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DIPLOMA IN OPHTHALMIC MEDICINE.

Special diplomas in ophthalmic medicine andsurgery are issued by two examining bodies.

University of Oxford.-The diplom a in ophthalmology(D.O.) is granted to registered medical practitionersafter passing an examination, held annually in March,which is open to candidates who have pursued atOxford a course of study in ophthalmology over aperiod of at least two months and who have attendeda 12 months’ recognised hospital course. Furtherinformation regarding these requirements may beobtained from the Dean of the School of Medicine.

Conjoint Board R.C.P. Lond., R.C.S. Eng.-TheConjoint Board grants the D.O.M.S. after an exa-mination held in two parts, twice yearly inJanuary and July. Part I. comprises anatomyand embryology of the visual apparatus, physiologyof vision, and elementary optics. Part II. comprisesoptical defects, ophthalmic medicine and surgery,and pathology with special reference to ophthalmology.The examination in each case is written, oral, andpractical or clinical. Candidates may only enter forPart II. on completion of a year of special study ofophthalmology after obtaining a registrable qualifica-tion. Fee for admission to each part, 26 6s.

DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL RADIOLOGY ANDELECTROLOGY.

This Diploma is granted by the University of Cambridge. It is open only to those who hold a medicalqualification, and includes a course of lectures andpractical work in Physics (Part I.) and in Radiologyand Electrology (Part II.). Attendances at thenecessary course of lectures in both subjects, and, inaddition, six months clinical experience in an adequatelyequipped hospital recognised by the Committee, areessential. The whole course of study takes six months,though this is likely to be increased in the future, thelectures, practical work, and hospital attendancerunning concurrently. Two courses of study are nowrecognised by the University of Cambridge. Onecourse begins in London in October in preparation forthe examination in the following April, the other coursebegins in Cambridge in January and the examinationcan be concluded in the following July. In theCambridge course three months are spent in Cambridgedoing the lectures and practical work in Part I.,attending the systematic lectures in Part II., andattending the practice of Addenbrooke’s Hospital.The remaining three months can be completed atany recognised hospital, but special arrangementsare made for candidates to continue their studies inLondon.An independent six months course is arranged by

the British Institute of Radiology. This Course isheld entirely in London, but is recognised by theUniversity as qualifying for the examination, andbegins early in October. Further particulars as tothe Cambridge Course can be obtained from Dr. F.Shillington Scales, Medical Schools, Cambridge, and Iof the London Courses from Dr. Stanley Melville, at ithe Offices of the D.LR.., 32, ’4Telbeck-stx-eet, London,W. 1.

DIPLOMA IN LARYNGOLOGY AND OTOLOGY.The Conjoint Board R.C.P. Lond., R.C.S. Eng.,

grants the D.L.O. after an examination held intwo parts, twice yearly, in June and December.Part 1. comprises anatomy, embryology, and physio-logy of the ear, nos?’, pharynx, larynx, trachea andbronchi, and oesophagus. Part II. comprises themedicine, surgery, and pathology of the ear, nose,pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi, and oesophagus,and the recognition and use of special instrumentsand appliances. The examination in each case iswritten, oral, and practical or clinical. Candidatesmay only enter fcr Part II. on completion of one yearof special study of the diseases of the ear, nose,pharynx, and after obtaining a registrable

Iqualification. The fee for admission to each part is I6 guineas.

DIPLOMA IN TUBERCULOUS DISEASES.A Diploma in Tuberculous Diseases is given by the-

University of Wales. Candidates must possess a.

medical qualification registrable for practice in GreatBritain and Ireland, and be not less than 25 years ofage, and either (Category A) have held, for a periodof not less than five years, whole-time appointmentsfor work in tuberculosis ; or (Category B) have helda registrable qualification to practise for at least oneyear, and presented (a) a certificate of satisfactorypursuance of a course of consecutive post-graduatestudy of the clinical and epidemiological aspects oftuberculosis of six months’ duration at a recogniseduniversity, medical school, or hospital where sucha course is given ; or, alternatively, a certificate ofone year’s post-graduate work as a whole-time memberof the staff of a tuberculosis hospital, sanatorium, ordispensary approved by the Ministry of Health, signedby the representative of the authorities for whom thework was performed or by the administrative medicalofficer concerned ; (b) a certificate of satisfactorypursuance of a course of consecutive post-graduatepractical study of the Pathology and Bacteriology ofTuberculosis of three months’ duration at a tubercu-losis laboratory or a recognised general laboratorywhere such a course is given ; (c) a certificate of threemonths’ satisfactory attendance at a tuberculosisinstitute or dispensary.The examination is divided into two parts and the

fee is .610 10s. Applications should be made to the,Registrar of the University, University Registry,Cathays Park, Cardiff, not later than May 15th.The Cecil Prosser Research Scholarship, of the value

of 2250 for one year, is awarded triennially for researchin Tuberculosis.

DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC HEALTH.

