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˘RÙPdLdLpÆ B£¨Vl ThPVd LpÆDIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.

T⁄Ym ˛ 2

RÙs 210NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Lt\¤m Lt©jR¤m

˙LW[ AW—˘TÙ’d LpÆj’˚\

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ˙LW[m2019

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State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala

Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.comPhone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869

Typesetting and Layout : SCERT

©Department of EducationGovernment of Kerala

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4

Es[PdLm

T⁄Ym ˛ 2

RÙs˛210 NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Lt\¤m Lt©jR¤m

AXœ 1 - ˛ NÍL A±ÆVp ̨ ̆ TÙ⁄s ̨ ÿd°Vj’Ym

AXœ 2 ˛ Lt©jRp EjßLfim T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\Ÿm

AXœ 3 ˛ NÍL A±ÆVp Es[PdLl TœlTÙn‹

AXœ 4 ˛ NÍL A±ÆV¤m ˘RÙØp ÷hTÿm

5

NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Lt\¤m Lt©jR¤m

˘UÙjR ˙SWm: 75 U¶d·o

˘UÙjR Ußl˘TiLs: 10

ÿL‹˚W

NÍL A±ÆVp ̨ Lt\¤m Lt©jR¤m Gu‡m RÙs •.Gp.Gh LpÆj

ßhPjßp CWi”m SÙuœm RÙsL∞p EhT”jRlTh”s[].

BWmTl Ts∞d LpÆ´u TÙLUÙLf NÍL A±ÆVp

TÙPjßhPeLs T¨UÙt\m ̆ NnYRtœs[ A•lT˚Pd L⁄j’dLfim

ß\uLfim ˘Ttfld˘LÙsY˙RÙ”, Lt©jRp ß\uLfim B£¨V

UÙQYoL∞p E⁄YÙL ˙Yi”m Gu\ ˙SÙdœPu CkRl TÙPm

T•dL˙Yi”m. CWiPÙm T⁄Yjßp ˘UÙjRm SÙuœ AXœL[ÙLf

NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßu ˘TÙ⁄s, ÿd°Vj’Ym, TWYp, Lt©jRp

ÿ˚\Ls, L⁄j’lT¨UÙt\eLs, TÙPjßhP TœlTÙn‹, RLYp

˘RÙØp÷hTj˚Rl TVuT”j’Rp ˙TÙu\ ’˚\L∞p

LXk’˚WVÙPp ˘NnVlT”°\’. T⁄Ym SÙu°¤m, SÙuœ AXœLs

Es[]. CRuÍXm NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßhPm L⁄j’dLfiPu

˘RÙPo◊˚PV LpÆf ˘NVpTÙh•u ßhP™Pp, Ußl©Pp,

BWÙnf£f ˘NVpTÙ”Ls, Ts∞ A‡TYf ˘NVpTÙ” ˙TÙu\

’˚\L∞p LXk’˚WVÙPp SPd°\’.

CWiPÙm T⁄Ym ®˚\‹˘TflY’Pu U≤R YÙrd˚LŸPu

˘RÙPo◊˚PV CPm, LÙXm, ®Lrf£Ls, AßLÙW A˚Ul◊,

®flY]eLs CVt˚L ®Lr‹Ls, NÍL ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWj ˘RÙPo◊Ls

˙TÙu\˚YL˚[ ÆUoN]d Li˙QÙhPj’Pu Ußl©P‹m. NÍL

®˚XL˚[ A˚PVÙ[m Li” N¨VÙ] æoUÙ]eLs G”lTRtLÙ]

ß\u ̆ T\‹m˙Yi”m. Aj’Pu Ik’, Bfl, H›, Gh” Yœl◊L∞p

NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPl TœßL˚[l T¨UÙt\m ˘NnYRtLÙ]

A•lT˚Pd L⁄j’dLfim ˘T\˙Yi”m. ARt˙Lt\ Es[PdLm

CWiPÙm T⁄Yjßp EhT”jRlTh”s[’. Ju\Ùm T⁄Yjßp Lt\

—tfll◊\jßu ˘RÙPof£Ÿm Y[of£Ÿm CeœdLÙQXÙm.

6

AXœ˛1

NÍL A±ÆVp ˘TÙ⁄s,

ÿd°Vj’Ym, TWYp

AXœ ˛ 2

NÍL A±ÆVp

Lt©jRp EjßLfim

T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\Ÿm

AXœ ˛ 3

NÍL A±ÆVp

TÙPjßhPl TœlTÙn‹

AXœ ˛ 4

NÍL A±ÆVp

LpÆŸm RLYp ˘RÙØp

÷hTÿm

ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeLs

AXœ ˛ 1: NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ ˘TÙ⁄s, ÿd°Vj’Ym, TWYp.

$ Y˚WV˚\, Lt\p ˙SÙdLm, TÙPjßu Ru˚U.

$ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp ©¨‹Lfim AYt±t°˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo◊m ˛ YWXÙfl,

◊Æ´Vp, ˘TÙ⁄∞Vp AW£Vp A±ÆVp, NÍLÆVp.

$ BWmTdLpÆlTÙP HtTÙh•p CYt±u ÿd°Vj’Ym EhT”jRp.

AXœ ˛ 2. NÍL A±ÆVp , ˛ Lt©jRp EjßLfim, T¨UÙt\ A‘œ ÿ˚\Lfim.

$ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p GRtœ? GlT•?

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

$ NÍL A±ÆV≠u, Y˚WV˚\, ˘TÙ⁄s, TWYp, Ti◊,

ÿd°Vj’Ym, CXh£Vm ˙TÙu\˚YL˚[ A±k’

ERÙWQj’Pu Æ[dœRp.

$ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp ©¨‹L∞u A±˚Yl

TVuT”jß, NÍLl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRp.

$ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠u, ÿd°Vj’Ym Lt©jRp

ÿ˚\ B°VYt˚\ Æ[dœRp.

$ UÙQYo, Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\, B£¨Vo B°˙VÙ⁄dœ

NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠¤s[ Te°˚] Æ[dœRp.

$ NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP HtTÙh”l T¨UÙt\

A‘œÿ˚\˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙi” Tp˙Yfl Lt©jRp

EjßL˚[ Yœl©p TVuT”j’Rp.

$ TÙPl TœlTÙnÆu ÍXm TÙPjßhPjßp (5, 6, 7, 8

Yœl◊Ls) Tp˙Yfl LÙW¶L˚[ A±k’ Th•V≠”Rp.

Es[PdL A±Æ˚]l ˘Tfl°\ÙoLs.

$ TÙPjßhP T¨UÙt\m TV‡s[RÙdœYßp RLYp

˘RÙØp÷hTjßu ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd Li”©•j’l

Tß‹ ˘NnRp.

$ TÙPjßhP T¨UÙt\jßp RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTjßu

YÙnl◊Ls, „r®˚XLs B°VYt˚\d Li”©•j’l

TVuT”j ’YRtLÙ] A±˚Yl ˘TflRp.

7

$ UÙQYu

$ Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\

$ Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls ˛ EjßLs ˛ Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”.

$ B£¨V¨u Teœ.

$ NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\

˛ œZk˚R ˚UVm

˛ ˘NVpYØd LpÆ

˛ —tflf„Zp ˘RÙPo◊˚PV’.

˛ ©Wf£˚]L˚[ EhT”jßV˚Y

˛ ˙RPp NÙokR’.

˛ A±YÙdLjßtœ EhThP’.

˛ ÆUoN] A±˚Y Y[Wf ˘NnY’.

AXœ ˛ 3. NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP HtTÙh”l TœlTÙn‹

$ 5, 6, 7, 8 Yœl◊L∞p NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP HtTÙ”

$ Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u ˘RÙPof£Ÿm Y[of£Ÿm.

$ ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeLs, L⁄j’dLs, ·tflLs.

$ Ußl◊Ls, ß\uLs, U]lTÙeœLs

$ Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˛ EjßLs

$ Lt\p LڮLs.

$ EtTjßl ˘TÙ⁄hLs.

AXœ ˛ 4. NÍL A±ÆV¤m RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTÿm

$ NÍL A±ÆV≠p RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTjßu ÿd°Vj’Ym

$ T¨UÙt\jßp TVuT”jRd·•V ˘RÙØp÷hTeLs, L⁄ÆLs.

$ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄hLs.

$ ˘Yl ˙TÙohP¤Ls, Y˚XjR[eLs.

$ ◊˙[ÙdœLs.

$ ˘Y∞¬”L˚[j RVÙo ˘NnYRtLÙ] „r®˚XLs.

$ ™u ˛ Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls.

$ ..................................................

8

AXœ ˛ 1

NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ ˘TÙ⁄s, ÿd°Vj’Ym, TWYp

ÿu‡˚W

U≤R≤u NÍL YÙrd˚L˚Vd ˚LVÙ[‹m AYt±u LpÆdœ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\˚Vl

TVuT”jR‹m ER‹°u\ LpÆ ÿ˚\˙V NÍL A±ÆVp. NÍL Y[of£´p RÙdLm

˘N¤j’m ®Lrf£Ls, L⁄j’dLs, Æ˚[‹Ls, ®flY]eLs B°VYt˚\d œ±j’s[

Jufld˘LÙufl ˘RÙPo◊˚PV’m U≤R˚] ˚UVlT”jßV’UÙ] LpÆ˙V NÍL A±ÆVp.

U≤R ˘RÙPo◊Ls, NÍL U]®˚XLs, Ußl◊Ls GuT˚YL˚[l Tt±Ÿs[ Li˙QÙhPm

UÙQYoL∞p Y[odL˙Yi”m. R≤SToLfidœ C˚P´¤m, R≤ST⁄dœm NÍLjßtœm

C˚P´¤m, NÍLjßtœm CVt˚Ldœm C˚P˙VŸm Es[ ˘RÙPo◊L˚[d œ±j’s[

Bn‹m TœlTÙn‹m S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m.

NÍLjßu T¨QÙU Y[of£˚Vd LiP±k’ NÍL UÙt\jßtdLÙLf ˘NVpT”YRtœj

˙R˚YVÙ] ß\uL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[ojRp, NÍL EQo‹P‡m UÙ≤P _]SÙVLd

˘LÙs˚L˚Vd L˚P©•j’f ˘NVpT”YRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] J⁄ YÙrd˚Ld LXÙfNÙWj˚R

Y[ojRp GuT˚Y NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ ÍXm S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m. J⁄ ÿd°V Ts∞l

TÙPm Gu\ ®˚X´p NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ÿd°Vj’Yÿm A’˙YRÙu. NÍL

A±ÆV≠u Y˚WV˚\, ˘TÙ⁄s, Ti◊Ls, TWYp, ˙SÙdLm B°V˚YŸm NÍL A±ÆVp

TÙPeLfid °˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo◊Lfim CkR AX°p LXk’˚WVÙPlT”°\’.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

1. NÍL A±ÆV≠u Y˚WV˚\, ˘TÙ⁄s, TWYp, œQm, ˙SÙdLm ˙TÙu\˚YL˚[l

©¨jR±k’ ERÙWQj’Pu Æ[dœRp.

2. Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp ©¨‹L∞p A±˚Yl TVuT”jß NÍLl TœlTÙn‹

SPjRlT”°\’.

ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeLs

$ NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Y˚WV˚\

˛ ˘TÙ⁄s

˛ TWYp

˛ œQm

˛ ˙SÙdLm

$ BWmTl Ts∞L∞p NÍL TœlTÙn‹dœl TVuT”j’°u\ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp

°˚[Ls.

˛ YWXÙfl

˛ ◊Æ´Vp

˛ ˘TÙ⁄∞Vp

˛ AW£Vp A±ÆVp

˛ NÍLÆVp

9

1.1 NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Y˚WV˚\

BWmTLÙXeL∞p NÍL TÙPUÙL˙Y NÍL A±ÆV˚X EhT”jß´⁄kR]o. Cufl NÍL

TÙPjßu ©¨‹Ls Y[of£ A˚PkR’Pu Es[PdLjߤm Lt\p ÿ˚\´Xm A±ÆVp

ÿ˚\L˚[d ˚LVÙ[‹m ˘NnVj ˘RÙPe°V’Pu AR˚]f NÍL A±ÆVXÙL

Htfld˘LÙiP]o. SU’ TÙP HtTÙ”m TÙPl◊jRLeLfim NÍL A±ÆVXÙL˙Y ˚YdLl

Th”s[]. NÍL A±ÆV≠u £X Y˚WV˚\L˚[l T¨˙NÙR˚] ˘NnVXÙm.

