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SPECIAL DIPLOMAS

DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC HEALTH

THE following epitomises the instruction given atvarious universities and centres of medical educationto medical men desiring to obtain diplomas in sanitaryscience, public health, hygiene, or State medicine,as the diploma is variously called. Resolutions andrules, designed with a view of ensuring " the possessionof a distinctively high proficiency, scientific andpractical, in all branches of study which concern thepublic health," have been adopted at various times bythe General Medical Council, by whom the diplomais registrable and whose rules become binding on theeducational bodies concerned.

LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICALMEDICINE.-The course of study for the Diploma inPublic Health will commence on Sept. 28th in thepremises in Keppel-street (Gower-street), the gift ofthe Rockefeller Foundation, which has excellentlaboratories and research rooms, a fine lecture theatreand classrooms, library, and museum. The course,which will extend over a period of nine months ofwhole-time study, is designed in compliance with therequirements of the General Medical Council, andwill enable students to proceed to the academicDiploma in Public Health of London University.The curriculum has been planned on very practicallines, and includes, in addition to work with medicalofficers of health in selected areas, a large number ofvisits to places of public health interest. The coursealso includes provision for the necessary instructionin infectious disease and hospital management,lectures and demonstrations on physiology appliedto hygiene and industry, medical industrial psycho-logy, and sanitary engineering. A series of lecturesby authorities on special subjects is open to membersof the medical profession as well as to students of theSchool. The London County Council, the City ofLondon, and various other bodies have placed theirresources at the disposal of the School for teachingpurposes.ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH.-Facilities

are offered here (23, Queen-square, London, W.C.1)for students training for the D.P.H. There are well-

equipped laboratories where practical instructionis given in chemistry, bacteriology, immunology, andpublic health subjects, and analyses are undertaken,both chemical and bacteriological, of milk, water, andsewage effluents, providing excellent teaching material.

The Course of StudyA diploma of D.P.H. is granted by the Universities

of London, Durham, Birmingham, Wales, Aberdeen,Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrews, Dublin (TrinityCollege), and the English, Scottish, and Irish ConjointBoards. The course of study is fairly identical in allthe centres, as would be expected for a registrabletitle. It extends over twelve calendar months, oran academic year of full-time study covering a periodof not less than nine calendar months, subsequent tothe attainment of a registrable degree or diploma.At several of the universities it is stated that a certainpart of the course must be pursued locally, while atothers there is a proviso that evidence shall be pro-duced of attendance at courses of institutions approvedby the university or licensing body ; such particularinstruction can be obtained from the centres onapplication.At all the centres the course is divided into two

Parts and candidates must pass Part I. beforeproceeding to Part II.Part I.—The duration of training is about five

months, some of the centres stating the period as notless than 280 hours. The usual division of subjectsis as follows : Candidates will be admissible toexamination on producing evidence of having attendedduring not less than 280 hours at a recognised institu-

tion, practical instruction in (a) bacteriology andparasitology (including immunology, serology andmedical entomology), especially in their relation todiseases of man and to those diseases of the loweranimals which are transmissible to man ; (b) chemistry,physics, radiology, and electrology in relation topublic health ; (c) physiology and biochemistry intheir application to nutrition and hygiene ; (d)meteorology and climatology in relation to publichealth. The examinations are held at most centrestwice a year, and the candidates must pass in all thespecified subjects at one time.

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Part II.—The duration of training consists ofinstruction during not less than 120 hours at arecognised institution in the following subjects :(a) the principles of public health and sanitation ;(b) epidemiology and vital statistics ; (c) sanitary lawand administration ; (d) sanitary construction andplanning. A second part of the examination includespractical examinations in infectious diseases, foodinspection and inspection of premises, dwelling-houses,schools, factories, workshops, bakeries, dairies andcowsheds.While Part II. of the examination entails the

acquirement of similar knowledge at all the centresthe details of the training differ at certain points-e.g., where the candidate is using the examinationalso for obtaining a university degree in public health.Intending candidates must, therefore, apply to theselected centre for information.

DIPLOMA IN TROPICAL MEDICINE

Although a qualification in tropical medicine hasnot been made registrable by statute, a diploma isregarded as indispensable for appointments in theColonial Medical Service and similar positions abroad.Systematic instruction for these diplomas is given atthe Incorporated Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine(founded in 1898) and at the London School, ofHygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel-street, Gower-street, London, W.C. ; while the University ofEdinburgh and the English Conjoint Board grant adiploma.London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineThe course of instruction in tropical medicine and

hygiene is divided into two parts : Part I., a threemonths’ course in clinical and laboratory instruction,and Part II., a two months’ course in tropical clinicalmedicine, elementary bacteriology, and tropicalhygiene. The examinations of the Conjoint Boardfollow closely upon the end of the correspondingcourse of study. The course is recognised by theUniversity of London as a course for associate students.The dates of the courses for the session 1936-37are as follows :-

Part 1. Sept. 28th to Dec. 18th, 1936 ; Jan. 4thto March 25th, 1937 ; April 5th to June 26th, 1937.