THE following epitomises the instruction given atvarious universities and centres of medical educationto medical men desiring to obtain diplomas in sanitaryscience, public health, hygiene or State medicine,as this discipline is variously called. 1-tt-soliitions,designed with a view of ensuring " the possession of adistinctively high proficiency, scientific and practical,in all the branches of study which concern the publichealth," have been adopted at various times by theGeneral Medical Council. The diploma is registrablaby the Council, whose rules on the curriculum become-binding on the educational bodies concerned. Thenew regulations, which came into force in 1923,extend the period of study and postpone the grantingof a diploma until at least two years from qualification.

Conjoint Board of the R.C.P. Lond. and R.C.S. Eng.New regulations came into force on Jan. lst,1924, which apply to all candidates who have notcommenced bona-nde study of Public Health inaccordance with the above regulations before thatdate. They are as follows : The Examinationconsists of two Parts. Part I. will be held in themonths of January and June, and Part II. inthe months of January and July in each year.Candidates may enter for Parts I. and II. separatelyor at the same time, but they must pass Part I. beforeproceeding to Part II. The Examination in eachpart will be written, oral, and practical. Part II.will include a practical examination in InfectiousDiseases, Food Inspection, and Inspection of selectedPremises. The Fee for admission to each Part of theExamination, which must be paid three days beforethat part commences, is 910 10s., except in the caseof Candidates who possess the Licence, Membership,or Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians ofLondon, or the Membership or Fellowship of theRoyal College of Surgeons of England, who will berequired to pay 26 6s. only for each part. Candidateswho fail to satisfy the Examiners in either part maypresent themselves again at the next Examinationon payment of the same Fees. Candidates intending

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to present themselves for either part of the Examina-tion must give 14 days’ notice in writing to theSecretary, at the Examination Hall, Queen-square,Bloomsbury, London, W.C. 1.

Candidates will be admissible to Examination inPart I. on producing evidence :-

1. Of being in possession of a registrable qualification inMedicine, Surgery, and Midwifery.

2. Of having attended during a period of not less thanfive months at an Institution recognised by the ExaminingBoard in England, practical instruction in (a) Bacteriologyand Parasitology (including Medical Entomology) especiallyin their relation to diseases of man and to those diseases ofthe lower animals which are transmissible to man, during180 hours, of which not less than 150 hours have beenoccupied in practical laboratory work. (b) Chemistry andPhysics in relation to public health, during 90 hours, ofwhich not less than 70 hours have been occupied in practicallaboratory work. (c) Meteorology and Climatology inrelation to public health, during not less than 10 hours.Candidates will be admitted to Part II. of the

Examination on producing evidence :-1. Of having been in possession of a registrable qualifica-

tion in Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery during not lessthan two years, of being registered by the General MedicalCouncil, and of having completed the curriculum for theDiploma extending over a period of 12 calendar monthssubsequent to the attainment of a registrable qualification.

2. Of having attended, after obtaining the registrableQualification, instruction during not less than 80 hours atan Institution recognised by the Examining Board inEngland in the following subjects :-(a) The Principles ofPublic Health and Sanitation for not less than 30 hours ;(b) Epidemiology and Vital Statistics for not less than20 hours ; (c) Sanitary Law and Administration (includingPublic Medical Services) during not less than 20 hours ;(d) Sanitary Construction and Planning during not less than I10 hours. i

3. Of having attended for three months the clinical prac-tice of a hospital for infectious diseases recognised by theExamining Board in England and of having therein receivedinstruction in the methods of administration. The Certificatemust state that the candidate has attended on one or moredays in each week of the three months, that each attendancewas of two hours’ duration, with a total attendance of60 hours.

4. Of having been engaged during a period of not lessthan six months in acquiring a practical knowledge of theduties, routine and special, of public health administrationunder the supervision of a Medical Officer of Health, andof having received, from such officer or other competentMedical Officer during not less than three hours on each of60 working days, practical instruction in those duties andalso those relating to : (a) Maternity and Child WelfareService ; (b) Health Service for children of school age,(c) Venereal Diseases Service ; (d) Tuberculosis Service ;(e) Industrial Hygiene ; (f) Inspection and Control of Food;including meat and milk.The above certificate (4) must be obtained from a

Medical Officer of Health who devotes his whole timeto public work, or from a Medical Officer of Healthof a Sanitary Area having a population of not lessthan 50,000, or in Ireland the Medical SuperintendentOfficer of Health of a County or County Boroughhaving a population of not less than 50,000.

University of Oxford.-An examination, conductedpartly in writing, partly viva voce, and in each subjectpartly practical, is held in Michaelmas and in TrinityTerm (until further notice in Trinity Term only) inthe following subjects :-General Hygiene, GeneralPathology (with special relation to Infectious Diseases),the Laws relating to Public Health, SanitaryEngineering, Vital Statistics. The examination is intwo parts, which may be taken together or separately ;but Part 1. must be passed either before or at the sameexamination as Part II. The fee for admission tothe examination is ;B10 for each part. Successfulcandidates are entitled to receive the Diploma inPublic Health.The First Part of the examination will comprise

(a) written papers of three hours each in (i.) Chemistryand Physics, and (ii.) Pathology and Bacteriology ;(b) a three hours’ practical and viva voce examination inChemistry and Physics ; (c) a three hours’ practical andviva voce examination in Pathology and Bacteriology.The Second Part of the Examination will consist

of the following parts :-(a) Two written papers,

each of three hours, dealing with General Hygiene(including Sanitary Engineering, Vital Statistics, andthe Laws relating to Public Health) ; (b) a practicaland viva voce examination in General Hygiene ; and(c) a three hours’ practical and viva voce examinationin Pathology and Bacteriology.

