetyadministration of justiceenforcement of lawsreduction of crimemaintain basic rules of civil societysafeguard Constitutional rights

all these have to be considered



constituents

rules, regulations

mission

philosophies

system

definition


viewing corrections as a system


The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society: A report by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, US Government Printing Office, February 1967


corrections is a system

EXIT- volume- rates- feedback

ENTRY- volume- rates

FLOW-PROCESS- resources- capacities- utilization- bottlenecks- costs

ENTITIES- participants- attributes

time driven - - movement driven


system definitions & components


corrections system

intake - entry

identifiable rate - volume

CJ system

law enforcement- laws- priorities- prosecution

diversion programs- drug court

prevention

sentencing


corrections system

entities – offenders - characteristicsintake - entry


CJ system



substance involvement

risk factors (static and dynamic)

education

criminal history

demographic

prevention

sentencing

skills (employment)

behavior (inst. adjustment, program

participation, etc.

health

motivation

faith

Note: flow analysis proposal planned for ~51,000 entities for the period 1/1/07 to 12/31/10


corrections system

entities – offenders - characteristicsintake - entry


CJ system



substance involvement

risk factors (static and dynamic)

education

criminal history

demographic

prevention

sentencing

skills (employment)

behavior (inst. adjustment, program

participation, etc.

health

motivation

faith

release - exit


types

diversion programs- ISP- alternatives-early release

parole

Parole Max Death EscapeWalkaway ISPPardon CourtMedical Interstate

process


corrections system

flow-process

resources

approximately 150 bed locations/types

housing

locations- county jails- reception- prison complex- community corrections

types- male vs. female- youth vs. adult- specific purpose- community corrections: assessment centers, work release, substance abuse, treatment, special needs

security levels- close- max- med-gang min- full min- community corrections

Source: NJAC 10A:9


corrections system

flow-process

resources housing capacity - utilization

unknown


housing capacities & utilization (?) reported population

Limited information on varying bed types

TOTAL INMATES 23,810

PRISON COMPLEX 16,867 YOUTH COMPLEX 3,893ADTC 713 GARDEN STATE TOTAL 1,801Bayside – 1,177 MOUNTAINVIEW

TOTAL1,054

Bayside – Farm 693 Wagner – 609Bayside – Ancora 317 Wagner – Ad Seg 290BAYSIDE TOTAL 2,187 Wagner – Minimum Units 139CRAF – Jones Farm 278 WAGNER TOTAL 1,038CRAF – Reception 639 OTHER FACILITIES 3,050CRAF TOTAL 917 Central Medical Unit 8East Jersey – 1,364 178– Camp 113 Halfway Houses 2,864TOTAL 1,477EDNA MAHAN TOTAL 747MIDSTATE TOTAL 690NJ State Prison – Ad Seg Female

27

NJ State Prison – 1,922NJ STATE PRISON TOTAL 1,949Northern State – 1,918Northern State – Ad Seg Male 556NORTHERN STATE TOTAL

2,474

SOUTHERN STATE TOTAL 2,337SOUTH WOODS TOTAL 3,376

TOTAL INMATES IN NEW JERSEY STATE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND SATELITE UNITS

Source: OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS REPORT ON JANUARY 3, 2012 (www.state.nj.us/corrections/pages/offender_stats.html)


corrections system

flow-process

resources programming

locations- reception- prison complex- community corrections

types- educational- vocational- drug treatment- drug education- job readiness- reentry- parenting- demonstrations- victim based- community corrections: assessment centers, work release, substance abuse, treatment, special needs

security levels- close- max- med-gang min- full min- community corrections

settings- institutional- residential- classroom- integration capacities and utilization:

some known - - some unknown Source(s): www.state.nj.us/corrections &

www.nj.gov/transparency/performance/corrections/


challenges of a correctional programming

fidelity

setting

motivation

philosophies

Priorities (time vs. movement)


corrections system

flow-process

process assessments

types- med./psych.- addiction- education- risk- others . . .

locations- reception- prison

complex- community

corrections

frequency- not at all- multiple times- voluntary


corrections system

flow-process

process classification

- objective classification system: OCS (risk of inst. infraction – research based)

