477

medicine, surgery, and pathology of the ear, nose,pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi, and oesophagus,.and the recognition and use of special instrumentsand appliances. The examination in each case iswritten, oral, and practical or clinical. Candidatesmay only enter fcr Part II. on completion of one yearof special study of the diseases of the ear, nose,pharynx, and larynx, after obtaining a registrablequalification. The fee for admission to each part is6 guineas.

DIPLOMA IN TUBERCULOUS DISEASES.

A Diploma in Tuberculous Diseases is given by theUniversity of Wales. Candidates must possess a

medical qualification registrable for practice in GreatBritain and Ireland, and be not less than 25 years ofage, and either (Category A) have held, for a periodof not less than five years, whole-time appointments ’,for work in tuberculosis ; or (Category B) have held I,a registrable qualification to practise for at least oneyear, and presented (a) a certificate of satisfactorypursuance of a course of consecutive post-graduatestudy of the clinical and epidemiological aspects oftuberculosis of six months’ duration at a recogniseduniversity, medical school, or hospital where sucha course is given ; or, alternatively, a certificate ofone year’s post-graduate work as a whole-time memberof the staff of a tuberculosis hospital, sanatorium, ordispensary approved by the Ministry of Health, signedby the representative of the authorities for whom thework was performed or by the administrative medicalofficer concerned ; (b) a certificate of satisfactorypursuance of a course of consecutive post-graduatepractical study of the Pathology and Bacteriology ofTuberculosis of three months’ duration at a tubercu-losis laboratory or a recognised general laboratorywhere such a course is given ; (c) a certificate of threemonths’ satisfactory attendance at a tuberculosis ’,institute or dispensary.

’

The examination is divided into two parts and thefee is £10 10s. Applications should be made to theRegistrar of the University, University Registry,Cathays Park, Cardiff, not later than May 15th.

The Cecil Prosser Research Scholarship, of the valueof £250 for one year, is awarded triennially for researchin Tuberculosis. ____

DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC HEALTH.

. THE following epitomises the instruction given atvarious universities and centres of medical education to medical men desiring to obtain diplomas in sanitary i,science, public health, hygiene or State medicine, as this discipline is variously called. Resolutions,designed with a view of ensuring " the possession of adistinctively high proficiency, scientific and practical,in all the branches of study which concern the publichealth," have been adopted at various times by theGeneral Medical Council. The diploma is registrableby the Council, whose rules on the curriculum becomebinding on the educational bodies concerned. Thenew regulations, which came into force in 1923,-extend the period of study and postpone the granting !Iof a diploma until at least two years from qualification. I

Conjoint Board of the R.C.P. Lond. and R.C.S. Eng. i,New regulations came into force on Jan. 1st,1924, which apply to all candidates who have notcommenced bona-nde study of Public Health inaccordance with the above regulations before thatdate. They are as follows : The Examinationconsists of two Parts. Part I. will be held in themonths of January and June, and Part II. inthe months of January and July in each year.Candidates may enter for Parts I. and II. separatelyor at the same time, but they must pass Part I. beforeproceeding to Part II. The Examination in eachpart will be written, oral, and practical. Part II.will include a practical examination in InfectiousDiseases, Food Inspection, and Inspection of selected-Premises. Candidates who fail to satisfy the Examiners

in either part may present themselves again at thenext Examination on payment of the same Fees.Candidates intending to present themselves for eitherpart of the Examination must give 14 days’ notice inwriting to the Secretary, at the Examination Hall,Queen-square, Bloomsbury, London, W.C. 1.

Candidates will be admissible to Examination inPart I. on producing evidence :-

1. Of being in possession of a registrable qualification inMedicine, Surgery, and Midwifery.. 2. Of having attended during a period of not less thanfive months at an Institution recognised by the ExaminingBoard in England, practical instruction in (a) Bacteriologyand Parasitology (including Medical Entomology) especiallyin their relation to diseases of man and to those diseases ofthe lower animals which are transmissible to man, during180 hours, of which not less than 150 hours have beenoccupied in practical laboratory work. (b) Chemistry andPhysics in relation to public health, during 90 hours, ofwhich not less than 70 hours have been occupied in practicallaboratory work. (c) Meteorology and Climatology inrelation to public health, during not less than 10 hours.