Candidates in Part I. of the examination will berequired to produce certificates (1) of Laboratory Workin Chemistry, Physics, Meteorology, and Climatologyas applied to Hygiene, and (2) of having had PracticalInstruction in Bacteriology and Parasitology and thePathology of the Diseases of Animals transmissible toMan.

Candidates in Part II. will produce the followingfurther certificates : (3) of a Practical Knowledge ofthe Duties, Routine and Special, of Public HealthAdministration; and (4) of having attended thepractice of a Hospital for Infectious Diseases at whichopportunities are afforded for the study of the Methodsof Administration.

All the above degrees are now open to WomenStudents, and particulars of Scholarships, &c., maybe obtained from the Principals of the various Ladies’Colleges. The names of candidates for the Diplomain Public Health must be sent to the AssistantRegistrar of the University, Clarendon Building,Oxford. Applications for any further informationshould be addressed to the Dean, Department of

Medicine, Museum, Oxford.University of Cambridge.-Two examinations in so

much of State medicine as is comprised in the functionsof medical officers of health are held during the year.The examination is divided into two parts anddemands proficiency in all the branches of studywhich bear upon the duties of medical officers ofhealth. The examinations in both parts will be oraland practical, as well as in writing. Candidates maypresent themselves for either part separately or forboth together at their option ; but the result of theexamination in the case of any candidate will not bepublished until he has satisfied the examiners in bothparts. Marks of distinction will be placed against thenames of candidates who have specially distinguishedthemselves in either (1) Part I. of the examination ;or (2) Part II. of the examination. Every candidatewill be required to pay a fee of 210 10s. before admis-sion or readmission to either part of the examination.Candidates must before admission to either part ofthe examination produce evidence of having satisfiedthe regulations applicable to Part I. and Part II. Theexamination for Part I. is in April and for Part II. inOctober.For Part I. of the examination courses of lectures

and laboratory instruction are given in the Universityon Hygiene, Chemistry, &c., and on Bacteriologyand Parasitology. For Part II. the Medical Officerof Health for Cambridge gives courses on PracticalSanitary Administration and in the AdministrativeMethods of the Infectious Diseases Hospital, and theMedical Officer of Health to the CambridgeshireCounty Council, on Sanitary Laws, School Hygiene,Epidemiology. There are also courses by speciallecturers in Vital Statistics, Tuberculosis Service.Venereal Diseases Service, Industrial Hygiene,Maternity and Child Welfare. These courses are

open to non-members of the University.A special Diploma in Hygiene is granted to medical

graduates whose qualifications are not registrable inEngland. The courses and examinations are the sameas for the Diploma in Public Health (except that thecandidates are not examined in English Sanitary Laws).

All applications for further information respectingexaminations and the courses of study should beaddressed to Mr. Purvis, Public Health ChemicalLaboratory, Cambridge.

University of London.-Candidates for the M.D.Degree may offer State Medicine as a subject in whichbo graduate. The regulations have been revised andmay be obtained on application to the AcademicRegistrar, University of London, South Kensington.

University of Durham.-The Degree of Bachelor ofHygiene (B.Hy.) and the Diploma, in Public Health

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(D.P.H.).-No candidate is admitted to the finalexamination for the Degree of B.Hy. unless he is aBachelor of Medicine and Surgery, of not less thantwo years’ standing, of a recognised University, andno candidate is admitted to the final examinationfor the D.P.H. unless he is a registered medicalpractitioner, of not less than two years’ standing. Thecourse of study for the B.Hy. and D.P.H. extendsover a period of not less than 12 calendar months,subsequent to the attainment of a registrable qualifi-cation. Candidates for the B.Hy. must attend thiscourse at the University of Durham ; candidatesfor the D.P.H. may attend it at the University ofDurham, or at any medical school or institution whichis recognised by the University. The examinationfor the diploma or degree is divided into two parts.A candidate must pass in all the subjects of Part I.before being admitted to examination for Part II. IIn Part I., and also in Part II., a candidate must passin all the specified subjects at one time. The examina-tion for Part I. is practical, written, and oral,and includes the following subjects : Bacteriologyand Parasitology (including medical entomology) ;Chemistry and Physics, and Meteorology and Clima-tology, in relation to Public Health. -Candidates arenot admitted to examination for Part I. until afterthey have completed the prescribed courses of instruc-tion in the subjects thereof. The examination forPart II. includes Hygiene and Sanitation (includingsanitary construction), Epidemiology and InfectiousDiseases ; Sanitary Law and Vital Statistics; PublicHealth Administration. The examination is writtenand oral, and includes practical examinations inInfectious Diseases, Food Inspection, Inspection ofPremises-Dwellings, Factories, Workshops, Schools,&c. Candidates are not admitted to examinationfor Part II. until after they have completed theprescribed courses of instruction in the subjectsthereof. The fee for the examination for the degree ofB.Hy. is 210 10s. and for the degree 26 6s. The feefor the examination for the Diploma in Public Healthis 210 10s. and for the diploma 23. Doctor of Hygiene(D.Hy.) : Candidates must be Bachelors of Hygieneof two years’ standing, and are required to satisfy theexaminers that they have conducted original researchin the subject of Public Health. The fee for theexamination is 220 and for the degree 210.