U≤R˚]Ÿm AY]’ NÍLÿm ˘T¸æLm NÙokR’UÙ] „ZpL∞p AYu ˘Nn°u\

D”TÙ”L˚[Ÿm Tt± G”j’˚Wd°u\ NÍLÆVp U≤R E\‹Ls, œ•UL‡Qo‹, T´t£

˙TÙu\Yt˚\ ˚UVlT”j’m L⁄jRÙœm.

˛ ˚Ud˙L≠v

“U≤R ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u LpÆ˙V NÍL A±ÆVp.” ˛ NÙoXv ˙To”

“U≤Ru ˘RÙPoTÙ] RLYpLs APe°V A±ÆVp £kR˚]L∞u ˘NpY˙U NÍL

A±ÆVp”

˛ ˙_mv ˚a (James High)

©WTgNm NÙokR’m E´¨Vp NÙokR’m, E[ÆVp NÙokR’UÙ] Bt\pL∞u TX]ÙL J⁄

T¨QÙUf ˘NV¤dœ EhTh•⁄dœm U≤R NÍLjßu ˙RÙt\m Y[of£, A˚Ul◊

B°VYt˚\d œ±jR LpÆ˙V NÍL A±ÆVp Bœm.

˛ ˙TWÙ£¨Vo. ©WÙg°≠u ©¨•m°v.

“U≤R œXj˚Rd œ±j’s[ A±‹lÈoYUÙ]’m ÿ˚\VÙ]’UÙ] LpÆ˙V NÍL

A±ÆVp. U≤R œXjßu ˙RÙt\m, Y[of£, ®flY]eLs, E\‹Ls B°VYt˚\d œ±j’m

NÍL YÙrÆtœhThP L⁄j’dL˚[d œ±j’m Bn‹ ˘Nn°u\ LpÆj ’˚\˙V NÍL

A±ÆVp.”

˛ GuLÙohP, Gu˚Nd˙[Ù¿•VÙ˛2005.

NÍL A±ÆVp ˘RÙPoTÙL ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ Y˚WV˚\L˚[ ƨYÙLl

T¨˙NÙßdL‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y˚WV˚\´‡˚PV‹m ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeL˚[d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi”

NÍL A±ÆV¤dœ øeL˙[ J⁄ Y˚WV˚\˚Vj RVÙo ˘NnŸeLs.

1.2 NÍL A±ÆV≠u ˘TÙ⁄fim œQÿm

1.2.1 NÍL A±ÆV≠u ®˚XLs

NÍLj߇˚PV Y[of£˚VŸm T¨QÙU ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm œQeL˚[Ÿm A˚PVÙ[m Li”

NÍLj˚Rf œ›YÙL YØSPj’m ÿVt£´p ReLfi˚PV Te˚L A±k’ ˘NVpT”YRtœf

NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ ERÆ ˘Nn°\’. R≤U≤R‡m NÍLUÙL‹s[ ˘RÙPo◊Ls

Y≠˚UV˚Pk’ NÍLj ˘RÙPo◊L∞≠⁄k’ R≤STo Y[of£ S˚P˘T\˙Yi”UÙ´u NÍL

E\‹L˚[l Tt± R≤ST⁄dœf N¨VÙ] Li˙QÙhPm C⁄dL˙Yi”m. R≤SToL∞u

D”TÙh•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[f NÍLjßp C⁄k’ ˘Ttfld˘LÙi” NÍLl

©Wf£˚]L∞p £\kR ÿ˚\´p D”T”YRtœm A˚]Y⁄dœm CVX˙Yi”m. —⁄dLUÙLf

˘NÙu]Ùp C’˙Y NÍL A±ÆVp.

10

$ U≤R≤u NÍL YÙrd˚L˚Vd ˚LVÙsY’m AR‡˚PV LpÆdœ A±ÆVp

ÿ˚\˚Vl TVuT”jR‹m ˘NnRp.

$ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL∞u L⁄j’dL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’ ˘Y∞´”°\

J⁄ £\l◊l TÙPl©¨YÙœm.

$ U≤RY[ Ußl◊Ls, AW£VX˚Ul◊ Ußl◊Ls, ÿt˙TÙdœf £kR˚] ˘RÙPoTÙ]

NÍL EQo‹Ls, ˙TÙu\Yt±tœ EhThP Li˙QÙhPj˚R œZk˚RL∞Pm

Y[Wf˘NnYRtœ ERÆ ˘Nn°\ Lt\p ˘TÙ⁄[Ùœm.

$ ®˚XVÙ] Y[of£d Li˙QÙhPm CVt˚Lf ˘NpYeL˚[l TÙ’LÙjRp, _]SÙVL

EQo‹, ˘TÙfl˚U Tp˙Yfl LXÙfNÙWj˙RÙ”m, YÙrd˚Lÿ˚\L˙[Ù”ÿs[ BRW‹

ÿR≠V UiPXeLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊s[ Ußl◊Lfim, U]®˚XLfiÿs[ œ•UL˚]

E⁄YÙdL ERÆ ˘Nn°\ TÙPl©¨‹.

$ U≤R‡dœm U≤R‡dœm, U≤R‡dœm CVt˚Ldœm, U≤R‡dœm

NÍLjßtœ™˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo˚Td LiP±Rp.

$ NÍLUÙdLp Æ˚]˚Vf ˘NnV ERÆ˘Nn°\’.

$ U≤R NÍLjßu ®˚X˚V Ußl¿” ˘Nn°\’.

$

$

NÍL A±ÆVp B£¨Vo ˚L˙Vh•p Es[ ÿu‡˚WLs, LpÆd œ›Æu A±d˚LLs,

TÙo˚Y ËpLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Bn‹ ˘Nn’, ·”Rp ˘NnßL˚[d Li”©•l¿oLs

ApXYÙ?

1.2 NÍL A±ÆV≠u œQm

NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u œQf £\l◊Ls 5, 6, 7 NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP ◊jRLeLs B£¨Vo

˚L˙V”, Gu.≥.Gl 2005, ˘L.≥.Gl 2011 C˚YL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Li”©•j’ Ceœd

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ƨ‹T”j’L. NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ.

$ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\˚V G”j’˚Wdœm U≤RY[ E\‹L∞u LpÆ.

$ ˘NVpÿ˚\Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”jRp.

$ Ei˚UVÙ] YÙrd˚Lf „r®˚X ˘Y´PlT”°\’.

$ NÍL Y[of£ ßhP™PlT”°\’.

$ U≤R E\‹L˚[l Tt±d LtT’.

$ U≤R œXY[of£d LpÆ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlT”°\’.

$ NÍL YÙrd˚L˚V ®˚X®flj’°\’.

$ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL∞u J⁄e°˚Ql◊.

$ YÙrÆVp EQo˚Yj ˘RÙh”Q⁄m LpÆ.

NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ

G’ T•dL˙Yi”m GuT’ ˙TÙX˙Y ÿd°VUÙ]’ GlT•l T•dL˙Yi”m GuT’.

AR]Ùp NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßp Es[PdLjßtœm ˘NVpÿ˚\dœm NUUÙ]

ÿd°Vj’Ym C⁄dL˙Yi”m. NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßu ÍXm ˘T\˙Yi•V £X ÿd°V

˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

11

$ Etfl˙SÙdLp

$ RLYp ˙NL¨l◊

$ Y˚LlT”jRp

$ Jl◊˚UlT”jRp

$ TœlTÙn‹

$ ˘TÙ’˚UlT”j’Rp

$ ÿ•‹L˚[ E⁄YÙdœRp

$ ÿu]˙W A±ÆjR¤m F°jR¤m

$ Lt\p L⁄ÆL˚[l TVuT”j’Rp.

$

$

CRtLÙ] LpÆ A‡TYeLs UÙQYoLfidœd °˚PdL˙Yi”m. NÍLj’Pu ̆ RÙPo◊˚PV

©Wf£˚]Ls, ®Lr‹Ls ˙TÙu\˚YL˚[d œ±j’d LXkRÙn‹m AYt±u LÙWQeL˚[d

LiP±R¤m Æ[dLeLfim TÙPlTœßLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jß SPdL˙Yi”m.

$ U≤Ru C’Y˚W´¤m ˘Tt\ A±‹L˚[Ÿm A±˚Y E⁄YÙdœm ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm

TVuT”jßl ◊ßV A±‹dLÙ] ˘RÙPo ˙RP˘X A±ÆVp GuTRu ˘TÙ⁄[Ùœm.

A±ÆVp ÿ˚\´p ©Wf£˚]j æo‹ YØVÙL˙Y A±ÆVp A±‹m ˘NVpÿ˚\j

ß\uLfim °˚Pd°\’. Im◊XuL˚[l TVuT”jß Etfl˙SÙdLp, Bn‹, Jl¿”,

ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄Rp B°V ˘NVpÿ˚\L˙[ A±ÆV≠u ÿ˚\Ls. A±ÆVp ˙RP≠u

Tp˙Yfl ’˚\L∞XÙL TWÆVRÙp ARtœ HWÙ[m °˚[Lfis[].

$ GpXÙ A±ÆVp °˚[L∞¤m Es[ RÙdLj˚R U≤R≤u Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p

LÙQ ÿ•°\’. CYtfls Ei˚ULs, A±‹ ˙LÙhTÙ”, ˘NVpÿ˚\ B°VYt˚\l

˘TÙ⁄fi˚PVRÙL A˚UY’ AYt±u NÍLl ©u]¶´p Æ[dœm ˙T\Ùœm. U≤R

YÙrÆu YWXÙtfll TiTÙh”f NÍL RXeL˚[ UÙt±V’m A±ÆV˙X GuT˚R

A±ÆVp ÿu˙]t\jßu A•lT˚P´p ◊¨k’˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

CRuÍXm ß\uLfim, U]®˚XLfim Ußl◊Lfim Y[o°u\]. NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ

˘NVpÿ˚\d LpÆVÙL ˙Yi”m. ©Wf£˚]L˚[j æolTRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ÆYWeL˚[f

˙NL¨jRp, °˚PjR ÆYWe˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ̆ NnRp, ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄Rp, A˚PkR ÿ•‹L˚[

Bn‹ ˘NnRp, ◊ßV „r®˚X´p TVuT”j’Rp ˙TÙu\ ß\uL˚[ Y[olTRtœj

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YœlT˚\´p S˚P˙T\˙Yi”m. J⁄ ˘NVpÿ˚\d LpÆ

ÿ›˚U˘Tflm˙TÙ’, AYu Gu] ß\uL˚[l ˘Tt\Ùu Gufl œZk˚R ◊¨k’˘LÙs[

˙Yi”m. ˘RÙPo LpÆdœ AY˚] C’ RVÙo ˘NnŸm Tp˙Yfl Lt\p ÷‘dLeL˚[

CRtLÙLl TVuT”jR˙Yi”m. L⁄jRWeœ, œ›ÆYÙRm, ÆYÙRm, ˙SoLÙQp, L[lTVQm,

˘NVpßhPm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆdœl TVuT”jRXÙm Gufl EeLfidœj

˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ? A±ÆVp ÿ˚\˚Vl TVuT”jß NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ S˚P˘Tfl°\’.

NÍL A±ÆV≠u CkRd œQm ˘R¨k’˘LÙsYRtLÙ] HRÙY’ J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚P BWmTl

TÙPl◊jRLeL∞p C⁄k’ Li”©•j’ ˘Y∞´P‹m. ˘NVpTÙh” ®˚XL˚[ BWÙV‹m.

ERÙWQUÙL J⁄ ˘NVpßhPjßp øeLs D”T”YRÙL C⁄kRÙp Aßp L˚P©•d°u\

˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[ CqYÙfl AhPY˚QlT”jRXÙm.