Candidates will be admitted to Part II. of theExamination on producing evidence :-

1. Of having been in possession of a registrable qualifica-tion in Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery during not lessthan two years, of being registered by the General MedicalCouncil, and of having completed the curriculum for theDiploma extending over a period of 12 calendar monthssubsequent to the attainment of a registrable qualification.

2. Of having attended, after obtaining the registrableQualification, instruction during not less than 80 hours atan Institution recognised by the Examining Board in

England in the following subjects :-(a) The Principles ofPublic Health and Sanitation for not less than 30 hours ;(b) Epidemiology and Vital Statistics for not less than20 hours ; (c) Sanitary Law and Administration (includingPublic Medical Services) during not less than 20 hours ;(d) Sanitary Construction and Planning during not less than10 hours.

3. Of having attended for three months the clinical prac-tice of a hospital for infectious diseases recognised by theExamining Board in England and of having therein receivedinstruction in the methods of administration. The Certificatemust state that the candidate has attended on one or moredays in each week of the three months, that each attendancewas of two hours’ duration, with a total attendance of60 hours.

4. Of having been engaged during a period of not lessthan six months in acquiring a practical knowledge of theduties, routine and special, of public health administrationunder the supervision of a Medical Officer of Health, andof having received, from such officer or other competentMedical Officer during not less than three hours on each of60 working days, practical instruction in those duties andalso those relating to : (a) Maternity and Child WelfareService; (b) Health Service for children of school age,(c) Venereal Diseases Service; (d) Tuberculosis Service;(e) Industrial Hygiene ; (f) Inspection and Control of Food;including meat and milk.The above certificate (4) must be obtained from a

Medical Officer of Health who devotes his whole timeto public work, or from a Medical Officer of Healthof a Sanitary Area having a population of not lessthan 50,000, or in Ireland the Medical SuperintendentOfficer of Health of a County or County Boroughhaving a population of not less than 50,000.

University of Oxford.—An examination, conductedpartly in writing, partlv viva voce, and in each subjectpartly practical, is held in Michaelmas and in TrinityTerm in the following subjects :-General Hygiene,General Pathology (with special relation to InfectiousDiseases), the Laws relating to Public Health, SanitaryEngineering, Vital Statistics. The examination is intwo parts, which may be taken together or separately ;but Part I. must be passed either before or at the sameexamination as Part II.The First Part of the examination will comprise

(a) written papers of three hours each in (i.) Chemistryand Physics, and (ii.) Pathology and Bacteriology;(b) a three hours’ practical and viva voce examination inChemistry and Physics ; (c) a three hours’ practical andviva voce examination in Pathology and Bacteriology.The Second Part of the Examination will consist

of the following parts :-(a) Two written papers,each of three hours, dealing with General Hygiene(including Sanitary Engineering, Vital Statistics, and

478

the Laws relating to Public Health) ; (b) a practicaland viva voce examination in General Hygiene ; and(c) a three hours’ practical and viva voce examinationin Pathology and Bacteriology.

Candidates in Part I. of the examination will be

required to produce certificates (1) of Laboratory Workin Chemistry, Physics, Meteorology, and Climatologyas applied to Hygiene, and (2) of having had PracticalInstruction in Bacteriology and Parasitology and thePathology of the Diseases of Animals transmissible toMan.

Candidates in Part II. will produce the followingfurther certificates: (3) of a Practical Knowledge ofthe Duties, Routine and Special, of Public HealthAdministration ; and (4) of having attended the

practice of a Hospital for Infectious Diseases at whichopportunities are afforded for the study of the Methodsof Administration.

All the above degrees are now open to WomenStudents, and particulars of Scholarships and Prizesmay be obtained from the Principals of the vareousLadies’ Colleges. The names of candidates for theDiploma in Public Health must be sent to the AssistantRegistrar of the University, Clarendon Building,Oxford. Applications for any further informationshould be addressed to the Dean, Department ofMedicine, Museum, Oxford.

