Date post: | 20-Jun-2015 |
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Health & Medicine |
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M.Prasad NaiduMSc Medical Biochemistry,
Ph.D.Research Scholar
1. Hyperthyroidism 2. Thyroid Adenoma 3. Grave’s disease
Causes: Due to the presence of TSH like substances –
proved by RIA studies The conc of TSH was found to be 0/less in plasma of
Hyperthyroidism patients The TSH like substances are Abs which bind with
same membrane receptors of TSH These substances activate c-AMP system ↑T4 These Abs act for long time (12hrs) (TSH-1hr) The ↑ of high T4 caused by Abs suppresses TSH
production Usually these Abs are developed b/cos
autoimmunity
Some times – localised tumor develops in Thyroid tissue called Thyroidadenoma
TA secretes large quantities of T4&T3 It is not associated with autoimmunity As far as this adenoma remains active, the
other parts of Thyroid gland will not secrete the hormone.
This is b/cos the hormone from Adenoma ↓ depresses the production of TSH
Autoimmune disease Normally TSH combines with surface
receptors of thyroid cells syn of T4 But in GD , the TSH autoAbs (B-TSAB)
produced by B-lymphocytes (Plasma cells) activate the TSH-receptors & ↑ secretion of T4
Intolerance to heat ( due to ↑ BMR) ↑ sweating ( due to vasodialation) ↓ body wt ( Fat metabolism) ↑ motility of GIT diarrhoea Muscular weakness ↑protein catabolism Nervousness, extreme fatigue, inability to sleep, mild
tremor in the hands, psychoneurotic symptoms such as extreme anxiety/worry (stimulation of CNS)
Enlargement of Thyroid gland i.e, Toxic goiter Exophthalmos: Autoimmune some degree of protrusion of eye balls – if severe blindness
develops due to i)protrusion of eye ball stretches the optic nerve Ii) eye lids cannot be closed dry infection
↓ secretion of Thyroid hormones Autoimmune disease which causes
destruction of Gland In most patients it starts as the glandular
inflammation called – Thyroiditis Thyroiditis fibrosis of the gland Hypothyroiditis Myxedema (adults)
Cretinism (Children)
Due to hypothyroidism in adults Causes: occurs in severe conditions –
complete lack of thyroid hormones Signs & symptoms: Swelling of the face Bagginess under the eyes Non-pitting type of edema:- when pressed
it does not make pits and the edema is hard (accumulation of Pro+cho.SO4 which form hard tissue with ↑ accumulation of fluid)
Atherosclerosis: ↑ cholesterol – blood ↑ bp
Other general symptoms: Fatigue & muscular sluggishness Extreme somnolence ( 14-16 hrs/day) Menorrhagia & polymenorrhea ↓ Cordiovascular functions such as ↓heart rate,
↓ force of contraction of heart ↓ crodiac out put , ↓ blood volume
↑Body wt Constipation Mental sluggishness ↓ hair growth Scaliness of the skin Frog like husky voice
Children Causes: congenital absence of thyroid gland
(genetic disorder or lack of I2 in diet) Features: The newborn baby may appear normal at birth
(due to supply of T4 from mother) But after few weeks – starts developing sluggish
movements croacking sound while crying mentally retarded
Skeletal growth is more affected than soft tissues Tongue becomes so big – affects swallowing &
breathing Stunted growth
CRETINISMCRETINISM DWARFISMDWARFISM
Mental retardationMental retardation Development of Development of Nervous system is Nervous system is normalnormal
Diff parts of the body Diff parts of the body are disaapropriateare disaapropriate
ProportionateProportionate
Reproduction system Reproduction system is affectedis affected
normalnormal
Enlargement of thyroid gland Occurs both in hypothyroidism &
Hyperthyroidism Goiter in Hyperthyroidism Toxic Goiter Due to tumor of the gland – Size ↑ - ↑
number of hormones secreting cells ↑ hormone level – Toxic Goiter
Goiter in hypothyroidism –non toxic Goiter Only enlargement of gland – hormone
secretion is ↓
Based on the cause, Non-toxic Goiter is of 2 types i) Endemic Colloid Goiter:- Due to lack of I2 – I2 intake <50µg/day Therefore no formation of hormones By feed back mechanism, hypothalamus and anterior
pituitary are stimulated This ↑ secretion of TRH and TSH secretion of TGb
Follicles As there are no hormones to be cleaved, ↑ accumulation in
the follicles Therefore ↑ size of the gland In Swiss, Alps, Andes, Great region of US and in India –
Kashmir Valley Soil does not I2↓ Therefore Food stuffs lack I2 – very common before the
introduction of iodized salts
Enlargement of Thyroid gland occurs even without I2 deficiency
Exact cause not known These patients are first affected by
Thyroiditis which reduce synthesis of Thyroid hormones
Therefore secretion of TSH ↑ ↑ Size of the gland In some persons the abnormal enzyme
system leads to Goiter(due to deficiency of enzymes like peroxidase, iodinase and deiodinase which are required synthesis of T3&T4)
Goitrogenic Substances: ( Goitrogens) Eg: Goitrin Contains antithyroid substances like
propylthiouracil Therefore TSH secretion ↑ enlargement of
Thyroid gland Goitrogens in turnips, cabbage,
soyabeans The goitrogens become active only during
low I2 intake
Treatment for Hyperthyroidism:- 1. Surgical removal: Thyroidectomy 2. Antithyroid substances: Thiocyanate,
thiourylenes, high conc of inorganic iodides Treatment of hypothyroidism: Only treatment is administration of Thyroid
extract/ ingestion of pure thyroxine ( tablet)
Drugs which supress the secretion of T3&T4 1. Thiocyanate: the same active pump
which transports I- into Thyroid cells, transports thiocyanate also
So thiocyanate competitively inhibits I2 transport
I2 transport is inhibited ↓ synthesis of Thyroxine
Thiourea related substances Eg: Propylthiouracil and methimazole prevent the
formation of T4 from iodides and Tyr This is achieved by blocking peroxidase activity
and partly by blocking coupling of MIT & DIT During the use of these two antithyroid agents
even though the synthesis of Thyroid hormone is inhibited , the formation of TGb is not stopped
The deficiency of the hor ↑ TSH secretion ↑ Size Thyroid gland with more secretion of TGb
TGb accumation in gland enlargement non-toxic G
All phases of Thy.activity ↓ ↓ release of Thyroxine ↓ Size ↓ blood supply Therefore iodides are frequently
administrated to hyperthyroid patients
The most accurate diagnostic test is Direct measurement of conc of Free thyroid hormones in the plasma (T3&T4)
Measurement of BMR:- In Hyperthyroidism, ↑ 30-60% In hypothyroidism, ↓ 20-40% The measurement of TRH and TSH:- In Hyperthyroidism total absence of TRH
& TSH (due to –ve feed back mechanism by the ↑level of Thyroid hormones)