12

* BWmTd LXk’˚WVÙPp

* ©WfN˚]˚Vd LiP±Rp

* ©WfN˚]˚Vj æolTRtLÙ] J⁄™jR ßhP™Pp

* L⁄’˙LÙs / FLm E⁄YÙdLp

* EjßLs/ L⁄ÆLs (R≤VÙL/œ›YÙL)

* RLYp ˙NL¨jRp

* RLYpL˚[ J⁄e°˚QjRp

* ˘RÙœj’j RLYpL˚[ AX£ BWÙnRp

* ◊¨kR L⁄j’dL˚[l T°ok’˘LÙsfiRp

* ÿ•‹Ls E⁄YÙdœRp

* ˘Y∞´”Rp

* ˘NVpßhP A±d˚L RVÙo ˘NnRp.

$ Ceœl ©Wf£˚]˚Vj æolTRtœ / Lt\¤dœ Htfld˘LÙiP ÿ˚\ G’?

A±ÆVp ÿ˚\´p °˚PdLl˘Tt\ NÙuflL∞u A•lT˚P´¤m, ÆYWeL∞u

A•lT˚P´¤m ÷i¶V ÿ˚\´p TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ÿ•‹Lfidœ Y⁄m ÿ˚\.

NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ©\œQf £\l©Vp◊L˚[, TÙPl◊jRLeLs, B£¨Vo ˚L˙V”

˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Li”©•dL‹m.

1.3. NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ TWYp

NÍL A±ÆV≠p Es[ Es[PdLÿm NÍL A±ÆV≠p Es[ Tp˙Yfl ’˚Ql TÙPeLs,

AYt±t°˚P´¤s[ ˘RÙPo◊ GuTYt˚\l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnVXÙm.

1.3.1 NÍL A±ÆV≠u Es[PdLm

BWmTd LpÆ NÍL A±ÆVp, TÙPl◊jRLeL˚[ øeLs Tp˙Yfl œ›dL[ÙLl©¨k’

TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnL. Cßp ˙NodLlTh”s[ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL˚[

AhPY˚QlT”j’L.

TÙPm Yœl◊ AXœ LXk’˚WVÙ”m

L⁄j’dLs

YWXÙfl

◊Æ´Vp

˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW´Vp

NÍLÆVp

AW£Vp A±ÆVp

Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL∞p LXkRÙ˙XÙ£dLlT”°\

L⁄j’dLs Li”©•dLlTh”s[’ ApXYÙ? Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m Es[ NÍL A±ÆVp

TÙPeL∞u TWYp, ◊¨kRRpXYÙ? Aj’Pu TÙPl◊jReL∞p Es[ TÙPeL∞u TWYp

®oQ´dLlh•⁄lT’ ©¨jR±V ÿ•kRRpXYÙ?

13

NÍL AÆ´≠u Tp˙Yfl ’˚QlTÙPeLfid°˚P˙V Es[ ̆ RÙPo◊.

BWmT Yœl◊L∞p NÍL A±ÆVp ˙NodLlTh”s[ Tp˙Yfl TÙPeLs G˚Y˘Vufl

EeLfidœj ˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ? ∏˙Z ·\lTh”s[ ˘NnßL˚[Ÿm Bn‹ ˘NnL.

$ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’˚QlTÙPÿm GqYÙfl ˘RÙPo◊T”jRlTh”s[’?

$ Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qjß⁄lTßu ˙SÙdLm Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm?

$ LXkRÙ˙XÙ£dœm L⁄j’dLs UÙQY≤u Rœßdœ Ht◊˚PVRÙ?

$ NÍL A±ÆV≠p GpXÙl TÙPeLfim Gl˙TÙ’m ’p≠VUÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m

Gufl EiPÙ?

NÍL A\ÆV≠p HRÙY’ J⁄ L⁄j’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV J⁄e°˚QkR YÙnl◊L˚[

Bn‹ ˘NnL.

J⁄ Ts∞l TÙPm Gu\ ®˚X´p YWXÙfl, ◊Æ´Vp, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWÆVp, AW£Vp

A±ÆVp NÍLÆVp GuT˚YLs ˙NokR˚Y NÍL A±ÆVp Bœm. BWmTl

TÙPlTœßL∞p Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’˚QlTÙPÿm R≤j’ ®tTßp˚X. UÙQY≤u Rœß˚V

A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi”m NÍLj˚R ˚UVlT”jߟm GpXÙj ’˚QlTÙPeL˚[Ÿm

J⁄e°˚Qj’d L⁄j’dLs ˘Y∞´PlTh”s[].

1.2.3 Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeLfim AYt±u ˘RÙPo◊Lfim.

YWXÙfl: ®LrLÙXf „r®˚XL˚[ ˙St˚\V „r®˚X´p EsYÙe°, GßoLÙXj˚Rl

Tt±Ÿs[ Li˙QÙhPjß˚] E⁄YÙdœYRtœ ER‹°\ TÙPl©¨˙Y YWXÙfl. NÍL

E´¨]UÙL U≤Ru, AYu D”T”m ’˚\L∞p SPj’°u\ D”TÙh•u ÍXm

NÍLjßp HtT”j’°u\ UÙt\eL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’, RY˚\Ÿm, N¨˚VŸm

A±k’˘LÙsYRtœ YWXÙtfllTÙPm Y˚L ˘Nn°\’. LÙXm, CPm, NÍLm, GuT˚Yl

Tt±] ÿ›˚UVÙ] Li˙QÙhPm HtT”Y’Pu NÍLjßu TuÿL Y[of£´u

ÿ›˚UVÙ] ©mTj˚Rd ˘LÙ”lTRtœm NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ ER‹°\’.

◊Æ´Vp: U≤R‡dœm CVt˚Ldœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ ◊Æ´V≠u

˚UVdL⁄jRÙœm. CVt˚L Æ˚[‹L∞]Ùp U≤Ru ˙Up HtT”m RÙdLeL˚[Ÿm

U≤R≤u D”TÙ”L[Ùp ◊Æ —tflf„Z≠p HtT”j’°u\ UÙt\eL˚[Ÿm ◊¨k’˘LÙi”

TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnYRtœ, ◊Æ´Vp LpÆ ER‹°\’. C’˙TÙu\ CVt˚L Æ˚[‹L˚[

Etfl˙SÙdœYRtœm, Htfld˘LÙsYRtœm —tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl◊, ®˚XVÙ] Y[of£

˙TÙu\ L⁄j’dL˚[ EsYÙeœYRtœm ◊Æ´Vp LpÆVÙp CV¤m.

˘TÙ⁄∞Vp: EtTjß, TVuTÙ” ˘NpYjßu Æ≤˙VÙLm GuTYt±tœ U≤R≤u

˙U¤s[ Bfi˚U œ±jR LpÆ˙V ˘TÙ⁄∞Vp LpÆ. ◊Æ´p Es[ ˘NpYeL˚[

˙So˚UVÙL‹m A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙUL‹m Æ≤˙VÙLm ˘NnV‹m TVuT”jR‹m Eflß

˘NnVd·•V ÿ˚\´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW TÙo˚Y˚V UÙQYoL∞p HtT”j’YRÙœm

˘TÙ⁄∞Vp LpÆ. Rt˙TÙ’s[ ˘NpYeL[Ùp TV‡s[ ÿ˚\´p TVuT”jR

˙Yi•V ˙R˚Y˚Vd Li”˘LÙs[‹m, TVuTÙh•p ˘LÙi”YW‹m ˘TÙ⁄∞Vp

LpÆVÙp CV¤m.

14

AW£Vp A±ÆVp: UdLs, AW£Vp, Bh£ÿ˚\ ÿR≠VYt˚\d œ±j’s[

LpÆVÙœm. AW£Vp A±ÆVp. SÙ”, AW£Vp E⁄YÙdLj˚R RÙdLm ˘N¤j’°u\

LÙW¶Ls, Bh£Uu\m, Bh£ÿ˚\, Bh£VÙ[oLs, A˚Ul◊Ls, ˙RoRpÿ˚\,

˘TÙfll◊Ls GuT]Yt˙\Ù” œ•UL≤u E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm, LP˚UL˚[Ÿm AW£Vp A±‹d

LpÆ LXk’˚WVÙ”°\’. Tp˙Yfl Bh£ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm, TRÆL˚[Ÿm, TœlTÙn‹

˘NnV‹m, AYt˚\ U≤R ÿu˙]t\jßtLÙLl TVuT”j’YRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ]

D”TÙ”L˚[ SPjR‹m AW£Vp A±ÆVp LpÆ ER‹°\’.

NÍLÆVp: U≤RœX NÍLjßu A˚Ul◊ NÙokR ®˚XLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] ÆY¨jR¤m,

TœlTÙn‹m ˘LÙiP A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ] ©¨˙Y NÍLÆVp. U≤R NÍLjßp Es[

Tp˙Yfl LXÙfNÙWeLs, TZdLYZdLeLs, NPeœLs, NÍL E\‹Ls, NhPeLs,

˙TÙu\˚YŸm, A˚Y, NÍL YÙrd˚L´p HtT”jߟs[ UÙt\eL˚[Ÿm NÍLÆVp

LpÆ Æ[dœ°\’. NÍLd LÙW¶L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’, ˘NÙkR NÍLj˚Rl Tt±

N¨VÙ] Li˙QÙhPjß˚] E⁄YÙdL‹m NÍLÆVp LpÆ ER‹°\’.

Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u LpÆ ˙SÙdLeLfim L⁄j’dLfim ˙Up Yœl◊L∞p £\lTÙLl

T•d°\ÙoLs Gu\Ù¤m, C˚Y Juflm R≤j’ ®tTßp˚X. AW£Vp A±ÆV≠p AßLÙW

A˚Ul˚Td œ±j’d LtL˙Yi”˘U≤p ARu YWXÙtfll ©u◊Xj˚RŸm AßLÙW

A˚Ul◊ E⁄Ym ˘LÙsYRtœd LÙWQUÙ] ◊Æ´Vp LÙW¶L˚[Ÿm TœlTÙn‹

˘NnV˙Yi•Ÿs[’. Aj’Pu NÍL E\‹L˚[Ÿm EtTjßd LÙW¶L˚[Ÿm

˘RÙPo◊T”jßd˘LÙi” Uh”˙U AW£V≠p AßLÙW A˚Ul˚Td œ±j’l T•dL ÿ•Ÿm.

CqYÙfl, NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeLfid°˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊m ˘RÙPof£Ÿm C⁄lTR˚]d

LÙQXÙm.

NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ̇ SÙdLm

NÍL UÙt\eL∞p D”T”Y˙RÙ”, NÍLj˚R ÿu˘]”j’f ˘Np¤Rp Gu°\ ˘TÙfll˚T

®˚\˙Yt\ R≤ST˚Wj RVÙo ˘NnRp GuT˙R NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ÿRu˚U

˙SÙdLUÙœm. CRtLÙLf N¨VÙ] ÿ•‹L∞p EflßVÙL C⁄k’, NÍLj˚Rl TÙolTRtœm

˙R˚YVÙ] NÍL UÙt\jßp Teœ˙NW‹m ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄j’ U]®˚XLs, Ußl◊Ls,

ß\uLs GuT˚Y Jq˘YÙ⁄ ST¨Pÿm Y[ok’YW‹m ˙Yi”m. ®LrLÙX NÍL

˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW AW£Vp „r®˚XLs, Gßo˘LÙsfim ©Wf£˚]Ls, NYÙpLs, GuTYt˚\l

TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnYRtœm TV‡s[ D”TÙ”Ls ˘NnYRtœÿs[ ß\˚UŸm NÍL A±ÆVp

LpÆ ÍXm UÙQYoLfidœd °˚Pd°u\]. CkRd œ±d˙LÙfiPu NÍL A±ÆVp

LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLeLs æoUÙ≤dLlTh”s[].