Victoria University of Manchester.-An examinationin Public Health is held twice yearly. The examinationis in two parts and is written, oral, and practical.Candidates may present themselves for Parts I. andII. separately or at the same time provided that nocandidate be admitted to Part II. unless he has alreadypassed in Part I. No candidate’s name will be pub-lished until he has satisfied the examiners in both partsof the examination. The fee for each part of theexamination is £ 8 8s., and must be paid on or beforeJuly 1st in each year. For any subsequent examinationin the same part the fee will be 24 4s. Every candidatewho has passed both parts of the examination to thesatisfaction of the examiners, and who is legallyregistered, will receive a Diploma in Public Health.The examination will begin about the middle of Julyand the middle of October in each year. Holders ofthe Diploma in Public Health are eligible for examina-tion for the Certificates in School Hygiene and FactoryHygiene after attending the prescribed periods ofstudy and hospital practice. An examination for aDiploma in Bacteriology is held for graduates inscience or medicine who have attended prescribedcourses for at least one academic year ; candidatesmust present a satisfactory thesis on an approvedsubject.

University of Birmingham.-under the revisedrules and regulations of the General Medical Councilthe University grants a degree of B.Sc. in PublicHealth and also a Diploma in the same subjecton the following conditions : Graduates in Medicineof this University may become candidates for thedegree of Bachelor of Science in Public Healthby conforming to all the requirements laid downfor candidates for the Diploma in Public Health,

except that after graduating in Medicine all courses3f study must be taken out in the University,and they must, in addition, have attended a threemonths’ course of Geologyin the University. A Thesis3n the Etiology and Prevention of a Disease of whichthe candidate has made a special study must besubmitted on entry for B.Sc. Part II. The examina-tions will be held in the months of March and Juneand will consist of two parts, each part being written,ral, and practical. No candidate will be allowed topass Part II. until he has passed Part I. Candidatesmay enter for Parts I. and II. separately or at thesame time. The fee for each part of the examinationi.s jB6 5s. Medical Officers of the Royal Navy who haveattended the required course of study at the NavalMedical School, Greenivich, will be admitted to Part I.examinations for the Diploma in Public Health,whether they have previously been students at theBirmingham School or not ; and the same applies toofficers of the Royal Army Medical Corps who havestudied at the Staff College. Medical Officers of theNavy and Army are admitted to Part II. Examination(D.P.H.) on complying with the requirements laiddown for attendance upon Courses of Study. TheseCourses need not necessarily be attended in theUniversity of Birmingham.

University oj Liverpool.-The University grants aDegree in Hygiene (M.H.) and a Diploma (D.P.H.),and every facility is afforded for training in SanitaryScience and State Medicine. The curriculum for theDegree extends over a period of two years, the firstof which is devoted to laboratory instruction andpractical classes (including those for the Diploma) ;the second being devoted to advanced study andresearch. The courses may be taken out at anytime,and students are allowed to work daily in thelaboratories. Composition fee for M.H..840 a session,and D.P.H. 245 a course.

University of Leeds.:--The University grants a

Diploma in Public Health, and every facility isafforded for training in Sanitary Science and StateMedicine. The examination, which is held twice ineach year-namely, in June and December-is intwo parts, and is written, oral, and practical. Can-didates must pass in Part I. before being admitted toPart II. Fees.-The fee for each part is 26 6s., andfor any subsequent examination in the same part24 4s. Instruction in Entomology and Meteorologyis given in the first term, and in Sanitary Chemistryand Bacteriology in the second and third terms.Practical work under arrangement with the LeedsCity Council. Prospectus can be obtained from theAcademic Sub-Dean of the Medical School.

University of Bristol.-Diploma in Public Health.Candidates must be at least 23 years of age. shall befully registered medical practitioners of not less thantwo years’ standing as such, and shall have passedthe examination prescribed by regulation. Theexamination is divided into two parts.

University of Wales.-Candidates for the Diplomain Public Health, the curriculum for which extendsover a period of not less than twelve calendar monthssubsequent to the attainment of a registrable qualifi-cation, must produce evidence of having attendedfor not less than five months at the Welsh NationalSchool of Medicine or at an institution approved bythe Court, practical instruction in Bacteriology andParasitology, Chemistry and Physics, and Meteorologyand Climatology in relation to Public Health. Candi-dates must also satisfy the examiners that they havereceived instruction approved by the University inthe Principles of Public Health and Sanitation,Epidemiology and Vital Statistics, Sanitary Lawand Administration, and Sanitary Construction andPlanning. The candidate must also produce evidencethat he has attended for three months on the clinicalpractice of a hospital for infectious diseases con-

taining not less than 100 beds, and has received thereininstruction in the methods of administration, and thathe has for a period of not less than six months beenengaged in acquiring a practical knowledge of theduties, routine and special, of a public health