University of Cambridge.-Two examinations in somuch of State medicine as is comprised in the functionsof medical officers of health are held during the year.The examination is divided into two parts anddemands proficiency in all the branches of studywhich bear upon the duties of medical officers ofhealth. The examinations in both parts will be oraland practical, as well as in writing. Candidates maypresent themselves for either part separately or forboth together at their option ; but the result of theexamination in the case of any candidate will not bepublished until he has satisfied the examiners in bothparts. Marks of distinction will be placed against thenames of candidates who have specially distinguishedthemselves in either (1) Part I. of the examination;or (2) Part II. of the examination. Candidates mustbefore admission to either part of the examinationproduce evidence of having satisfied the regulationsapplicable to Part I. and Part II. The examinationfor Part I. is in April and for Part II. in October.

For Part I. of the examination courses of lecturesand laboratory instruction are given in the Universityon Hygiene, Chemistry, &c., and on Bacteriologyand Parasitology. For Part II. the Medical Officerof Health for Cambridge gives courses on PracticalSanitary Administration and in the AdministrativeMethods of the Infectious Diseases Hospital; and theMedical Officer of Health to the CambridgeshireCounty Council, on Sanitary Laws, School Hygiene,Epidemiology. There are also courses by speciallecturers in Vital Statistics, Tuberculosis Service,Venereal Diseases Service, Industrial Hygiene,Maternity and Child Welfare. These courses are

open to non-members of the University.A special Diploma in Hygiene is granted to medical

graduates whose qualifications are not registrable inEngland. The courses and examinations are the sameas for the Diploma in Public Health (except that thecandidates are not examined in English Sanitary Laws).

All applications for further information respectingexaminations and the courses of study should beaddressed to Mr. Purvis, Public Health ChemicalLaboratory, Cambridge.

University of London.-Candidates for the M.D.Degree may offer State Medicine as a subject in whichlio graduate. The regulations have been revised andmay be obtained on application to the AcademicRegistrar, University of London, South Kensington.

University of Durham.-The Degree of Bachelor ofHygiene (B.Hy.) and the Diploma in Public Health(D.P.H.).-No candidate is admitted to the finalexamination for the Degree of B.Hy. unless he is aBachelor of Medicine and Surgery, of not less thantwo years’ standing, of a recognised University, and

no candidate is admitted to the final examinationfor the D.P.H. unless he is a registered medicalpractitioner, of not less than two years’ standing. Thecourse of study for the B.Hy. and D.P.H. extendsover a period of not less than 12 calendar months,subsequent to the attainment of a registrable qualifi-cation. Candidates for the B.Hy. must attend thiscourse at the University of Durham ; candidatesfor the D.P.H. may attend it at the University ofDurham, or at any medical school or institution whichis recognised by the University. The examinationfor the diploma or degree is divided into two parts.A candidate must pass in all the subjects of Part I.before being admitted to examination for Part II.In Part I., and also in Part II., a candidate must passin all the specified subjects at one time. The examina-tion for Part I. is practical, written, and oral,and includes the following subjects: Bacteriologyand Parasitology (including medical entomology);Chemistry and Physics, and Meteorology and Clima-tology, in relation to Public Health. Candidates arenot admitted to examination for Part I. until afterthey have completed the prescribed courses of instruc-tion in the subjects thereof. The examination forPart II. includes Hygiene and Sanitation (comprisingsanitary construction), Epidemiology and InfectiousDiseases ; Sanitary Law and Vital Statistics; PublicHealth Administration. The examination is writtenand oral, and includes practical examinations inInfectious Diseases, Food Inspection, Inspection ofPremises-Dwellings, Factories, Workshops, Schools,&c. Candidates are not admitted to examinationfor Part II. until after they have completed theprescribed courses of instruction in the subjectsthereof. Doctor of Hygiene (D.Hy.) : Candidatesmust be Bachelors of Hygiene of two years’ standing,and are required to satisfy the examiners that theyhave conducted original researoh in the subject ofPublic Health.

Victoria University of Manchester.-An examinationin Public Health is held twice yearly. The examinationis in two parts and is written, oral, and practical.Candidates may present themselves for Parts I. andII. separately or at the same time provided that nocandidate be admitted to Part II. unless he has alreadypassed in Part I. No candidate’s name will be pub-lished until he has satisfied the examiners in both partsof the examination. Every candidate who has

passed both parts of the examination to thesatisfaction of the examiners, and who is legallyregistered, will receive a Diploma in Public Health.The examination will begin about the middle of Julyand the middle of October in each year. Holders ofthe Diploma in Public Health are eligible for examina-tion for the Certificates in School Hygiene and FactoryHygiene after attending the prescribed periods of

study and hospital practice. An examination for a

Diploma in Bacteriology is held for graduates inscience or medicine who have attended prescribedcourses for at least one academic year ; candidatesmust present a satisfactory thesis on an approvedsubject.