R≤jR≤˙V ÿ›˚UVÙLl ©¨j’d ·\ CVXÙ’ Gu\Ù¤m YNßdLÙL NÍL A±ÆVp

LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLeL˚[j R≤STo NÙokR, NÍLÿm TiTÙ”m, LpÆNÙokR’ G]

Y˚LlT”jRXÙm.

R≤ STo NÙokR

$ U≤R‡dœm ©WTgNjßtœm C˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo˚Tl ◊¨k’˘LÙi” NÍL

Y[of£ ˘NVpÿ˚\´u ˘RÙPo©u £\l˚T ˘Y∞´”Rp.

15

$ U≤R NÍL Y[of£´u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m Y[ok’ YkR AßLÙW A˚Ul◊Ls,

Bh£ÿ˚\, Bh£d·PeLs, CYt˚\lTt±d LtTRtœm, ÿ•‹Ls G”lTRtœm

ER‹Rp.

$ ˘NpYjßu EtTjß, T°okR∞jRp, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW E\‹Ls GuTYt˚\l

◊¨k’˘LÙsYRtœm ˘TÙ’fNÍLjßtœl TV‡s[ ÆRjßp CkRl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW

E\‹L˚[ UÙt± A˚UlTRtœs[ D”TÙ”Lfidœ YÙnl◊ A∞dL.

$ ©WTgNm, ◊Æ, CVt˚Lf ˘NpYeLs C˚YLfim, U≤R≤u Lh”lTÙ•pXÙR

D”TÙ”Ls ÍXm HtT”°\ —tflf„Zp ©Wf£˚]Lfim NÍL A˚Ul©u Y[of£Ÿm,

CYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ E\‹m NÍLY[of£ ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW

E\‹Lfidœs[ CPm, GuT˚YlTt±Ÿs[ ÿ•‹Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ E⁄YÙdœRp

CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl©u ˙R˚Y˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.

$ _]SÙVLm, NÍLøß, URSp≠QdLm ˙TÙu\ _]SÙVL Ußl◊L˚[

Htfld˘LÙsY˙RÙ” AYt˚\l TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙ] U]®˚X˚V E⁄YÙd°

G”jRp.

$ Æ∞m◊ ®˚X´p Es[ UdL˚[d œ±j’m, Yfl˚U ®˚X˚Vl Tt±V A±˚Y

E⁄YÙdL‹m ˙So˚UVÙ] NÍL ®˚Xdœ ˙Yi• ®˚X˘TflYRtœm AYoL˚[j

RVÙo˘NnV˙Yi”m.

$ NÍLl TœlTÙn‹ ERÆVÙLl Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL˚[Ÿm AYt±u

A‘œÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm A±ÿLlT”jR‹m.

NÍLÿm TiTÙ”m

* Tp˙Yfl NÍL, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW, AW£Vp A˚Ul◊Ls U≤R YÙrd˚Ldœ ERY‹m

Lh”lT”jR‹m ̆ Nn°\ ÿ˚\L˚[ Etfl˙SÙdL‹m TV‡s[RÙdL‹ÿs[ ß\uL˚[l

˘TflRp.

* TiTÙh” UW©p ˘T⁄˚U ˘LÙs[‹m AYt˚\l ˙T¶l TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙ]

U]®˚X˚V Y[odL‹m.

* NÍLl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW UflT˚Pl©p ÿ›˚UVÙ] D”TÙh”Pu Teœ˘TflRp.

* U≤R E\‹L∞u Ußl◊L˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.

* N°l◊jRu˚UŸm ◊¨k’˘LÙsfim ß\‡m NUÙRÙ]ÿm, Jtfl˚UŸm UdL∞˚P˙V

Y[Wf˘Nn’, £\lTÙ] SÙh•˚] E⁄YÙdLXÙm Gu\ Sm©d˚L˚V UÙQYoL∞Pjßp

Y[Wf˘NnRp.

* AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPjßu Ußl◊L∞u EhL⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙsfiR¤m

L˚P©•jR¤m. AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPm T¨k’˚W ˘Nn°\ œ±˙LÙsL˚[

FdœÆlT’m NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßu ˙SÙdLUÙœm.

LpÆ NÙokR˚Y

* LpÆ´u A•lT˚P ˙SÙdLeL˚[ ®˚\˙YtflRp.

* NÍLj ß\uL∞u Y[of£dœ YÙnlT∞jRp.

16

* NÍLd LpÆdLÙ] YÙnl©˚] HtT”j’Y˙RÙ” NÍLf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p

HtT”YRtLÙ] ß\˚]Ÿm, U]®˚X˚VŸm Y[ojRp.

* R]’ „r®˚X˙VÙ” C˚Qk’ UÙQY≤u CVt˚LVÙ] Lt\¤dœm Y[of£dœm

„r®˚X˚V HtT”j’Rp.

* NUÙRÙ]jß˚] ®˚XSÙh”YRtLÙ] U]®˚X˚V Y[odL‹m ARtœ˙Yi• ̆ NVpTP

FdœÆdL‹m ˘NnRp.

* —tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl◊ ˘NVpTÙh•u ˙R˚Y˚V EQok’ Aj’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV

˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Efll©]WÙL ER‹°\’.

* N¨VÙ] NÍLd Li˙QÙhPj’Pu —tfll◊\f „r®˚X Tt±V ÆØl◊Qo˚Y

Y[olTRtœ ER‹°\ GiQeLs U≤®˚XLs, Ußl◊Ls, ß\uLs GuTYt˚\l

˘Ttfld˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.

U≤R≤u A•lT˚Pj ˙R˚YL˚[ ®˚\˙YtflYRtLÙ] A˚Ul◊L˚[j ß\u Es[’m

TVu Es[’UÙ]RÙL BdL˙Yi”m. NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u œ±d˙LÙfim C’˙Y

Bœm. ˘RÙPdL®˚X Yœl◊L∞¤s[ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp

TÙPeL˚[ EhT”jߟm L⁄j’L˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’m ÿ›˚UVÙ] A±Æ˚]Ÿm

L⁄j’dL˚[Ÿm A˚PŸm ÆRjßp ·\lTh”s[’. CRu YÙ´XÙL U≤R≤u

YÙrÆPUÙ°V CVt˚L˚VŸm EtTjß ˘RÙPoTÙ] E\‹L˚[Ÿm, U≤R E\‹L˚[Ÿm

D”T”°u\ RXeL˚[Ÿm NÍLjߤs[ NhP A˚Ul©˚]Ÿm J⁄e°˚Qj’ Eh˘LÙs[

CVp°\’. U≤R≤u ˙R˚YL˚[ GqYÙfl VÙo ®˚\˙Ytfl°\ÙoLs G]‹m AYt±p

R]’ Teœ Gu] GuT˚RŸm ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ CVp°\’.

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

1. 5,6,7 Yœl◊L∞p Es[ NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPl ◊jRLeLs, B£¨Vo ˚L˙V” CYt˚\

Bn‹ ˘Nn’ NÍL A±ÆV≠u œQjß˚] Æ[dœ°\ J⁄ LpÆf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj

RVÙo ˘NnL. NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßu œQj˚Rl Tt±V J⁄ œ±l◊j RVÙo ˘NnL.

2. A±ÆVp ÿ˚\˙V NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤dœ Htfld˘LÙs[lT”°\’. CR˚]j

˘R∞‹T”j’°\ J⁄ LpÆf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj RVÙo ˘Nn’ Yœl©p ˘Y∞´h” ˘NVp

®˚XL˚[ AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.

3. J⁄ Ts∞lTÙPm Gu\ ®˚X´p YWXÙfl, ◊Æ´Vp, ̆ TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWm, AW£Vp A±ÆVp,

NÍLÆVp ˙TÙu\˚Y APe°V˙R NÍL A±ÆVp. CkR A±d˚L˚V Cl˘TÙ›’

S˚Pÿ˚\´¤s[ BWmT NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPl ◊jRLeL∞u A•lT˚P´p

Ußl©”L.

4. NÍL A±ÆV≠p Tp˙Yfl ’˚Qd L⁄j’dL∞˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo©˚] S”®˚X

Yœl◊ NÍL A±ÆVp ËpL∞¤s[ H˙R‡m J⁄ L⁄j’YÙ´XÙL ˘Y∞´h”

GßoÆ˚]VÙt\‹m.

5. Ts∞d·P TÙPjßhPjßp NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚R

A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” Yœl©p J⁄ œ› LXk’˚WVÙP˚X HtTÙ” ˘NnV‹m.

6. NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLjßu A•lT˚P´p Tp˙YflThP YÙ£l◊

17

˘TÙ⁄hL∞≠⁄k’ L⁄j’dL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ •¥hPp Æ[dLd LÙh£´˚]j RVÙo

˘NnL.

7. NÍL A±ÆVp Tp˙Yfl ’˚Qd L⁄j’dL∞u ˘RÙPo©˚] ’˚Qd

L⁄j’dL∞≠⁄k’ J⁄ L⁄jß˚] A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTjßu

ERÆŸPu H˙R‡m J⁄ ÷hTj˚Rl TVuT”jß J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj RVÙ¨dL‹m.

Reference

1. Teaching of Social Studies - S.K.Kochhar

2. Teaching of Social Studies - Mangal S.K.

3. Teaching of Social Studies - R.P. Pathak

4. Trends and Developments in Social

Science Education - Ismail Thamarassery

5. National Curriculum Framework 2005

6. ˙LW[l TÙP HtTÙh”f NhPLm ˛ 2011 ˛ Gv.£,C,Bo,•,

7. NÍL A±ÆVp T.B. - Std. V, VI, VII, VIII

8. NÍL A±ÆVp H.B - Std. V, VI, VII, VIII

9. ˙NÙµVp vPºv @˙TÙo - John. V. Machelis - 17th Ed 2011

£phWu Cu ˘P˙UÙdW≥

AXœ ˛ 2

Lt©jRp EjßLfim T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\Ÿm

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

$ NÍL A±ÆVp, Lt\≠u ÿd°Vj’Ym. A‘œÿ˚\ B°V˚Y Æ[dLlT”°u\].

$ UÙQYu, ˘NVpÿ˚\, B£¨Vo B°VYt±tœ NÍL A±ÆV≠¤s[ Te°˚]

Æ[dœ°\’.

$ NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ARu R≤jRu˚UL˚[

˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.

ÿd°Vd L⁄j’dLs

$ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p ˛ GRtœ, GqYÙfl, Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\, UÙQYu, B£¨Vo,

Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”.

$ ÿd°VUÙ] NÍL A±ÆVp Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls

$ NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\.

˛ UÙQYu ˚UVUÙ]’.

˛ ˘NVpTÙh”dœhThP’.

˛ —tfll◊\m ˘RÙPoTÙ]’.

˛ ©Wf£˚]dœhThP A‘œÿ˚\.

˛ Li”©•j’d Lt\p.

˛ A±YÙdLjßtœhThP’.

˛ ÆUoN]f £kR˚]˚V Y[Wf˘NnY’.

NÍL ˛ ˘T¸æL —tfll◊\j ˘RÙPo©˚]d œ±jRÙ] A±ÆVp Lt\˙X NÍL A±ÆVp.

NÍLjßu Y[of£, ÿu˙]t\m CYt˚\d Lh”lT”j’m LÙW¶Ls VÙ‹m NÍL

A±ÆV¤dœs EhT”jRlTP˙Yi”m. UdL∞u SXUÙ] NÍL YÙrÆtœj ˙R˚YVÙ]

A•jR[j˚R E⁄YÙdœYRtœ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p Cu±V˚UVÙRRÙœm. ARtLÙL J⁄

TÙPl˘TÙ⁄s Gu‡m ®˚X´p NÍL A±ÆV˚Xl T¨UÙt\m ˘NnV˙Yi”m. NÍL

A±ÆVp Lt\≠u ÿd°Vj’Ym, A‘œÿ˚\, UÙQYu, Lt\p ˘NVp ÿ˚\, B£¨Vo,

œZk˚RLs B°V LÙW¶Lfidœf NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠¤s[ Teœ, NÍL A±ÆVp

A‘œÿ˚\ Lt\p EjßLs B°V˚Y CqYXœ YÙ´XÙL Æ[dLlT”°\’.