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administration under the supervision of a medicalofficer of health. The examination for the diplomais divided into two parts, Part I. and Part II., each ofwhich extends over not less than two days. A candi-date must pass in all the subjects of Part I. beforebeing admitted to Part II. of the examination. InPart I., and also in Part II., a candidate must passin all the specified subjects at one time. Part I. of theexamination is practical, written and oral, and includesBacteriology and Parasitology (including MedicalEntomology) ; Chemistry and Physics, and Meteoro-logy and Climatology in relation to Public Health.Candidates may not be admitted to Part I. of theexamination until they have been certified as havingpursued the prescribed courses of instruction in thesubjects thereof. Part II. of the examination, which iswritten and oral, includes : Hygiene and Sanitation(including Sanitary Construction) ; Epidemiology andInfectious Diseases ; Sanitary Law and Vital Statis-tics ; Public Health Administration. No candidatecan be admitted to Part II. of the examination untilafter the lapse of not less than two years from the dateof his obtaining a registrable qualification in Medicine,Surgery, and Midwifery, which qualification must beregistered before admission to Part II. of the examina-tion. An examination in each part will be heldannually. The examination in Part I. will be held inJune, that in Part II. in October. Notice of candida-ture, together with the fee of six guineas for eitherpart of the examination, must be sent to the Registrarof the University, University Registry, Cathays Park,Cardiff, not later than May 15th for the examinationin Part I. and not later than Sept. lst for the examina-tion in Part II.

University of Edinburgh.-Two degrees in Sciencein the Department of Public Health are conferredby the University of Edinburgh-viz., Bachelor ofScience in Public Health and Doctor of Sciencein Public Health. Candidates for the degree ofB.Sc. in Public Health must be graduates in Medi-cine of a recognised University, and must pass twoexaminations, for the first of which they must, aftergraduation in Medicine, have worked for at least20 hours per week during a period of not less thaneight months, of which at least five consecutive monthsmust be in the Public Health Laboratory of theUniversity of Edinburgh and the remainder eitherthere or in a laboratory recognised by that University ;they must also have attended courses of instruction iin Physics and Geology in some Scottish University. ’

Candidates are not admitted to the Second Examina-tion sooner than six months after having passed theFirst Examination, nor sooner than 18 months afterhaving taken their degree in Medicine, and they musthave attended two separate courses in Public Healthin some -University of the United Kingdom or in suchmedical school or Indian, Colonial, or Foreign Univer-sity as may be approved for the purpose by EdinburghUniversity, each course consisting of 40 lectures atleast ; one of which courses shall deal with medicineand the other with engineering, each in its relationto public health. The subjects of examination includeLaboratory work, Physics, Geology, Medicine in itsapplication to Public Health, Sanitation, SanitaryLaw, and Vital Statistics. Graduates who have heldthe degree of B.Sc. in Public Health from the Univer-sity of Edinburgh for a term of five years may offerthemselves for the degree of D.Sc. in Public Healthin that University. They must then present a

Thesis and pass an examination in Public Health.The fees are 24 4s. for the First and 25 5s. for theSecond B.Sc. Examinations, and 215 15s. for thedegree of D.Sc.

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University of Aberdeen.-Every candidate for theDiploma in Public Health must be a graduate inmedicine of the University of Aberdeen, or ofany other University whose medical degrees are

recognised as qualifying for registration bv theGeneral Medical Council of the United Kingdom.No candidate will be admitted to the Final Partof the Examination for the Diploma until afterthe lapse of not less than two years from the date of

his obtaining a registrable qualification in Medicine,which qualification shall have been registered beforesuch admission. The whole of the prescribed cur-

riculum of study must be undertaken after thecandidate has obtained a registrable qualification inmedicine, and shall extend over not less than twelvecalendar months. At least one academic term mustbe spent at the Universitv of Aberdeen. Everycandidate shall produce evidence of having compliedwith the following requirements in respect of studyand training :—1. Practical instruction in the follow-ing subjects within a laboratory or laboratoriesapproved by the University : (a) Bacteriology andParasitology (including Medical Entomology), inrelation to diseases of man and diseases of loweranimals transmissible to man-at least 180 hours, ofwhich not less than 150 shall be occupied in practicallaboratory work; (b) Chemistry and Physics, inrelation to Public Health-at least 90 hours, of whichnot less than 70 shall be occupied in practical labora-tory work ; (c) Meteorology and Climatology, inrelation to Public Health-at least 10 hours ; suchinstruction to extend over not less than five monthsor two academic terms. 2. A course or courses ofinstruction extending over not less than 80 hoursdealing with: (a) The Principles of Public Healthand Sanitation-30 hours ; (b) Epidemiology andVital Statistics-20 hours ; (c) Sanitary Law andAdministration (including Public Medical Services)-20 hours ; (d) Sanitary Construction and Planning-10 hours ; such course or courses to be given at aninstitution or by a teacher or teachers approved bythe University. 3. Practical instruction, clinical andadministrative, within a recognised hospital forgeneral infectious diseases ; such instruction toextend over three months, and to include 30 dailyattendances of not less than two hours in each week.4. Practical instruction and experience, during notless than six months (including attendance of atleast three hours on each of sixty working days) inthe duties, routine and special, of public healthadministration, under the supervision of a medicalofficer of health, who shall certify that the candi-date has received from this officer or other com-petent medical officer, practical instruction in theseduties, and also in those relating to : (a) Maternityand Child Welfare Service ; (b) Health Service forChildren of School Age ; (c) Venereal DiseasesService ; (d) Tuberculosis Service; (e) IndustrialHygiene ; (f) Inspection and Control of Food, in-cluding meat and milk. The medical officers ofhealth recognised for this purpose by the GeneralMedical Council are : (a) a medical officer of healthwho devotes his whole time to public health work ;or (b) the medical officer of health of a sanitary areahaving a population of not less than 50,000 ; or