University of Birmingham.-Under the revisedrules and regulations of the General Medical Councilthe University grants a degree of B.Sc. in PublicHealth and also a Diploma in the same subjecton the following conditions : Graduates in Medicineof this University may become candidates for thedegree of Bachelor of Science in Public Healthby conforming to all the requirements laid downfor candidates for the Diploma in Public Health,except that after graduating in Medicine all coursesof study must be taken out in the University,and they must, in addition, have attended a threemonths’ course of Geologyin the University. A Thesison the aetiology and Prevention of a Disease of whichthe candidate has made a special study must besubmitted on entry for B.Sc. Part II. The examinationswill be held in the months of March and October,and will consist of two parts, each part being written,oral, and practical. No candidate will be allowed to

479

pass Part II. until he has passed Part I. Candidatesmay enter for Parts I. and II. separately or at thesame time. The fee for each part of the examinationis jB6 5s. Medical Officers of the Royal Navy who haveattended the required course of study at the NavalMedical School, Greenwich, will be admitted to Part I.examinations for the Diploma in Public Health,whether they have previously been students at theBirmingham School or not; and the same applies toofficers of the Royal Army Medical Corps who havestudied at the Staff College. Medical Officers of theNavy and Army are admitted to Part II. Examination(D.P.H.) on complying with the requirements laiddown for attendance upon Courses of Study. TheseCourses need not necessarily be attended in theUniversity of Birmingham.

University of Liverpool.-The University grants aDegree in Hygiene (M.H.) and a Diploma (D.P.H.),and every facility is afforded for training in SanitaryScience and State Medicine. The curriculum for theDegree extends over a period of two years, the firstof which is devoted to laboratory instruction andpractical classes (including those for the Diploma) ;the second being devoted to advanced study andresearch. The courses may be taken at any time,and students are allowed to work daily in thelaboratories.

University of Leeds.-The University grants a

Diploma in Public Health, and every facility isafforded for training in Sanitary Science and StateMedicine. The examination, which is held twice ineach year-namely, in June and December-is intwo parts, and is written, oral, and practical. Can-didates must pass in Part I. before being admitted toPart II. Instruction in Entomology and Meteorologyis given in the first term, and in Sanitary Chemistryand Bacteriology in the second and third terms.Practical work under arrangement with the LeedsCity Council. Prospectus can be obtained from theAcademic Sub-Dean of the Medical School.

University of Bristol.-Diploma in Public Health.Candidates must be at least 23 years of age. shall befully registered medical practitioners of not less thantwo years’ standing as such, and shall have passedthe examination prescribed by regulation. The examination is divided into two parts.

University of Wales.-Candidates for the Diplomain Public Health, the curriculum for which extendsover a period of not less than twelve calendar monthssubsequent to the attainment of a registrable qualifi-cation, must produce evidence of having attendedfor not less than five months at the Welsh NationalSchool of Medicine or at an institution approved bythe Court, practical instruction in Bacteriology andParasitology, Chemistry and Physics, and Meteorologyand Climatology in relation to Public Health. Candi-dates must also satisfy the examiners that they havereceived instruction approved by the University inthe Principles of Public Health and Sanitation,Epidemiology and Vital Statistics, Sanitary Lawand Administration, and Sanitary Construction andPlanning. The candidate must also produce evidencethat he has attended for three months on the clinicalpractice of a hospital for infectious diseases con-

taining not less than 100 beds, and has received thereininstruction in the methods of administration, and thathe has for a period of not less than six months beenengaged in acquiring a practical knowledge of theduties, routine and special, of a public healthadministration under the supervision of a medicalofficer of health. The examination for the diplomais divided into two parts, Part I. and Part II., each ofwhich extends over not less than two days. A candi-date must pass in all the subjects of Part I. beforebeing admitted to Part II. of the examination. InPart I., and also in Part II., a candidate must passin all the specified subjects at one time. Part I. of theexamination is practical, written and oral, and comprisesBacteriology and Parasitology (including MedicalEntomology) ; Chemistry and Physics, and Meteoro-logy and Climatology in relation to Public Health.