2.1. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠u ÿd°Vj’Ym.

“U≤R œXjßu E\‹L˚[d œ±jRÙ] Lt\˙X NÍL A±ÆVp” ˛Jarolimek.

“NÍL GßoÆ˚]Lfidœd LÙWQUÙ°u\ ˘T¸æL, ˘T¸æLUpXÙR EQo‹Ls J˙W ˙SWjßp

S˚P˘Tflm TWvTW ˘NVp ’˚\L˙[ NÍL A±ÆVXÙœm.” ˛ ˙_mv ˚a (James High -

Teaching Secondary School Social Studies)

19

NÍL A±ÆV˚Xl ˘TÙfljRY˚W´p CkRd ·tfldL∞≠⁄k’ ˘R¨VY⁄Y’ Gu]˘Y≤p

U≤Ru D”T”m GpXÙj’˚\L˚[Ÿm NÍL A±ÆVp Eh˘LÙi”s[’ GuTRÙœm.

U≤RœXjßu Y[of£, ÿu˙]t\m, YWXÙfl, D”T”m ˘T¸æL —tfll◊\m NÍLf —tfll◊\m,

˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWj ˘RÙPo◊Ls, _]SÙVL A˚Ul◊Ls ˙TÙu\ Tp˙Yfl ’˚\L˚[f NÍL

A±ÆVp ’˚\VÙ]’ Bn‹dœhT”j’°\’. NÍL A±ÆV≠p Tp˙Yfl ’˚\Ls /

L⁄j’Lfidœ C˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo©˚]l ◊¨k’˘LÙsfim ˙Y˚[´p SU’ £kR˚]Ls

J⁄e°˚Qk’ ÿ›˚U A˚P°u\’.

$ Cu˚\V NÍLm LPk’ YkR YØL˚[d Lt\¤dœ EhT”j’m ˙Y˚[´p

˘Y∞VÙ°u\ L⁄j’Ls GßoLÙXj˚R E⁄YÙdœm YØLÙhPpL[ÙL UÙflm. LPkR LÙX

®Lr‹Ls NÍLjßp HtT”jßV UÙt\eL˚[l Tt±V ˛ Bh£ ÿ˚\Ls˛ NÍLj

˘RÙPo◊Ls, ˘RÙØp ’˚\Ls, TiTÙh”j ’˚\ ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l ◊¨k’˘LÙsY’

GßoLÙXj˚R EflßlT”j’YRtœl ˙TÙ’UÙ]˚YVÙœm. NÍL UÙt\eL∞p

TeLÙ∞VÙL C⁄lT’Pu NÍLj˚R ÿu˙]Ùd°d ˘LÙi” ˘Np¤m ˘TÙfll©˚]Ÿm

Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m ®˚\˙Yt\˙Yi”m.

$ ◊Ædœm U≤R‡dœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ ˛ ◊Æ, øo, LÙtfl, LÙX®˚X, ◊Æ´u

TœßLs, ◊Æ´Vp ®Lr‹Ls B°VYt˚\d œ±jRÙ] A±‹m ARu ¡RÙ]

U≤R≤u D”TÙ”Lfim ˛ E´¨]eL∞u ®˚X˙Tt˚\ GqYÙfl TÙßd°u\’

GuT˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ YØYœd°\’. CkRl ◊¨RpLs —tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl©u

˙R˚Y˚V A±k’˘LÙs[‹m —tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl◊f ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”TP

FdœÆlTRÙL‹m A˚UŸm.

$ NÍL Y[of£, ÿu˙]t\m CYt±u A•lT˚Pd LÙWQeLfis Ju\Ù] ̆ TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWd

LÙW¶Ls ˛ ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls, ®flY]eLs, A˚Ul◊Ls ˛ ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Bn‹dœ

EhT”j’Y’ NÍL A±ÆVXÙœm. ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWj ˘RÙPo©˚]d œ±jRÙ] (EtTjß,

TVu, TWYp) Bn‹ S˚P˘Tfl°\’.

$ _]SÙVL Bh£ A˚Ul◊Ls, ÿ˚\Ls, R≤jRu˚ULs B°V˚Y ©\ Bh£

A˚Ul◊ ÿ˚\LfiPu Jl◊˚UlT”j’YRtœm _]SÙVL Bh£ ÿ˚\´p

—VLP˚ULs, ̆ TÙfll◊Ls, E¨˚ULs B°VYt˚\l ◊¨k’ ̆ LÙs[‹m NÍL A±ÆVp

BnÆu YØVÙL CV¤°\’.

$ ˘Yq˙Yfl NÍLeL˚[d œ±j’m Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÍLjßtœ Es˙[ ˘RÙPok’

®Lrk’˘LÙi•⁄dœm UÙt\eL˚[d œ±j’m NÍL A±ÆVp TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn°\’.

$ Tp˙Yfl NÍLeL∞u TiTÙh” ˙YflTÙh˚Pl ◊¨k’˘LÙs[‹m ˛ ˙YPm, ˘UÙØ,

TZdLYZdLeLs, NPeœLs, YÙrd˚Lÿ˚\, NÍL ®flY]eLs ˛ YØTÙh” ÿ˚\Ls

˛ AYt±u CVp◊Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ae∏L¨lTRtLÙ] U]®˚X˚V E⁄YÙdL‹m

NÍL A±ÆVp Bn‹ YØ˙LÙ¤°\’. —⁄dLUÙL. U≤Ru D”T”m

GpXÙj’˚\L˚[Ÿm A±k’˘LÙs[‹m NÍLjßp —V TRÆ˚VŸm ˘TÙfll˚TŸm

A±k’˘LÙsYRtœm NÍL A±ÆVp Bn‹ YØYœd°\’. NÍL A±‹˚PV,

_]SÙVL Ußl◊L˚[ Eh˘LÙsfim J⁄ R˚Xÿ˚\˚V E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙLf NÍL

A±ÆVp BnÆ˚] ™L‹m ÿd°Vj’Yj’Pu A‘L ˙Yi”m.

2.2. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p ÿ˚\.

NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠u TœßVÙL YhPÙW YWXÙt˚\l Tß‹ ˘NnV˙Yi”UpXYÙ?

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnYRtœ Gu˘]u] ÿu˙]tTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnV˙Yi”m?

$ œ±l©hP YhPÙWjßu ◊Æ´Vp R≤jRu˚UL˚[l T¨˙NÙßdL˙Yi”m.

$ °˚PjR RLYp E˚\ÆPeLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] A±˚Y E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m. YWXÙtfl

GfNeLs, YWXÙtflf £u]eLs, H”Ls, IæLeLs, ÿß˙VÙ¨u A±‹Ls,

A‡TYeLs, ULÙuL˚[d œ±jRÙ] RLYpLs B°VYt˚\j RW‹L[ÙL

Htfld˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.

$ RLYp ˙NL¨jR¤dœl TVuT”j’m £\kR EjßL˚[j æoUÙ≤dL˙Yi”m.

Etfl˙SÙdLp, ˙SoLÙQp, Tß‹ ˘NnRYt±u T¨˙NÙR˚] ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] EjßLs G˚Y

GuT˚RŸm æoUÙ≤jRp ˙Yi”m.

$ RLYp ˙NL¨dœm ÿ˚\ GqYÙfl A˚UV ˙Yi”m Gu\ æoUÙ]m ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm.

œ›f ˘NVpTÙPÙL C⁄kRÙp Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æ¤m GjR˚] ˙To C⁄dL˙Yi”m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æ¤m ˚LVÙ[˙Yi•V RLYpLs G˚Y? G] YNßd˙Lt\ ÿ˚\L˚[l

©uTt\˙Yi”m.

$ ˙NL¨jR RLYpL˚[ YWXÙtfll TßÆtœ Ht\YÙfl Y˚LlT”jßj ˘RÙœdL˙Yi”m.

$ ˘RÙœjRYt˚\l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Cu˚\V LÙXLhPj’Pu Jl©h” ÿ•‹L˚[

E⁄YÙdL˙Yi”m.

$ ÿ›˚UVÙ]’m A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ]’UÙ] Tß‹ ˘NnRp Cu±V˚UVÙRRÙœm.

$ L⁄jRWeLm, NÍL FPLeLs, ˘Y∞¬”Ls B°V˚Y YÙ´XÙLl T¨UÙt\ÿm

˘NnVXÙm.

Cf˘NVpTÙh•u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m B£¨V¨u Etfl˙SÙdLp, D”TÙ”Ls, ERÆ

B°V˚Y UÙQY¨u —RkßWUÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœ ER‹YRÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m.

CkR YhPÙW YWXÙtfll Tß‹L˚[ J⁄ Lt\p ˘NVpTÙPÙLl ©uTt\ CV¤UÙ?

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ ·tflL˚[ Ußl©”eLs.

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]Yt˚\ C˚QdL‹m ˘NnVXÙm.

$ Cf˘NVpTÙh•tœ ÿ˚\VÙ] ˙SÙdLÿi”.

$ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\ ©Wf£˚]j æoÆtœ / Lt\¤dœd L˚Pl©•dLlTh”s[’. °˚PjR

RLYpLs, NÙuflLs ÷hTUÙ] TœlTÙn‹Ls B°V˚Y YÙ´XÙL A±‹ÈoYUÙ]’m

Ei˚UVÙ]’UÙ] Li”©•l◊L∞p YkR˚PY˙R A±ÆVp ÿ˚\VÙœm.

$ Etfl˙SÙdLp, RLYp ˙NL¨l◊, ˙NL¨jR RLYpL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ÿ˚\´p

Y˚LlT”j’Rp, AX£ BWÙnRp ÿ•‹L˚[ E⁄YÙdœRp, AYt˚\l T¨˙NÙßjRp,

Lt\p TXuL˚[l Tß‹˘NnRp, T¨UÙt\m ÿR≠V ˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uL∞u

Y[eLfim TVuTÙ”m ˘NVpTÙh•p APe°Ÿs[].

$ —VLt\¤dœm œ›dLt\¤dœUÙ] YÙnl◊ Es[’.

21

$ A±‹ E⁄YÙdLjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] „ZpLs Es[].

$ L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jß\≤u Y[of£dLÙ] YÙnl◊m Es[’.

$ œ›f ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ˙Uu˚U˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙsYRtLÙ] „ZpLs Es[].

$ NÍL Ußl◊Ls, _]SÙVL Ußl◊Ls CYt˚\ Eh˘LÙsfim YÙnl◊Ls Es[].

$ —RkßWUÙ] „Z≠p œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚ULs TÙ’LÙdLlT”°u\ ÿ˚\´XÙ] Lt\˙X

S˚P˘Tfl°\’.

$ B£¨V¨u LY]m, „Z¤d˙Lt\’m TV‡s[’UÙ] D”TÙ”Ls, ERÆLs B°V˚Y

˘NVpTÙh•u YØVÙL UÙQYoLfidœd °˚Pd°u\].

NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p ÿ˚\˚V CqYÙfl —⁄dLUÙLd ·\XÙm.

$ æoUÙ≤dLlTh”s[ ̇ SÙdLm / Lt\p A˚P˚Yl ̆ Ttfld˘LÙsYRtœ A±ÆVp

ÿ˚\˚Vd L˚Pl©•jRp.

$ Es[PdLj’Pu ˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uL∞u ÿd°Vj’Ym.

$ R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnŸm YÙnl◊.

$ NÍL ˛ _]SÙVL Ußl◊Lfidœ ÿd°V CPm.

$ —RkßWUÙ] TV‡s[ Lt\p „Zp.

$ UÙQYoL∞u E¨˚UL˚[ Ae∏L¨jRp.

$ B£¨V¨u TV‡s[ Y˚L´XÙ] D”TÙ”Lfim ERÆLfim.