- scoring system (neg. – 0 – positive)

- static and dynamic factors

- set cut points – security levelsa OCS = maxb OCS < a = medOCS < b = minb < a

- initial, periodic and cause (offenders will have many score values over time)

- dynamic: score can lower, score can raise

- score overrides: no security level progression despite appropriate score or security level

progression without appropriate score


corrections systemflow-process

process time

- with certain exceptions (mandatory minimums), an offenders’ time in the system is dynamic

- distribution of time in the system over all participants

- time credits to reduce the maximum sentence term (behavior, job, custody status)

- parole eligibility formula

- parole decision

- infractions and penalties

- programs have set durations or ranges

- assessment completion time

- time criteria for program participation

- time restrictions on custody status movements

- time restrictions on community corrections participation


corrections system

flow-process

process motion

offenders travel from intake to release


corrections system

flow-process - measures

process-measures costs

COST POPULATION

recent cost figure: $49,000/year/offender (Gov. Christie: AP – 2/27/12)

Source: state.nj.us/governor


corrections system



housingrelated to the level of security - supervision (see

NJAC 10A:9): assume - - close max med gang min full min ( community*)

programming

medical

operational

transportation

administrative

other

assessments

housing state offenders in county jails is expensive (bottleneck)


corrections system



COST POPULATION

POPULATION MANAGEMENT


corrections system



POPULATION MANAGEMENT

CORRECTIONS

Pre-incarceration Post-confinement


corrections system


process-measures costsPOPULATION MANAGEMENT

CORRECTIONS

Pre-incarceration Post-confinement

Diversionary programsSentencing reformDrug CourtPrevention strategiesLaw Enforcement Priorities

Diversionary programsIntensive Supervision Program(ISP)Early ReleaseAlternatives to IncarcerationParole release


corrections system



COST TRAJECTORY

offender

higher cost

lower cost

CORRECTIONS

.

.


trajectories impact costs


corrections system


process-measures outcomes

recidivismre-arrest, reconviction, re-incarceration

employment

health

stability

housing

behavior – institutional adjustment

recovery

community, familyinternal and/or external


corrections system


process-measures outcomes

PROGRAMMING OUTCOME


PROGRAMMING OUTCOME

James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88


PROGRAMMING OUTCOME


addiction is complex


The five year re-arrest alternative presentation


Offender Drug Assessment

Treatment Need (57%)

No Treatment Need (43%)

Treatment Placed (x%)

No Treatment (x%)

Complete + A-care (x%)

Complete(x%)

Dropout (x%)

Success: 48%

Success: 42%

Success: 28%

Success: 23%

Success: (?)%

Fail: 52%

Fail: 58%

Fail: 72%

Fail: 77%

Fail: (?)%


The five year re-arrest alternative presentation


Offender Drug Assessment

Treatment Need (57%)

No Treatment Need (43%)

Treatment Placed (x%)

No Treatment (x%)

Complete + A-care (x%)

Complete(x%)

Dropout (x%)

Success: 48%

Success: 42%

Success: 28%

Success: 23%

Success: (?)%

Fail: 52%

Fail: 58%

Fail: 72%

Fail: 77%

Fail: (?)%

QUESTION: false positives false negatives

QUESTION: voluntary vs. coerced

QUESTION: fidelity in treatment

QUESTION: completion rate 100%


trajectories impact outcomes


challenges of a correctional flow analysis

data

human subjects research

human behavior

dynamic

funding


formulate the question


QUESTION: how do we

MINIMIZE COSTS

IDENTIFY & MAXIMIZE TRAJECTORIES W/COST BENEFITS (financial)

ENSURE SAFETY & SECURITY (internal)

IDENTIFY & MAXIMIZE TRAJECTORIES W/SUCCESS INDICATORS (rehabilitation)

ENSURE PUBLIC SAFETY (CJ mission)

within the correctional system as defined

(resources, processes, flow, costs, time, motion, attributes)?

. . . and satisfy

constituents and internal/external influences


discussion

Q & A


thank you

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DIMACS/CCICADA Interdisciplinary Seminar Series, Spring 2012 Enhancing correctional efficiencies,...

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