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Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Dioxins in Candidate Countries2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava 2./3. February 2004
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Dioxins in Candidate Countries:
Emission measurement program
Ulrich Quass Airborne Particle Group
IUTA e.V. , Germany
Airborne Particles/Air Quality
Development of measurement methods
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Airborne Particles/Air Quality
Development of measurement methods
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Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Outline
Objectives
Procedure
Responses to query
First campaign
Second campaign
Further options
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Objectives
Support emission inventory by•providing better emission estimates for relevant facilities•Identification of unknown hot-spots•Check of emission factors used in inventory
Support capacity building process in CCs by•comitting measaurement tasks to local laboratories•supervision of sampling executed by recently formed local groups
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Procedure
Query to national expertsrequest for proposals of facilitiesrequest for information on laboratories
Selection of facilities from proposals
Selection of appropriate companies/laboratories to be asked for offers
Call for tenders
Commision of measurements
Selection of best offer
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
County Sampling Analysis
Czech Republic 1 (experienced) 1 (experienced)
Poland 3 (experienced) 3 (no HRMS)
Slovakia 3 ( 1 experienced) 1 (experienced)
Turkey 1 (unexperienced) 1 (unexperienced)
Latvia 1 (unexperienced) No
Cyprus 1 (unexperienced) No
Lithuania 1 (unexperienced) No
Responses to query (1)
Measurement Capabilities
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Responses to query (1)
Facility Proposals: 10 of 13 countries responded
no response from:
Hungary, Romania, Slovenia
Number of proposals:
Bg Cy Cz Est Lit Lv M Pl Sk Tr
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 8 3 2
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Sector Type Number Country
Energy prod. Power plant lignite,
2 Bg, Sk
heavy oil 2 M, Cy
unknown 1 Lit
Steel industry Pig iron tipping 1 Cz
Scrap smelter 1 Lv
Sintering 2 Pl, Sk
EAF & ladle furnace
1 Pl
Cupola furnace 1 Pl
Responses to query (2)
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Sector Type Number Country
Non-ferrous metals
Al 3 Pl, Tr
Zn 5 Pl, Tr
Other 4 Pl
Earth & Stones Cement, dry 1 Cy
Cement, wet 2 Est, Lit (?)
Other Shale oil prod. 1 Est
Bark combustion 1 Sk
Responses to query (3)
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Iron ore Sintering in CCs
(activity rates in TNO database)
Already measured
Scheduled for2nd campaign
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Results of 1. Campaign (1)
Iron ore sintering at Cracow, Pl:
Concentration
[ng I-TEQ/m³]
Annual emission
[g I-TEQ/year]
Emission factor
[µg I-TEQ/t]
0.36 0.5 0.4
~ 4 (previous Measurements)
Range of EFs measured in Czech Republic: 3.8 – 20.5 µg I-TEQ/tUNEP Tool kit EF: 0.3 - 20 µg I-TEQ/t
Using Tool kit EFs: overestimation?
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Results of 1. Campaign (2)
Processing of zinc containing meterials, Pl:
Process Concentration
[ng I-TEQ/m³]
Annual emission
[g I-TEQ/year]
Emission factor
[µg I-TEQ/t]
Electrolytic melting
0.02 0.003 0.04
Zn recovery 3.66 1.1 130
ZnO sintering 7.29 0.47 111
UNEP Tool kit EFs: 0.3 - 100 µg I-TEQ/t
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Bg CZ PL Ro Sk
tons/year
Secondary zinc production (activity data from TNO database)
Results of 1. Campaign (3)
Turkey?
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Results of 1. Campaign (4)
Kunda cement factory, Estonia:
Concentration
[ng I-TEQ/m³]
Annual emission
[g I-TEQ/year]
Emission factor
[µg I-TEQ/t]
0.018 0,04 0,07
UNEP Tool kit EFs: 0.15 - 5 µg I-TEQ/t
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Second Campaign
Selected sources:
• iron ore sintering, Sk
• Bark combustion, Sk
• Sec. Aluminium production, Tr
• Power plant, lignite, Bg
• Steel works, Latvia
Potentially relevant source
Potentially relevantfirst measurement in Tr,
State of biofuel combustion
Typical facility for CCs(?)
Relevant for Lv(?), scrap from Russia
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Options for 2nd project year (1)
• A: 3rd measurement campaign
• B: Training study for „Newcomer“ laboratories
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
0.007 ?
0.037 !
3rd measurement campaign?
Country source typeestimated PCDD/F
emission[g I-TEQ/year]
Cement plant (dry type), 2 kilns 0,07
Power station, Heavy fuel oil (2 units 130 MW) 0,03
Steel works; Pig iron tipping 18,70
Power Plant; heavy fuel oil; 4 stacks 37,30Gas furnace for Al waste 3,00bronze prod; rotary converter 0,24Induction furnace for Al waste 2,00
Brass prod; Induction furnaces; ingot casting 0,63Recycling of (painted) Al tins not est.
Brass prod; Induction furnaces; ingot casting 0,50Roasting of Blende not est.Steel/Steel alloy prod; EAF & Ladle Furnace 0,06Cast iron melting (2 cupolas, 1 EAF) 0,0003
iron ore sinteringpower plant, domestic lignite 0,80
Zn oxide prod from galvanising ashes 0,10Zn oxide prod from galvanising ashes 0,10Cement plant ??power plant (?) ??
Lithuania
Turkey
Malta
Poland
Slovakia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
3rd measurement campaign?
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Training for New Labs?
„New“ sampling teams founded in•Estonia•Latvia•Lithuania•Cyprus•Turkey (also analysis)
„Experienced teams available from•Czech Republic•Poland•Slovakia
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Draft outline of an intercomparison study:
2 samplings simultaneously (1 as reference, 1 to test)
Each team 3 samples and 1 blank
Overall samples: {6 (ref) + 7 (test)} * 3 = 39Overall blanks: {6 (ref) + 7 (test)} * 1 = 13
52 analyses
Analyses to be done by one laboratory, some samples split for cross-checks
~ 60 analyses
Campaign duration: ca. 3 weeks, 1 team all days, other each 3-4 days
~ 60 pers.-days
Overall cost estimate: ~ 70,000 – 80,000 €
Training for New Labs?
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Training for New Labs?
Open questions:
•Suitable plant (2 ports, PCDD/F level ~ 1 ng I-TEQ/m³)
•Selection of reference sampling team
•Selection of central laboratory
•Local campaign organisation
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Conclusion
Measurements made so far
•Surprisingly low emissions from sinter plant•Expectable emissions from sec. zinc production (Pl) and cement plant (Est)
Measurements scheduled for 2nd campaign
•2nd Sinter plant, biofuel(bark) combustion (Sk)•Sec. Al production, Power plant (Tr, Bg; co-operation)•Steel works scrap prcessing (Lv, co-operation)
Options for continuation
•3rd campaign (further relevant sources?)•Field intercomparison ( capacity building)
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
Airborne ParticlesImmission Protection
Development of measurement methods
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Dioxins in CCs, 2nd Project Workshop, Bratislava Feb. 2./3. 2004