(c) in Ireland, the medical superintendent officer ofhealth of a county or county borough having apopulation of not less than 50,000. The examinationfor the diploma is divided into two parts, each ofwhich extends over not less than three days. Thefollowing are the fees payable for the courses ofinstruction given within the University : LectureCourse or Courses, :E4 4s. ; ; Laboratory Instruction,.E14. The examination fee is 28 8s., which is pay-able as follows :—;S4 4s. for Part 1., and 91 4s. forPart II. The fees for external instruction amountapproximately to all 11s.

University of Glasgow.-Degree of B.Se. in PublicHealth.-Candidates must be graduates in Medicineof a University of the United Kingdom, or of someother University recognised for the purpose by theUniversity Court. Candidates must produce evidence(1) that, after they have obtained a registrableDegree in Medicine, a period of not less than twoyears has elapsed ; (2) that, after they have obtaineda registrable degree in Medicine, they have, during aperiod of not less than 21 calendar months, pursuedthe course of work and instruction prescribed, andhave satisfied the examiners in the prescribedexaminations. There are two examinations. Part I.includes the following subjects : (i) Bacteriology and

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Parasitology (including Medical Entomology) ; (ii)Chemistry and Physics in relation to Public Health ;(iii) Meteorology and Climatology in relation toPublic Health ; (iv) Higher Chemistry in relation toPublic Health ; (v) Physics and Geology. A candi-date must pass in the subjects marked (i), (ii), and(iii) of Part I. at one examination. Part II.includes the following subjects: (vi) Hygiene andSanitation (including Sanitary construction) ; (vii)Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases ; (viii) Sani-tary Law and Vital Statistics ; (ix) Public HealthAdministration; (x) Applied Hygiene. The exami-nation for Part II. includes practical examinationsin Infectious Diseases ; Food Inspection ; Inspectionof Premises, such as dwellings, factories, workshops,schools, and the like. The examination in AppliedHygiene may be on a selected subject professedby the candidate. A candidate must pass in thesubjects marked (vi), (vii), (viii), and (ix) of Part II.at one examination. Diploma in Public Health(D.P.H.).-Candidates for this Diploma must belegally qualified medical practitioners who are matri-culated students of the University. A period of notless than two years must elapse between the attain-ment by the candidate of a registrable medicalqualification, and his admission to the final examina-tion (Part II.) for the Diploma. The candidate must,during a period of not less than 12 calendar months,subsequent to his attainment of a registrable medicalqualification, pursue the course of work and instruc-tion prescribed, and pass the prescribed examina-tions. The examination, which is both written andoral, is divided into two parts, Part I. and Part II.,each of which extends over not less than two days.No candidate is admitted to either part of the exami-nation until he has completed the prescribed coursesof instruction in the subjects of that part. Nocandidate is admitted to Part II. until he has passedin all the subjects of Part I., nor until after the lapseof not less than two years from the date of his obtain-ing a registrable medical qualification, nor unlesshe presents a certificate showing that his name andqualification have been duly registered in the MedicalRegister. Part I. includes: (i) Bacteriology andParasitology (including Medical Entomology) ; (ii)Chemistry and Physics in relation to Public Health ;(iii) Meteorology and Climatology in relation toPublic Health. A candidate must pass in all thesubjects at one examination. Part II. includes :(iv) Hygiene and Sanitation (including SanitaryConstruction) ; (v) Epidemiology and InfectiousDiseases; (vi) Sanitary Law and Vital Statistics;(vii) Public Health Administration. A candidatemust pass in all the subjects at one examination.The examination for Part II. includes practicalexaminations in Infectious Diseases ; Food Inspec-tion ; Inspection of Premises, such as dwellings,factories, workshops, schools, and the like.

University of St. Andrews. -The Diploma inPublic Health is open to those who hold a registeredmedical qualification of the United Kingdom. Theexamination is in two parts. (1) (a) Bacteriology andParasitology ; (b) Chemistry and Physics ; (c) Meteoro-logy and Climatology. (2) Public Health and SanitationEpidemiology and Vital Statistics, Sanitary Law andAdministration, and Sanitary Construction andPlanning. Before admission to the first examinatiorthe candidate must have held his medical qualificationfor one year, and before admission to the seconcexamination for two years. Graduates in Medicineof the University of St. Andrews may take part o]all of the qualifying classes in any University of thtUnited Kingdom, or in any Indian, Colonial, or ForeignUniversity or medical school recognised by thE

University Court, but holders of other registerecmedical qualifications must spend at least eight ou’of the 12 months’ curriculum in St. Andrews University. A complete course is given in the ConjoinMedical School, Dundee. The examination fee foeach division is £5 5s.