EeLs Tœß´¤s[ AgNp AXYXLjß≠⁄k’ ˙R˚YVÙ] RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨j’

Cu˚\V Gi‘⁄ LÙXLhPjßp AgNp A¤YXLeL∞u ÿd°Vj’Ym œ±j’ J⁄

Lh”˚W RVÙ¨dL‹m. AgNp ÿ˚\´u YWXÙfl, Rt˙TÙ˚RV ®˚X B°VYt˚\ EhT”jR

˙Yi”m. CkRf ˘NVpTÙh•u A•lT˚P´p NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p ÿ˚\´˚]d

LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœ EhT”jR˙Yi”m.

2.3. NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\

TÙPm G’YÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m Lt\p U°rf£dœ¨VRÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m. Lt\p U°rf£VÙ]’m

TV‡s[RÙL‹m A˚UYRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] LÙW¶L˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]

YÙnl◊Ls E⁄YÙdL˙Yi”m. UÙQYoL∞u RWm, CVp◊ B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi”

Ko CXd°˚] A˚PŸm ˙SÙdœPu RVÙ¨dœm Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p UÙQYoLs

BoYj’Pu D”T”°\ÙoLs GuTßp IV™p˚X. ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ J⁄ Lt\p

©Wf£˚]˚Vl T¨˙NÙßdLXÙm.

Lt\p A˚P‹: ˙LW[jßu ®XlTPjßp UÙYhPeL∞u CP A˚U‹ Gp˚XLs

B°VYt˚\l ◊¨k’˘LÙs°\ÙoLs.

Lt\p ©Wf£˚]: ˙LW[jßp, Ai˚P UÙ®XeL˚[ Gp˚XVÙLd ˘LÙiP GjR˚]

UÙYhPeLs Es[]? A˚Y G˚Y?

CkRl ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LiPÿ˚\ GqYÙfl C⁄dœm?

$ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm AYoL∞u ÿu]±Æu / A‡TYjßu YÙ´XÙL F°j’l

Tß‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

$ F°lT˚Rl T¨˙NÙßlTRtLÙ] YØL˚[j æoUÙ≤d°\ÙoLs.

$ °˚PjR Y[eLs / Y[eL∞≠⁄k’ ˙R˚YVÙ] ÆYWeL˚[f ˙NL¨d°\ÙoLs.

(˙LW[jßu ®XlTPm)

$ ˙NL¨jR ÆYWeL∞u A•lT˚P´p —VUÙL F°jRYt±¤s[ N¨ RYflL˚[l

◊¨k’˘LÙi” Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m N¨VÙ] Æ˚PL˚[d Li”©•d°\ÙoLs /

EflߢNn°\ÙoLs.

$ ˙R˚YVÙ]Yt˚\l Tß‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

˘RÙPdL Yœl◊L∞p UÙQYoLs Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P BoYj’Pu ˘NnYÙoL[Ù? Hu?

Cf˘NVpTÙh•u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d LÙi˙TÙm.

$ ©Wf£˚]VÙ]’ Lt\p A˚PÆ˚] Eflß ˘NnYRtœl ˙TÙ’UÙ]RÙL C⁄kRRÙ?

(©Wf£˚]dœhThP’)

$ œZk˚R´u RWm, CVp◊ (BoYm CVdLm, —RkßWm œ›f ˘NVpTÙh•p BoYm

Ae∏L¨dœm U]lTÙu˚U) B°V˚Y L˚P©•dLlTh”s[RÙ? (UÙQYo ˚UVm)

$ —VUÙLf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”T”YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls Es[]YÙ?

(˘NVpTÙh•tœhThP˚Y)

$ Gu˘]u] ˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uLs Cf˘NVpTÙh•p EhTh”s[].

(˘NVpÿ˚\dœhThP˚Y)

$ °˚PjR —tfll◊\m / Lt\p L⁄ÆLs / RLYp E˚\ÆPeLs / TVuT”j’m

YÙnl◊Ls Es[]YÙ (—tfll◊\m ˘RÙPoTÙ]˚Y)

$ N¨VÙ] Lt\p A˚P‹ Y˚WVfldLlTh”s[RÙ? (Lt\p A˚P‹ ˚UVUÙ]˚Y)

$ Cf˘NVpTÙ”L∞p RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hT YÙnl◊Ls GkR A[‹ Es[’? (ICT

EhThP’)

NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\´˚] CqYÙfl ˘RÙœj’d ·\XÙm.

$ ©Wf£˚]dœhThP˚Y, Li”©•j’d Lt\p.

$ UÙQYoLs ˚UVUÙ]’.

$ ©Wf£˚]d œhThP’.

$ —tfll◊\m ˘RÙPo◊˚PV’.

˙LW[m

UÙYhPm Gp˚XLs

ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm

˘LÙpXm

23

$ ˘NVpÿ˚\ ˘RÙPoTÙ]’.

$ Lt\p A˚P˚Y ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙiP’.

$ RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßtœhThP’.

2.4. ÿd°VUÙ] NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ ÿ˚\Ls / EjßLs

NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\˚Vd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\

EjßL˚[d L˚Pl©•dL ˙Yi”m. UÙQY¨u RWm, CVp◊ B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßp

˘LÙi” A∞d°u\ Lt\p ©Wf£˚]˚V UÙQYoLs æo‹ ˘NnYRtœ FdœÆdL

ER‹YRÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m. æo‹ ÿ˚\L˚[j R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m Bnk’

S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’m YÙnl◊ C⁄dL˙Yi”m. UÙQYoLfidœ C˚P˙V LXk’˚WVÙP‹m

˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uL˚[l TVuT”j’YRtœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p „Zp

YœlT˚\dœs˙[Ÿm ˘Y∞˙VŸm °˚PdL˙Yi”m. —tfll◊\jß˚]Ÿm ©\ RLYp

E˚\ÆPeL˚[Ÿm ÿ˚\˙V ˙Rok˘R”lTRtœm TVuT”j’YRtœm YÙnl◊

°˚PdL˙Yi”m. CYt˚\ U]ßp ˘LÙi” ©uTt\ ˙Yi•V £X Lt\p EjßLs ∏˙Z

RWlTh”s[].

$ £fl ˘NVpßhPeLs.

$ T˚Pl◊Ls, Lh”˚WLs, E˚WLs, L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W, ©\ T˚Pl◊Ls.

$ E˚WVÙPpLs

˛ œ›dLXk’˚WVÙPp

˛ UÙSÙ”

˛ L⁄jRWeLm

˛ (Symbosium) J˙W L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p SPj’°u\ L⁄jRWeLm.

˛ Th•Uu\m

˛ £\l◊d œ›d LXk’˚WVÙPp

˛ T¶U˚]

˛ œ›YÙ] T´t£

$ JlT˚Pl◊ ÿ˚\

$ ·h”\‹dLt\p / C˚Qk’ Lt\p

Lt\p ©Wf£˚]j æoÆtLÙ] RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨dL˙Yi”m. RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨lTRtœd

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ EjßL˚[f „ZpLfidœ HtTl TVuT”jRXÙm.

$ Tß‹L˚[l TÙo˚Y´”Rp

$ L⁄j’l˘TÙØ‹

$ Etfl˙SÙdLp

$ ˙SoLÙQp

$ L[lTVQm

$ ˙NL¨l◊Ls

$ ®˚]‹f £u]eLs

$ YWXÙtfl GfNeLs

$ LpÆf —tflXÙ

$

$

Lt\p TXuL∞u BZj˚Rd œ±l©”YRtœ ER‹°u\ J⁄ L⁄Æ GuT˚R U]ßp

˘LÙi” Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnYRtœl TÙPË˚Xj RœkR ÿ˚\´p

TVuT”jR˙Yi”m.

2.5. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤m UÙQYoLfim.

UÙQYoLs ©\Æ´˙X˙V Tp˙Yfl ß\uL˚[ E˚PVYoLs GuT˚Rd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi˙P

AYoLfiPu D”TP˙Yi”m.

UÙQYoLs ©±Æ´˙X˙V BnYÙ[oL˙[. B]Ùp AYoLs.

$ Lt\p ˙YLjßp ˙YflTÙ”˚PVYoLs.

$ Lt\p ÿ˚\´p ˙YflTÙ”˚PVYoLs.

$ ˘T¸æL ˛ Lt\p „ZpL˚[l ˘TflYßp ˙YflTÙ”˚PVYoLs.

$ Tp˙Yfl A‡TYeL˚[l ˘Ttfl Y⁄TYoLs Tp˙Yfl U]®˚Xdœ

B[Ù]YoL[ÙL˙Y LÙQlT”Yo.

CdLÙWQeL[Ùp Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙQY⁄dœm °˚PdL˙Yi•V ERÆŸm Ae∏LÙWeLfim

˙YflTÙ”˚PVRÙL C⁄dœm. Lt\p „Z˚X E⁄YÙdœm ˙Y˚[´p AYoL∞u

R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm Gp˚XL˚[Ÿm Htfld˘LÙs[Ù’ Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[l

TV‡˚PVRÙL UÙtflYRtœ B£¨V⁄dœ CVXÙ’.

2.6. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤m B£¨V⁄m

NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙsfim L⁄j’Ls, ß\uLs, Ußl◊Ls, U]®˚XLs

B°VYt˚\ ®˚\˙YtflYßp B£¨V¨u Teœ ™Ll ˘T¨VRÙœm. J⁄ NÍL A\Æ´p

B£¨Vo.

$ NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL∞u Es[PdLj˚Rj ˘R∞YÙLl ◊¨kß⁄dL˙Yi”m.

$ NÍL A±ÆVp A‘œÿ˚\˚V ÿ›˚UVÙL Eh˘LÙi•⁄dL˙Yi”m.

$ A‘œÿ˚\˚V Eh˘LÙi” Lt\p „Z˚X E⁄YÙdœm˙TÙ’ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l

˘TÙfljRY˚W´p N¨VÙ] A±‹ C⁄dL˙Yi”m.

$ Tp˙Yfl Lt\p EjßL˚[ A±k’˘LÙsY’Pu Lt\p „ZpL∞p AYt˚\ ÿ˚\VÙLl

TVuT”j’YRtœ UÙQYoLfidœ ERY‹m CVX˙Yi”m.

$ SpX ßhP™”TYWÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m. Lt\p A˚P‹˚[ EflߢNnYRtœj

˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄j’ Utflm EjßLfidœ Ht\ LÙW¶L˚[f £\lTÙLj ßhP™”YRtœ

E¨V ß\˚UŸm B£¨V⁄dœ C⁄dL˙Yi”m. Lt\˚Xj ßhP™”m ˙Y˚[´p

B£¨Vo °˚PjR ˘T¸æL LpÆf„Zp, RLYp E˚\ÆPeLs B°VYt˚\d

L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.

25

$ J⁄ SpX BnYÙ[⁄m NLUÙQY⁄UÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m. SpX BnYÙ[⁄dœ Uh”˙U

Bn‹f ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p UÙQYoLfiPu ˘NVpTP CV¤m. AYoL∞u ©Wf£˚]j

æoÆtLÙ] ÿVt£L∞u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m ˙R˚Yd˙LtT D”Th” ERÆ

A∞dL‹m N¨VÙL YØLÙhP‹m B£¨V⁄dœ CVX˙Yi”m.

$ ˙UmThP’m Ht◊˚PV’m —RkßWÿUÙ] Lt\p „Z˚X E⁄YÙd°d ˘LÙ”lTRtœj

˙R˚YVÙ] LtT˚], ß\u B°˚Y B£¨V¨Pm A˚Ukß⁄dL˙Yi”m. _]SÙVLd

Li˙QÙhPj’Pu UÙQYoL∞Pm D”T”YRtœm CVX˙Yi”m.

$ UÙQYoL∞u CVp◊Ls, R≤jRu˚ULs CYt±p LÙQlT”m ˙YflTÙ”L˚[Ÿm

B£¨Vo L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

$ Jh”˘UÙjRUÙL UÙQYoL∞u E¨˚UL˚[d œ±jR A±˚Y E⁄YÙdL‹m CkR

E¨˚ULs ¡\lTPÆp˚X GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV‹m ˙Yi”m.

˘RÙPo˘NVpTÙ”Ls

1. ˘RÙPdL®˚X Yœl◊L∞p NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP ËpL˚[l T¨˙NÙßj’f NÍL

A±ÆVp Lt\≠u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd œ±j’f NÙuflLfiPu J⁄ Lh”˚W

RVÙ¨dL‹m.

2. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤dœ A±ÆV≠u ÿ˚\˚V˙V S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlTh”s[’.

G”j’dLÙh”LfiPu ®fl‹L.

3. ˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uL∞u TVuTÙh”Pu Y[lT”j’R˚XŸm NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ

˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙs°\’. Cd·t±tLÙ] Gßo L⁄j’L˚[ G”j’˚Wj’ ÆUoN]d

œ±l◊j RVÙ¨dL‹m.

89

AXœ ˛ 4

NÍL A±ÆV¤m ˘RÙØp ÷hTÿm

˘UÙjR ˙SWm: 10 U¶ ˙SWm

Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\´p RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßtœ ™L ÿd°Vl Teœ Es[’.

Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\´u RWj˚R Eflß ˘NnRÙp Uh”˙U RWmYÙnkR LpÆ˚V A∞lTRtœ

CV¤m. ICT J⁄ Lt\p Lt©jRp ˚L˙VPÙLl TVuT”j’YRu YØVÙLd Lt\p

TX‡˚PVRÙL UÙfl°\’. EVo ˘RÙØp÷hT YœlT˚\Lfim, •¥hPp A˚Ul◊Lfim

˙LW[ÙƤs[ Ts∞d ·PeL∞p ˘T¨V UÙt\j˚R E⁄YÙd°d ˘LÙi•⁄d°u\ „Z≠p

B£¨V UÙQYoLfim ARt˙LtT ICT TVuTÙh˚Pf £\l◊\f ˘NnYRtLÙ] ß\uL˚[l

˘T\˙Yi•Ÿs[’. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp÷hTjß˚]Ÿm,

A˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Lt\p ’˚Qd L⁄ÆL˚[Ÿm Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\´p GqYÙfl

TVuT”jRXÙm Gu\ TœlTÙn‹ RÙu CkR AX°p S˚P˘Tfl°\’.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

$ TÙPHtTÙh” T¨UÙt\m £\l◊\ S˚P˘TflYRtœj ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßu

ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd œ±l©”°u\]o.

$ TÙP HtTÙ” T¨UÙt\jßp ICT YÙnl◊L˚[ Li”©•j’ AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.

AYt˚\l TVuT”j’YRtLÙ] ß\uL˚[l ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs[‹m ˘Nn°u\]o.

ÿd°Vd L⁄j’Ls

$ RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßu ÿd°Vj’Ym

$ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p TVuT”jRd·•V ˘RÙØp ÷hTeLs

$ Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs, YÙnl◊Ls

$ C˚QVR[ ˙TÙohPpLs, Y˚XjR[eLs, Y˚XlTß‹Ls (Blog)

$ ˘UuR[eLs ˛ YÙnl◊Ls

$ ........

ICT ´u ÿd°Vj’Ym

˙Lh˘TÙ≠d LÙh£ YØVÙ] Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[ E⁄YÙd°d ˘LÙ”j’ ˙R£V

Lt\pRWj˚R Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m Gu\ CXdœPu ˙LW[

AW£u ∏r ˙LW[ Cu©\ÙvhWdNo Bih ˘Pd]ÙX¥ @TÙo G•Î˙L`u KITE Gu\

®flY]m ̆ NVpTh” Y⁄°\’. Ts∞d·PeL∞p ̇ R˚YVÙ] A•lT˚P YNßL˚[f ̆ Nn’

˘LÙ”lT’, B£¨VoLfidœl T´t£ A∞lT’, TXY˚LVÙ] •¥hPp Es[PdLm

RVÙ¨lT’, C˛LYQuv S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRY’ ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœ KITE R˚X˚U

RÙe° Y⁄°\’. ICT ´u ˘RÙPo YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”j’YRtLÙL ˘RÙPdL®˚X

Yœl◊Ls ÿRp ICT ˚V J⁄ œ±l©hP TÙPUÙL œZk˚RLs Ltfl Y⁄°u\]o. CqYÙfl

UÙfl°u\ YœlT˚\dLfid˙LtT, Lt©jRp ÿ˚\´¤m, Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\´¤m ß\˚U

˘Tt\ B£¨V UÙQYoLs RÙu SÙ˚[V B£¨VWÙL YW˙Yi•VYoLs BYo. ÿRp

T⁄Yjßp RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßu YÙnl◊L˚[Ÿm, ÿd°Vj’Yj˚RŸm

90

Æ[dLUÙLd LXk’˚WVÙ•˙]Ùm ApXYÙ? Ce˙L NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p TVuT”jR

˙Yi•V ICT YÙnl◊L˚[ BWÙn˙YÙm.

U≤R≤u NÍL ÿu˙]t\jßp RÙdLm ˘N¤j’°u\ L⁄j’Ls, SToLs, ®Lrf£Ls,

®flY]eLs ̇ TÙu\Yt˚\d œ±jR Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ̆ RÙPo◊˚PV’m U≤R ̊ UVUÙ]’UÙ]

Lt\pRÙu NÍL A±ÆV≠p S˚P˘Tfl°\’. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p YØVÙL NÍLj˚R

ÿu˙]Ùd° ˘LÙi” ˘Np¤Rp Gu\ EjRWYÙRj˚R G”j’d ˘LÙsYRtœ SToL˚[j

RVÙo ˘Nn°˙\Ùm. A˙RÙ” _]SÙVL EQo‹, URNÙoTt\ £kR˚], ˙R∫V EQo‹, ·h”

U]lTÙu˚U, œ› EQo‹, Gßo˘NVXÙtflm ß\u ˙TÙu\ Ußl◊Ls Y[o°u\]. CRtLÙLl

TXY˚LlThP Lt\p EjßLs YØVÙLd œZk˚RLs LPk’ ˘NpX˙Yi•Ÿs[’. A˚Y

G˚Y˘VpXÙm GuT˚R ÿkß] TÙPlTœß´p LXk’˚WVÙ•˙]Ùm ApXYÙ?

$ L⁄jRWeLm

$ œ›ÆYÙRm

$ ÆYÙRm

$ ˙SoLÙQp

$ L[lTVQm

$ ˘NVpßhPm

$ TPj˘RÙœl◊Ls RVÙ¨jRp

$ ............

Tp˙Yfl Lt\p Lt©jRp EjßLs TX‡˚PV ÿ˚\´p J›eœ ˘NnV˙Yi”˘U≤p

ARtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ßhP™Pp, ˘NVpT”j’Rp, Ußl¿” ˘NnRp B°V˚Y

S˚P˘T\˙Yi”m. CRu Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m ˘RÙØp÷hT ERÆ˚VŸm L⁄ÆL˚[Ÿm

TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m. Gk˘RkR L⁄ÆLfim, ’˚QdL⁄ÆLfim NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤dœj

˙R˚YlT”°u\]? AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.

$ TÙPl◊jRLeLs

$ ˙Ut˙LÙs ◊jRLeLs

$ Tjߨ˚L, CRrLs

$ J¸ı ˛ FPLeLs

$ YWXÙtfl H”Ls, SÙQVeLs

$ ®XlTPeLs, ®XlTP H”Ls

$ YWXÙtfl ®˚]‹f£u]eLs

$ T˚ZV LÙX L⁄ÆLs, ˘TÙ⁄hLs

$ TPeLs, ◊˚LlTPeLs

$ ß˚WlTPm, SÙPLm.....

$ ........

91

˙TÙu\ HWÙ[UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs ˙R˚YlT”°u\]. CYt±p TXYt˚\Ÿm ˙SW•VÙLl

TÙolTRtœm ˙LhTRtœm CV¤°u\ A•lT˚P E˚\ÆPUÙLd °˚PdLf ˘NnYRtœl

TX˙Y˚[L∞p SmUÙp CV¤Y’ Cp˚X. A±Æu UiPXm UÙYhPm ˛ UÙ®Xm ˛ SÙ” ˛

EXLm˛ ©WTgNm G]l TWk’ ƨk’ °Pd°\’. Cf„Z≠p A•lT˚P E˚\ÆPeL∞u

YÙnl◊Ls œ˚\k’ ˙TÙL‹m CWh˚P E˚\ÆPeL˚[l TVuT”jR ˙Yi•Ÿm Es[’.

RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp÷hTjßu ˘RÙPo YÙnl◊L˚[ Ce˙L TVuT”jR˙Yi”m.

Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\´u ßhP™P≠p B£¨˚Vdœl TXY˚LVÙ] ˙NL¨l◊f

˘NVpTÙ”L∞u TœßVÙL UÙQYoLfidœm ICT ERÆ ˙R˚YlT”°\’.

°˚Pd°u\ Y˚XlTß‹Ls, Y˚XjR[eLs G˚Y˘V] AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.

$ NUdWÙ ˙TÙohPp (Samagra itschool.gov.in)

$ NÙvßW NLÙ´ (Sasthra Sahayi.blogspot.in)

$ ˘UuPov ˙LW[Ù (Mentors Kerala.blog.com)

$ Gv.Gv. œ⁄◊˙[Ùd (ssgurublogsport.com)

$ T˙VÙÆ`u ◊˙[Ùd (bio-vision-s.blospot.com)

$ ˙LW[ ®VUNTÙ ˘Yl˚Nh (www.niyamasabha.org)

$ ˙XÙL N˚T (loksabha.nic.in)

$ WÙwVN˚T (rajyasabha.nic.in)

$ Gv.£.C.Bo.•. ˘Yl˚Nh (scertkerala.gov.in)

$ LÙX®˚Xl©¨‹ (www.imd.gov.in)

$ .....................

NUdWÙ ˙TÙohPp YØVÙLl Ts∞ TÙPl◊jRLeLfim Lt\p Y[eLfim •¥hPp (Gi‘⁄)

BL °˚Pdœm.

C˚Rl˙TÙufl GpXÙ AW— A¤YXLeLfidœm ˘TÙ’UdLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙsfiYRtœ

Y˚XjR[eLs Es[]. CYt˚\ GpXÙm NÍL A±ÆVp B£¨VoLfim UÙQYoLfim

RLYp ˙NL¨lTRtœl TVuT”jRXÙm. UÙ®Xjßu Es˙[Ÿm, ˘Y∞˙VŸm, ˙R£V

A[Ƥm HWÙ[UÙ] ®flY]eLs, A⁄eLÙh£VLeLs, YWXÙtflf £u]eLs, Id°V SÙh”

N˚T, UjßV AW—, UÙ®X AW—Ls B°VYt±u Y˚XjR[eL˚[l TÙo˚Y´h”

RLYpL˚[ SmTLjRu˚UŸPu ˙NL¨dLXÙm. RLYpL˚[l TßÆ\dLm ˘Nn’

TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’ ˚NTo NhPeL˚[d L˚P©•lTßp LY]m ˘N¤j’≈oLs ApXYÙ?

˙NL¨jR RLYpL∞u ˘NVXÙdLm

C˚QVR[jßu ERÆŸm YÙnl◊m °˚PjR‹Pu SLW ̨ °WÙU ̇ YflTÙ•u± ̇ LW[jߤs[

LpÆ ®flY]eLs C˚YV˚]j˚RŸm TVuT”jß Y⁄°u\]. ˘RÙØp÷hTeL∞u

YNߟm Y[of£Ÿm, L¶≤, U•dL¶≤, ß\u˙T£ (Bu•WÙn” ˙TÙi) ˙TÙu\˚YŸm,

GkR Ko B£¨V⁄dœm R]’ YœlT˚\L˚[ •¥hPp ERÆŸPu TpÌPÙL A˚Ul©tœ

UÙt± Lt\p ˛Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\´p œZk˚RL∞u BoYj˚R ®˚X®flj’YRtœm,

Lt\˚Xl TV‡˚PVRÙdœYRtœm CV¤°u\ „Zp Rt˙TÙ’ S˚Pÿ˚\´p Es[’.

RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨jRp, ˙NL¨jR RLYpL˚[ Yœl©tœ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ÿ˚\´p

˘NVXÙdLm ˘NnRp, ˘RÙØp÷hTd L⁄ÆL∞u ERÆŸPu œZk˚RL˚[ A˚PVf ˘NnRp

92

B°V˚Y ™L ÿd°VUÙ]˚Y Bœm. G”j’dLÙhPÙL LtLÙXm Gu\ L⁄j˚Rl T¨UÙt\m

˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ T˚ZV LtLÙXm, C˚PdLtLÙXm, ◊ßV LtLÙXm B°V LÙXLhPeL∞¤s[

U≤R YÙrd˚L´u NÙuflL˚[f ˙NL¨dL ˙Yi”m. CYt˚\ GpXÙm A±ÿLm ˘NnRp

(©WNu˙P`u) YØVÙLd ˙Lh˘TÙ≠dLÙh£´u ERÆŸPu T¨UÙt\m ˘NnVlT”m˙TÙ’

£\l◊˚PVRÙL UÙfl°\’. ˙SW•VÙLf ˙NL¨d°u\ RLYpL˚[j, Ru‡˚PV YœlT˚\´p

TVuT”j’YRtœ CV¤°u\ ÆRjßp UÙt±V˚UlTRtLÙ] ß\˚] Jq˘YÙ⁄ B£¨V ˛

UÙQY‡m ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. •¥hPp YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”j’m ˙TÙ’ A˚Y

œZk˚RLfiPu Ju±˚QV‹m, A±‹ E⁄YÙdLjßtLÙ] YÙnl◊L˚[l

TVuT”j’YRtœm LY]m ˘N¤jR ˙Yi”m.

5,6,7 Yœl◊L∞¤s[ NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPlTœßL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Jq˘YÙ⁄

TÙPlTœßdœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ICT YÙnl◊L˚[d Li”©•j’ AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.

œ›YÙLd LXk’˚WVÙP‹m.

S”®˚X Yœl◊L∞¤s[ H˙R‡m NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPlTœß´u A•lT˚P´p J⁄

•¥hPp ©WNu˙P`u RVÙ¨j’ UÙߨ Yœl◊ G”dL‹m.

Y¨˚N Yœl◊ AXœ T¨UÙt\m ˘NnV˙Yi•V Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄Æ´u ICT •¥hPp

Gi L⁄j’ UiPXm YÙnl◊ YÙnl◊

1 6 C˚PdLÙX L˚XŸm CXd°Vÿm 8˛18 Y˚W´XÙ]

CkßVÙ Ët\Ùi•u

E⁄YÙdLeLs, SToLs,

CXd°Vm TPeLs

˘NV≠˘Uu˘TÙ⁄Ls (Application software) ˛ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p

Ge˙L C⁄k’m, GkR ̇ SWjߤm Lt\p Æ˚[‹Ls °˚Pd°u\ „Zp Cufl E⁄YÙ]RtLÙ]

LÙWQm CkRj ’˚\´p HtThP UÙt\UÙœm. C˚QVR[jßu Y[of£VÙp CRtœ CVu\’.

Cj’Pu ˘NV≠ ˛ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄hLfim TVuTÙ”Lfim (App) ˙Lh˘TÙ≠dLÙh£Lfim SÙm

93

L⁄jßt ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p TVuT”jRd·•V ˘UuR[eLs

G˚Y˘VuT˚R ÿR≠p ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs˙YÙm. ETi”Ƥm, Æu˙PÙ£¤m CjR˚LV

Y[eLs °˚Pd°u\] G] ÿRp T⁄Yjßp SÙm ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi˙PÙUpXYÙ?

v˘Pp˙X¨Vm (Stellarium)

v˘Pp˙X¨Vm GuT’ J⁄ ˘PvdPÙl ©˙[]h˙PÙ¨Vm ˘UuR[UÙœm. GkR SÙ˚[Ÿm

˙SWj˚RŸm YÙ]jßp Etfl˙SÙdœYRtœ CRu YØVÙL CV¤°\’. ShNjßWd ·hPeLs

EhTP 21 ˙LÙ• ShNjßWeLs œ±jR RLYpLs CkR ˘UuR[jßp °˚Pd°u\]. „¨V

œ”mTm/©WTgNm Etfl ˙SÙdœYRtœ CkR ˘UuR[j˚Rl TVuT”jRXÙm.

UÙo©s (Marble)

È™˚VŸm, NkßW˚]Ÿm œ› Y•Æp Etfl˙SÙdœYRtLÙ] •¥hPp ◊Æ E⁄i˚PRÙu

UÙo©s. È™˚VŸm, È™´u YÙŸ UiPXj˚RŸm Æ[dLUÙL‹m Jq˘YÙ⁄ Tœß˚VŸm

ƨYÙL‹m (TWkR ˙UtTWlTÙL) SUdœl TÙodL CV¤m. ˙U¤m AhNd˙LÙ”Ls,

æodLd˙LÙ”Ls, ˘T⁄eLiPeLs, LPpLs B°VYt˚\ Etfl˙SÙdœYRtœ CkR

˘UuR[j˚R TVuT”jRXÙm. NkßW≤u ̇ UtTWl◊m, ̆ YlTUiPXeLfim Etfl˙SÙdLXÙm.

˘RÙPdL®˚X Yœl©¤s[ Gk˘RkRl TÙPlTœßL˚[l T¨UÙt\m ˘NnYRtœ CkR

˘UuR[j˚Rl TVuT”jRXÙm G] BWÙnk’ œ±l◊ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.

‘XR map’

•¥hPp ◊ÆE⁄i˚PRÙu CkR ˘UuR[m. SÙ”Lfi˚PV‹m Tp˙Yfl CPeLfi˚PV‹m

RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨lTRtœm CkR ˘UuR[eL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm. Jq˘YÙ⁄ SÙh˚PŸm

˙Ro‹ ˘NnRÙp ◊Æ´Vp, YWXÙfl NÙokR RLYpLfim, ˙R£Vd˘LÙ•, ˙R£V ∏Rm

˙TÙu\˚YLfim CkR ˘UuR[jßp °˚Pd°u\].

Sun clock

˙SW LÙX A˚Ul◊Ls, È™´u —Zt£´u LÙWQUÙL HtT”°u\ UÙt\eLs B°VYt˚\

Etfl˙SÙdœYRtœ ER‹°u\ ˘UuR[UÙœm.

K. Geography

CkR ˘UuR[m YØVÙLd „¨Vœ”mTm, —Zt£, „¨V—Zt£ ˙TÙu\ UiPXeL∞u

T¨UÙt\jßtœl TVuT”j’Y’Pu „¨V°WLQm, NkßW°WLQm B°VYt˚\

Etfl˙SÙdL‹m CV¤°\’. ˙Yfl £X ˘UuR[eLfim ETi”Æu ◊ßV Tßl©p

°˚Pd°u\]. A˚Y G˚Y˘VuT˚R B£¨V¨u ERÆŸPu T¨˙NÙߟeLs. L¶≤

Bn‹d·Pjß≠⁄k’ AYt±u TVuTÙh˚Pd œ±j’m ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[XÙm ApXYÙ?

$ "NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p ˘NV≠ ˘UuR[eL∞u Tp˙Yfl YÙnl◊Ls' Gu\ R˚Xl©p

ÆYÙRj˚R J›eœ ˘NnV‹m.

˘UuR[eLs RÆW HWÙ[UÙ] •¥hPp L⁄ÆLfim, Bl◊Lfim, CD, DVD ˙TÙu\˚YŸm

°˚Pd°u\]. CYt˚\l TßÆ\dLm ˘Nn’m, YÙe°Ÿm TVuT”jR CV¤°\’. A˚Y

G˚Y˘VuT˚R AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.

$ World Clock

$ Google Map

94

$ GPS

$ Digital compas

$ Digital Atlas

$ Digital Maps

$ .............

$ ...............

EeLfi˚PV A˚X˙T£´p Gk˘RkR Bl◊L˚[l TßÆ\dLm ˘Nn’ TVuT”jRXÙm

G]d Li”©•ŸeLs.

L¶≤, A˚X˙T£ B°VYt˚\ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” ˘NVpT”°u\ HWÙ[m

˘TÙ⁄hLs °˚Pd°u\]. AYt±u TVuTÙh˚Pl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” Gk˘RkRl TÙPeL∞u

T¨UÙt\jßtœl TVuT”jRXÙm G]d Li”©•dL‹m.

NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV £X LÙh£˘VÙ≠d L⁄ÆL∞u YÙnl◊L˚[ CkR

AX°u YØVÙL SÙm ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi˙PÙm. C≤Ÿm HWÙ[m YÙnl◊Ls YWXÙm. AYt˚\d

Li”©•j’ TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’ B£¨Vo Gu\ ®˚X´p ß\˚UL˚[ ˙UmT”j’YRtœm

J⁄ SpX B£¨˚VVÙL UÙflYRtœm EeLfidœ CV¤°\’.

Æ[mTWdL˚X / Æ[mTWm

ÿd°V L⁄j’Ls

$ Æ[mTWdL˚X/Æ[mTWm: Y˚WV˚\Lfim ˘NÙtL∞u EtTjߟm

$ Æ[mTWdL˚X´u ˙RÙt\ÿm YWXÙflm

$ Æ[mTWeL∞u ˙Y˚XLfim æ˚ULfim

$ Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] Æ[mTWeLs

$ Æ[mTW ÿL˚U

$ Æ[mTWd L˚X´p S≈] ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls

ÿd°V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

TÙPl Tœß UÙQYoLfidœ ER‹°\’.

Æ[mTWd L˚X´u Y˚WV˚\L˚[l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsYRtœ.

Æ[mTWm Gu\ ˘NÙp≠u ˙RÙt\j˚Rd Li” ©•lTRtœ.

Æ[mTWd L˚X´u Y[of£l T¨QÙUeL˚[l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsYRtœ.

Ut˘\Ù⁄Y¨u LhPÙVjßtœ HtT H˙R‡˘UÙ⁄ ˙Y˚X˚Vf ˘NnYRtœ øeLs ©\W’

A±‹˚WLfidœm LhPÙVeLfidœm ˘RÙPok’ SÙm B[ÙY’i” £X ˙Y˚[L∞p

Æ⁄lT™pXÙÆhPÙ¤m A±‹˚WL˚[ SÙm G”j’d ˘LÙs˙YÙm. £X œ±l©hP „ZpL∞p

Jj’d ˘LÙs[ÙU¤m C⁄dLXÙm B]Ùp AkR A±‹˚WL˚[ LYof£VÙLd ·flYRÙL

C⁄kRÙp AYt˚\ ÿ› U]’Pu Htfld ˘LÙs[j RVÙWÙ˙YÙm. C’ ˙TÙX˙Y C≤l©p

˘TÙßVlThP ’i”°u\ RLYpL˙[ Æ[mTWeLs. J⁄ EtTjß ˘TÙ⁄˚[˙VÙ

95

˙N˚Y˚V˙VÙ L⁄j˚R˙VÙ Tt± TÙo˚YVÙ[oL∞u NÙRLUÙ] ®˚XTÙh˚P E⁄YÙdœ°u\

„ZpLs Æ[mTWeLs.

øeLs ˙NÙl◊, TtT˚N ˙TÙu\ Au\ÙPj ˙R˚YLfidLÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ GqYÙfl ˙Ro‹

˘Nn≈oLs? EeL[’ ˘NÙkR Æ⁄lTlT• RÙu ˙Rok˘R”d°»oL[Ù? L˚P´p A”d°

˚YdLlTh”s[ TXY˚LVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄sL∞≠⁄k’ œ±l©hP Ju˚\ Uh”m GRu

A•lT˚P´p ˙Rok˘R”l¿oLs? ˙VÙ£j’l TÙojRÙp UdL∞˚P˙V ©WTXUÙ] FPLeLs

YÙ´XÙL‹m ©\YØL∞p Sm˚U YkR˚PŸm RLYpL∞u A•lT˚P´¤m RÙu GuT˚Rl

◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[XÙm. ˘RÙPof£VÙL J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[l Tt±V RLYpL˚[ SÙm TÙodL ˙SokRÙp

A˚R YÙeœYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊m AßLUÙœm.