i Candidates may not be admitted to Part I. of theexamination until they have been certified as havingpursued the prescribed courses of instruction in thesubjects thereof. Part II. of the examination, which iswritten and oral, comprises: Hygiene and Sanitation(including Sanitary Construction); Epidemiology andInfectious Diseases ; Sanitary Law and Vital Statis-tics ; Public Health Administration. No candidatecan be admitted to Part II. of the examination untilafter the lapse of not less than two years from the dateof his obtaining a registrable qualification in Medicine,Surgery, and Midwifery, which qualification must beregistered before admission to Part II. of the examina-tion. An examination in each part will be heldannually. The examination in Part I. will be held inJune, that in Part II. in October. Full informationfrom the Registrar of the University, UniversityRegistry, Cathays Park, Cardiff, not later thanMay 15th for the examination in Part I. and notlater than Sept. 1st for the examination in Part II.

University of E’di2bzcrgh.-Candidates for theDiploma in Public Health must be graduates in medi-cine and surgery of the University, or hold corres-ponding degrees or registrable medical qualificationswhich must be registered before admission toexamination. The course is divided into two partsfor which examinations are held twice yearly, inMarch and July for Part I., and in October andDecember for Part II. In each part the candidatemust pass in all the specified subjects at one examina-tion. Candidates are not admitted to Part II. untilthey have passed Part I., nor until after the lapse ofnot less than two years from the date of obtaininga registrable medical qualification. The subjectsof the examination are : Part I. (written, oral, andpractical), Bacteriology; Medical Entomology andParasitology ; Chemistry, Physics, Meteorology, andClimatology. Part II. (written, oral, and practical),Hygiene, Sanitation, and Sanitary Construction ;Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases ; Sanitary Lawand Vital Statistics ; Public Health Administration.There is also included practical examinations inInfectious Diseases, Food Inspection, and Inspectionof Premises. The course, which extends over a

period of 12 calendar months, begins in October, andprovision is made by the University for instruction inall the subjects. Detailed particulars may be obtainedfrom the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine.

Uni’versity of Aberdeen.-Every candidate for theDiploma in Public Health must be a graduate inmedicine of the University of Aberdeen, or ofany other University whose medical degrees are

recognised as qualifying for registration by theGeneral Medical Council of the United Kingdom.No candidate will be admitted to the Final Partof the Examination for the Diploma until afterthe lapse of not less than two years from the date ofhis obtaining a registrable qualification in Medicine,which qualification shall have been registered beforesuch admission. The whole of the prescribed cur-

riculum of study must be undertaken after thecandidate has obtained a registrable qualification inmedicine, and shall extend over not less than twelvecalendar months. At least one academic term mustbe spent at the University of Aberdeen. Everycandidate shall produce evidence of having compliedwith the following requirements in respect of studyand training :-1. Practical instruction in the follow.ing subjects within a laboratory or laboratoriesapproved by the University : (a) Bacteriology andParasitology (including Medical Entomology), inrelation to diseases of man and diseases of loweranimals transmissible to man-at least 180 hours, ofwhich not less than 150 shall be occupied in practicallaboratory work; (b) Chemistry and Physics, inrelation to Public Health-at least 90 hours, of whichnot less than 70 shall be occupied in practical labora-tory work; (c) Meteorology and Climatology, inrelation to Public Health-at least 10 hours ; suchinstruction to extend over not less than five monthsor two academic terms. 2. A course or courses of

480

instruction extending over not less than 80 hoursdealing with: (a) The Principles of Public Healthand Sanitation-30 hours ; (b) Epidemiology andVital Statistics-20 hours ; (c) Sanitary Law andAdministration (including Public Medical Services)-20 hours ; (d) Sanitary Construction and Planning-10 hours ; such course or courses to be given at aninstitution or by a teacher or teachers approved bythe University. 3. Practical instruction, clinical andadministrative, within a recognised hospital forgeneral infectious diseases ; such instruction toextend over three months, and to include 30 dailyattendances of not less than two hours in each week.4. Practical instruction and experience, during notless than six months (including attendance of atleast three hours on each of sixty working days) inthe duties, routine and special, of public healthadministration, under the supervision of a medicalofficer of health, who shall certify that the candi-date has received from this officer or other com-petent medical officer, practical instruction in theseduties, and also in those relating to : (a) Maternityand Child Welfare Service ; (b) Health Service forChildren of School Age ; (c) ) Venereal DiseasesService ; (d) Tuberculosis Service; (e) IndustrialHygiene ; (f) Inspection and Control of Food, in-cluding meat and milk. The medical officers ofhealth recognised for this purpose by the GeneralMedical Council are : (a) a medical officer of healthwho devotes his whole time to public health work ;or (b) the medical officer of health of a sanitary areahaving a population of not less than 50,000 ; or