University of Dublin (Trinity College).-The Diplomin Public Health is conferred, after examination, unde

the following conditions. The candidate must be aregistered medical practitioner and have obtained aregistrable qualification at least two years beforethe second part of the examination. The candidatemust have completed, subsequently to obtaining aregistrable qualification, five months’ practicalinstruction in a chemical and bacteriological labora-tory, or laboratories, approved by the University,must have received instruction in the followingsubjects : the principles of public health and sani-tation, epidemiology and vital statistics, sanitarylaw and administration (including public medicalservices), sanitary construction and planning ; musthave studied, practically, outdoor sanitary work forsix months under an approved officer of health, andmust have attended for three months at a feverhospital where opportunities are afforded for thestudy of methods of administration. A specialprospectus may be obtained by application to theRegistrar of the School of Physic, Trinity College,Dublin.

National University of Ireland. *-At this Universitythere is a Diploma in Public Health, a B.Sc. in PublicHealth, and a D.Sc. in Public Health.

University of Belfast.-A Diploma in Public Healthis given by examination. Every candidate mustproduce evidence that, after obtaining a registrablequalification, he has during six months receivedpractical instruction in an approved laboratory inwhich Chemistry, Bacteriology, and the Pathologyof the diseases of animals transmissible to man aretaught. After obtaining a registrable qualificationevery candidate must produce evidence that he hasattended during three months the practice of a

hospital for infectious diseases at which opportunitiesare afforded for the study of methods of administra-tion. The examination must have extended over notless than four days, one of which shall have beendevoted to practical work in a laboratory, and oneto practical examination in, and reporting on, subjectswhich fall within the special outdoor duties of a

medical officer of health. The examination will beheld in two parts, in March and in June. The firstpart of the examination will have reference to thegeneral principles of Sanitary Science and the secondpart to State Medicine and to the applications ofPathology and Sanitary Science. The fee for eachpart is 2 guineas.

Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, RoyalCollege of Surgeons of Ed,inburgh, Royal Faculty ofPhysicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.—All candidatesfor the Diploma in Public Health must have a

qualification which has been registered under theMedical Acts. Candidates must have attended notless than four calendar months’ practical instructionin Chemistry and Physics (90 hours), Bacteriologyand Parasitology (180 hours), and Meteorology andClimatology (60 hours) in a recognised laboratory orlaboratories, must have studied outdoor sanitary workfor six months under a medical officer of health orother sanitary officer ; and must give evidence of

attendance for three months at the practice of aHospital for Infectious Diseases, at which he has

’ received instruction in the methods of administration.The examination consists of two parts, and candidatesmay enter for both at one period or for either separately.The First Part includes (a) Laboratory Work (Chem-

L istry and Bacteriology), (b) Physics and Meteorology ;and the Second Examination embraces (a) Report

on Premises visited, (b) Examination at Fever Hospital,(c) Examination at Public Abattoir, (d) Written andOral Examinations on Epidemiology and Endemiology,(e) Vital Statistics and Sanitary Law, and (f) PracticalSanitation. The fee is 12 guineas for both examina-tions, or 6 guineas for either of them. A fee of3 guineas is payable by rejected candidates for eitherexamination. The examination is held twice yearly,

in May in Glasgow, and October in Edinburgh. The[

published regulations provide detailed synopses of the

subjects of examination. The curriculum and examina-

* No returns.

479

tion have been adjusted fully to meet the requirenzerzts ofthe regulations of the Gerzeral Medical Council whichcame into force on Jan. Ist, 1924. Candidates applyingfor Regulations should state date of commencementof curriculum. The Registrar for Edinburgh is Mr.D. L. Eadie, 49, Lauriston-place, and for GlasgowMr. Walter Hurst, 242, St. Vincent-street.

Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and RoyalCollege of Surgeons in Ireland.—Every candidateior the Diploma in Public Health must observethe following rules : 1. A period of not less thantwo years shall elapse between the attainmentby a candidate of a registrable qualification in

Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery, and his ad-mission to the Final Examination for a Diplomain Public Health. 2. The curriculum for a Diplomain Public Health shall extend over a period ofnot less than 12 calendar months subsequent tothe attainment of a registrable qualification.3. Every candidate shall produce evidence ofhaving attended, during a period of not less thanfive months, at an institution approved by theLicensing Body granting the Diploma, practicalinstruction in-(a) Bacteriology and Parasitology(including Medical Entomology), especially in theirrelation to diseases of man, and to those diseases ofthe lower animals which are transmissible to man ;(b) Chemistry and Physics in relation to PublicHealth ; (c) Meteorology and Climatology in relationto Public Health. At least 180 hours must be devotedto Course (a), of which not less than 150 hours shallbe occupied in practical Laboratory work. At least90 hours must be devoted to Course (b), of which notless than 70 hours shall be occupied in practicalLaboratory work. At least 10 hours must be devotedto Course (c). 4. Evidence of having received, duringnot less than 80 hours, at an institution or fromteachers approved by the Licensing Body grantingthe Diploma, instruction in the following subjects :(a) The Principles of Public Health and Sanitation ;(b) Epidemiology and Vital Statistics ; (c) SanitaryLaw and Administration (including Public MedicalServices) ; (d) Sanitary Construction and Planning.5. Evidence that he has attended for three monthson the clinical practice of a recognised Hospital forInfectious Diseases. 6. Evidence that he has. during aperiod of not less than six months, been engaged inacquiring a practical knowledge of the duties, routineand special, of Public Health Administration underthe supervision of a Medical Officer of Health.The examination for the Diploma is divided into twoparts. The examination for Part I. includes Bacterio-logy and Parasitology (with Medical Entomology) ;Chemistry and Physics, and Meteorology and Clima-tology, in relation to Public Health. The examina-tion for Part II. includes Hygiene and Sanitation(with Sanitary Construction) ; Epidemiology andInfectious Diseases ; Sanitary Law and VitalStatistics ; Public Health Administration. The exa-mination, which is written and oral, includespractical examinations in Infectious Diseases ; FoodInspection ; Inspection of Premises-dwellings, fac-tories, workshops, schools, &c.

DENTAL SURGERY.

ANYONE who is on the Medical Register is entitled topractise as a dentist, although he cannot register assuch without degree or licence in dentistry ; but itis a distinct advantage to take a special dentalqualification, otherwise few dental appointments atgeneral or special hospitals or dispensaries are available.THE DENTAL BOARD OF THE UNITED ElN&DOM.Under the Dentists Act, 1921, the powers and

duties of the General Medical Council under theDentists Act, 1878, and under the Medical Act, 1886,which related to the keeping of the Dentists Registerand the administration of the Dentists Acts werelargely transferred to the then newly-constitutedDental Board of the United Kingdom. The regis-

tration of dental students at the commencement oftheir dental studies, and the right of erasure of aname from the Dentists Register, remain with theCouncil, but the duty of inquiring into disciplinarycases rests with the Board, upon whose recommenda-tions the Council acts.The Dental Board consists of a chairman and 12

members. The following are the names and sourcesof appointment of the members : Chairman of theBoard, Rt. Hon. F. Dyke Acland, appointed by thePrivy Council. Members of the Board : Mr. L. G.Brock, C.B., appointed by the Minister of Health ;Mr. A. Young, appointed by the Scottish Board ofHealth ; Mr. J. H. Stirling, appointed by the Governor-General of Northern Ireland ; Sir Holburt Waring,M.S., F.R.C.S. ; Sir James Hodsdon, K.B.E., F.R.C.S.Edin. ; Mr. T. Sinclair, C.B., F.R.C.S., M.P., appointed

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by the General Medical Council ; Mr. W. R. Ackland,M.D.S., M.R.C.S. ; Mr. W. H. Dolamore, L.D.S.,M.R.C.S., elected as Direct Representative by thequalified dentists practising in England and Wales ;Mr. W. Guy, L.D.S., F.R.C.S., elected as a DirectRepresentative by the qualified dentists practisingin Scotland ; Mr. J. J. Andrew, L.D.S., elected asDirect Representative by the qualified dentistspractising in Ireland ; Mr. W. F. Bowen and Mr. F.Butterfield elected as Direct Representatives byregistered dentists not being qualified dentists.Treasurers of the Board, Sir Holburt Waring and Mr.W. H. Dolamore. Registrar of the Board, Mr. N. C.King.The offices of the Board are at 44, Hallam-street,

London, W. 1, adjoining the offices of the GeneralMedical Council.

REGISTRATION OF DENTAL STUDENTS.The following are the General Medical Council’s

Regulations in regard to the registration of dentalstudents which came into force on Jan. 1st, 1923.The Council recommends that, subject to such

exceptions as the Council may from time to time allow.every dental student at the commencement of hisstudentship should be registered in the manner andunder the conditions hereinafter set forth.

1. The registration of dental students shall becarried on at the General Medical Council Office inLondon, in the same manner as that of medicalstudents, and is subject to the same regulations asregards age and preliminary examinations ; but inthe case of dental students professional study maycommence by pupilage with a registered dentalpractitioner.

2. Candidates for a diploma in dental surgery shouldproduce certificates of having been engaged for atleast four years in professional studies, and of havingreceived during 24 calendar months instruction inmechanical dentistry (see No. 3 below).

3. It is recommended that instruction in dentalmechanics be taken at a recognised dental hospital andschool. If any part of such instruction be taken by thecandidate as a pupil with a registered dental practi-tioner, the time required to be devoted to it shall beat least twice the time required for the correspondinginstruction taken at a dental school.

4. Two years’ bona-fide apprenticeship with a

registered dental practitioner, after registration as adental student, may be counted as one of the fouryears of professional study.

5. The necessary instruction in dental mechanics,or any part of it, may be taken by the dentalstudent either before or after his registration as astudent. When a student can show evidence ofregular pupilage in dental mechanics to a registeredpractitioner, prior to the passing of the prescribedpreliminary and scientific examinations, he may beallowed to antedate his registration for a period notexceeding one year prior to the passing of theseexaminations (see No. 3 above).

. EXAMINING AND TEACHING BODIES IN DENTISTRY.! The list of the Examining Bodies in Dentistrywhich grant diplomas or degrees in this subject

and the regulations for obtaining these qualifications