(c) in Ireland, the medical superintendent officer ofhealth of a county or county borough having apopulation of not less than 50,000. The examinationfor the diploma is divided into two parts, each ofwhich extends over not less than three days.

University of Glasgow.-Degree of B.Se. in PublicHealth.-Candidates must be graduates in Medicineof a University of the United Kingdom, or of someother University recognised for the purpose by theUniversity Court. Candidates must produce evidence(1) that, after they have obtained a registrableDegree in Medicine, a period of not less than twoyears has elapsed ; (2) that, after they have obtaineda registrable degree in Medicine, they have, during a Iperiod of not less than 21 calendar months, pursuedthe course of work and instruction prescribed, andhave satisfied the examiners in the prescribedexaminations. There are two examinations. Part I.includes the following subjects : (i) Bacteriology andParasitology (including Medical Entomology) ; (ii)Chemistry and Physics in relation to Public Health ;(iii) Meteorology and Climatology in relation toPublic Health ; (iv) Higher Chemistry in relation toPublic Health ; (v) Physics and Geology. A candi-date must pass in the subjects marked (i), (ii), and(iii) of Part I. at one examination. Part II.includes the following subjects : (vi) Hygiene andSanitation (including Sanitary construction) ; (vii)Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases ; (viii) Sani-tary Law and Vital Statistics ; (ix) Public HealthAdministration ; (x) Applied Hygiene. The exami-nation for Part II. includes practical examinationsin Infectious Diseases ; Food Inspection ; Inspectionof Premises, such as dwellings, factories, workshops,schools, and the like. The examination in AppliedHygiene may be on a selected subject professedby the candidate. A candidate must pass in thesubjects marked (vi), (vii), (viii), and (ix) of Part II.at one examination. Diploma in Public Health(D.P.H.).-Candidates for this Diploma must belegally qualified medical practitioners who are matri-culated students of the University. A period of notless than two years must elapse between the attain-ment by the candidate of a registrable medicalqualification, and his admission to the final examina-tion (Part II.) for the Diploma. The candidate must,during a period of not less than 12 calendar months,subsequent to his attainment of a registrable medicalqualification, pursue the course of work and instruc-tion prescribed, and pass the prescribed examina-

tions. The examination, which is both written andoral, is divided infj two parts, Part I. and Part II.,.each of which extends over not less than two days.No candidate is admitted to either part of the exami-nation until he has completed the prescribed coursesof instruction in the subjects of that part. Nocandidate is admitted to Part II. until he has passed.in all the subjects of Part I., nor until after the lapseof not less than two years from the date of his obtain-ing a registrable medical qualification, nor unlesshe presents a certificate showing that his name andqualification have been duly registered in the Medical.Register. Part I. includes: (i) Bacteriology andParasitology (including Medical Entomology) ; (iiChemistry and Physics in relation to Public Health;(iii) Meteorology and Climatology in relation to.Public Health. A candidate must pass in all thesubjects at one examination. Part II. includes :(iv) Hygiene and Sanitation (including SanitaryConstruction) ; (v) Epidemiology and Infectious.Diseases ; (vi) Sanitary Law and Vital Statistics;.(vii) Public Health Administration. A candidatemust pass in all the subjects at one examination.The examination for Part II. includes practical’examinations in Infectious Diseases ; Food Inspec-tion ; Inspection of Premises, such as dwellings,factories, workshops, schools, and the like.

University of St. Andrews. - The Diploma inPublic Health is open to those who hold a registeredmedical qualification of the United Kingdom. Theexamination is in two parts. (1) (a) Bacteriology andParasitology ; (b) Chemistry and Physics ; (c) Meteoro-logy and Climatology. (2) Public Health and Sanitation,Epidemiology and Vital Statistics, Sanitary Law andAdministration, and Sanitary Construction andPlanning. Before admission to the first examinationthe candidate must have held his medical qualificationfor one year, and before admission to the secondexamination for two years. Graduates in Medicineof the University of St. Andrews may take part orall of the qualifying classes in any University of the-United Kingdom, or in any Indian, Colonial, or ForeignUniversity or medical school recognised by theUniversity Court, but holders of other registeredmedical qualifications must spend at least eight out

of the 12 months’ curriculum in St. Andrews Univer-sity. A complete course is given in the ConjointMedical School, Dundee. The examination fee foreach division is 25 5s.

University of Dublin (Trinity College).-The Diplomain Public Health is conferred, after examination, underthe following conditions. The candidate must be a,

registered medical practitioner and have obtained a.registrable qualification at least two years before-the second part of the examination. The candidate-must have completed, subsequently to obtaining aregistrable qualification, five months’ practical;instruction in a chemical and bacteriological labora-tory, or laboratories, approved by the University,must have received instruction in the followingsubjects : the principles of public health and sani-tation, epidemiology and vital statistics, sanitarylaw and administration (including public medicalservices), sanitary construction and planning; musthave studied, practically, outdoor sanitary work forsix months under an approved officer of health, andmust have attended for three months at a feverhospital where opportunities are afforded for thestudy of methods of administration. A specialprospectus may be obtained by application to theRegistrar of the School of Physic, Trinity College,Dublin.

National University of Ireland. *-At this Universitythere is a Diploma in Public Health, a B.Sc. in PublicHealth, and a D.Sc. in Public Health.

University of Belfast.-A Diploma in Public Healthis given by examination. Every candidate mustproduce evidence that, after obtaining a registrablequalification, he has during six months received

* No returns.

481

practical instruction in an approved laboratory inwhich Chemistry, Bacteriology, and the Pathologyof the diseases of animals transmissible to man aretaught. After obtaining a registrable qualificationevery candidate must produce evidence that he hasattended during three months the practice of a

hospital for infectious diseases at which opportunitiesare afforded for the study of methods of administra-tion. The examination must have extended over notless than four days, one of which shall have beendevoted to practical work in a laboratory, and oneto practical examination in, and reporting on, subjectswhich fall within the special outdoor duties of amedical officer of health. The first part of the examin-tion will have reference to the general principles ofSanitary Science and the second part to State Medicineand to the applications of Pathology and SanitaryScience. The examination in both parts is heldtwice a year, in March and June.

Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, RoyalCollege of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Royal Faculty ofPhysicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.-All candidatesfor the Diploma in Public Health must have a

qualification which has been registered under theMedical Acts. Candidates must have attended notless than four calendar months’ practical instruction

a in Chemistry and Physics (90 hours), Bacteriologyand Parasitology (180 hours), and Meteorology andClimatology (60 hours) in a recognised laboratory orlaboratories, must have studied outdoor sanitary workfor six months under a medical officer of health orother sanitary officer ; and must give evidence ofattendance for three months at the practice of aHospital for Infectious Diseases, at which he hasreceived instruction in the methods of administration.The examination consists of two parts, and candidatesmay enter for both at one period or for either separately.The First Part includes (a) Laboratory Work (Chem-istry and Bacteriology), (b) Physics and Meteorology ;and the Second Examination embraces (a) Reporton Premises visited, (b) Examination at Fever Hospital,(c) Examination at Public Abattoir, (d) Written andOral Examinations on Epidemiology and Endemiology,(e) Vital Statistics and Sanitary Law, and (f) PracticalSanitation. The fee is 12 guineas for both examina-tions, or 6 guineas for either of them. A fee of3 guineas is payable by rejected candidates for eitherexamination. The examination is held twice yearly,in May in Glasgow, and October in Edinburgh. Thepublished regulations provide detailed synopses of thesubjects of examination. The curriculum and examina-tion have been adjusted fully to meet the requirements ofthe regulations of the General Medical Council whichcame into force on Jan. Ist, 1924. Candidates applyingfor Regulations should state date of commencementof curriculum. The Registrar for Edinburgh is Mr.D. L. Eadie, 49, Lauriston-place, and for GlasgowMr. Walter Hurst, 242, St. Vincent-street.

Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and RoyalCollege of Surgeons in Ireland.-Bvery candidatefor the Diploma in Public Health must observethe following rules : 1. A period of not less thantwo years shall elapse between the attainmentby a candidate of a registrable qualification inMedicine, Surgery, and Midwifery, and his ad-mission to the Final Examination for a Diplomain Public Health. 2. The curriculum for a Diplomain Public Health shall extend over a period ofnot less than 12 calendar months subsequent tothe attainment of a registrable qualification.3. Every candidate shall produce evidence ofhaving attended, during a period of not less thanfive months, at an institution approved by theLicensing Body granting the Diploma, practicalinstruction in-(a) Bacteriology and Parasitology(including Medical Entomology), especially in theirrelation to diseases of man, and to those diseases ofthe lower animals which are transmissible to man ;(b) Chemistry and Physics in relation to PublicHealth ; (c) Meteorology and Climatology in relationto Public Health. At least 180 hours must be devoted I

to Course (a), of which not less than 150 hours shallbe occupied in practical Laboratory work. At least90 hours must be devoted to Course (b), of which notless than 70 hours shall be occupied in practicalLaboratory work. At least 10 hours must be devotedto Course (c). 4. Evidence of having received, duringnot less than 80 hours, at an institution or fromteachers approved by the Licensing Body grantingthe Diploma, instruction in the following subjects :(a) The Principles of Public Health and Sanitation ;.(b) Epidemiology and Vital Statistics ; (c) SanitaryLaw and Administration (including Public MedicalServices) ; (d) Sanitary Construction and Planning.5. Evidence that he has attended for three monthson the clinical practice of a recognised Hospital for-Infectious Diseases. 6. Evidence that he has. during aperiod of not less than six months, been engaged inacquiring a practical knowledge of the duties, routineand special, of Public Health Administration underthe supervision of a Medical Officer of Health.The examination for the Diploma is divided into twoparts. The examination for Part I. includes Bacterio-logy and Parasitology (with Medical Entomology) ;Chemistry and Physics, and Meteorology and Clima-tology, in relation to Public Health. The examina-tion for Part II. includes Hygiene and Sanitation(with Sanitary Construction) ; Epidemiology and.Infectious Diseases ; Sanitary Law and VitalStatistics ; Public Health Administration. The exa-mination, which is written and oral, includespractical examinations in Infectious Diseases ; FoodInspection ; Inspection of Premises-dwellings, fac-tories, workshops and schools.

DENTAL SURGERY.

REGISTRATION on the Medical Register ’entitles a.

practitioner to practise as a dentist, although hecannot register as such -without degree or licence indentistry ; but few dental appointments at general orspecial hospitals or dispensaries are available save tothose with a special diploma.The Examining Bodies in Dentistry which grant

degrees and honour diplomas in the subject are as.

follows : Royal College of Surgeons of EnglandRoyal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, Royal Facultyof Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, Royal Collegeof Surgeons in Ireland, and the following Universities :Birmingham, Bristol, Durham, Leeds, Liverpool,London, Manchester, Sheffield, St. Andrews, Dublin(Trinity College), and Queen’s University of BelfastThe respective requirements of the various examiningbodies in dentistry are very similar, being designedto meet the requirements of the Dental Board,but the examinations vary in stringency, and eachschool has its rules for matriculation and exemp-tion, and its scale of fees. The student should applyto the secretaries of the various Conjoint Boards or tothe Deans of the medical faculties or medical schoolsfor a syllabus.

>

TEACHING INSTITUTIONS IN DENTISTRY : LONDON.

Royal Dental Hospital of London, School of DentalSurgery, Leicester-square,-A school of the Universityof London. Women are now admitted as studentsand are eligible for all hospital appointments andschool prizes. The school provides the special dentaleducation required by the Royal College of Surgeons.for the Licence in Dental Surgery. The general partof the curriculum may be taken at any generalhospital. The hospital is open from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M.,there being one staff for the morning and another forthe afternoon of each day. Pupils are received forthe training in dental mechanics recognised by thecurriculum. The instructors at the commence-

ment of each session give a course of lectures onOperative Dental Surgery. The five house surgeonciesare held for four months each and are open to all

qualified students. The lecturers, in addition totheir lectures, give special demonstrations on the