Part Z7..’ Jan. 18th to March 20th, 1937 ; April19th to June 19th, 1937.The course of instruction under Part I. includes

clinical tropical medicine, applied pathology, andmedical zoology. Part II.* comprises instructionin clinical tropical medicine, elementary bacteriology,tropical hygiene, including, in relation to hygiene,anthropology, and vital and medical statistics.Part I. is so arranged, in three self-contained groupsor blocks, as to allow of the admission of a student atthe beginning of any block of work, subject to aplace in the laboratory being available. Accord-ingly, applications can be received for admissionto the classes of protozoology and haematology(approximately four weeks), or in helminthology(approximately four weeks), or in entomology(approximately four weeks), with, in each case,

* The Andrew Balfour Memorial Fund provides two student-ships in the year, which carry free tuition in Part II. of theCourse.

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if the student so wishes, the corresponding clinicaldemonstrations, instruction in applied pathology, andspecial lectures. Further, students wishing to attendthe clinics and clinical lectures only can do so forany period of four weeks during the course. Theinstruction in the Division of Clinical TropicalMedicine is given by the medical staff of the Hospitalfor Tropical Diseases and by visiting lecturers. Inthis way the resources of the hospitals of the Seamen’sHospital Society at Gordon-street, at the AlbertDocks, and elsewhere, become available for theclinical instruction of the students at the School.

Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineThe Liverpool University Diploma of Tropical

Medicine (D.T.M.) is open only to those who possessa qualification to practise medicine recognised bythe university, and who have been through a fullcourse of instruction at this school. The subjectsof examination are (a) Parasitology ; (b) Entomology ;(c) Tropical Medicine, including Ætiology, Symptoms,Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of TropicalDiseases. The course consists entirely of Practicaland Clinical work, given at the Laboratory at theUniversity, and at a recognised hospital in which bedsare specially reserved for Tropical Diseases. Appli-cations should be made to the Dean of the MedicalFaculty, University of Liverpool.The University also grants a Diploma in Tropical

Hygiene (D.T.H.). The subjects of examination are(a) Tropical Hygiene (including Sanitary Engineering,Vital Statistics and Epidemiology, and AppliedParasitology and Entomology ; (b) Practical Sanita-tion ; (c) Bacteriology; (d) Chemistry (includingMeteorology and Climatology). Accommodation forresearch work is to be had at the University Labora-tory. The Mary Kingsley Medal is awarded by theschool for distinguished work in connexion withTropical Medicine.

University of EdinburghCandidates for the Diploma in Tropical Medicine

and Hygiene must be graduates in medicine andsurgery of the University of Edinburgh or holdcorresponding registrable degrees or qualifications ofsome other licensing body, or of other universities ormedical schools specially recognised. The course ofinstruction, comprising a primary and a secondcourse, is given during the autumn and spring terms,October to March, and includes Tropical Hygiene,Bacteriology, Entomology and Parasitology, Diseasesof Tropical Climates (systematic and clinical), Tuber-culosis, and Venereal Diseases. Provision is made inthe University for instruction in all subjects.The examinations are written, oral, and practical,

and are held at the end of the courses : Part I. inDecember, and Part II. in March. Candidates arerequired on the first occasion of presenting themselvesfor examination in either part to appear for all thesubjects of that part. Candidates who fail to pass theentire examination in either part within a period of12 months after first appearance are required toreappear for all the subjects. The University isincluded in the list of institutions in which coursesof instruction in Tropical Medicine may be taken byofficers on appointment to the Colonial MedicalServices or during study-leave. Full particularscan be obtained from the Dean of the Faculty ofMedicine.

English Conjoint BoardThe Board conducts an examination three times

a year for the D.T.M. and H. granted by the RoyalColleges-namely, in January, April, and July.The examination is in two parts which may be takentogether or separately, but candidates are not allowedto take Part II. until they have passed in Part I.Part I. consists of written, oral, and practical

examinations in Protozoology, Entomology andHelminthology in relation to Tropical Diseases;Principles of Sanitation-water-supplies, disposalof waste matters, hygiene of buildings ; personalhygiene in the tropics. Part II. consists of written,

oral, and clinical examinations in Tropical Medicineand Surgery, including Clinical Pathology ; TropicalHygiene, including elementary epidemiology andvital statistics, and administrative measures for theprevention and control of disease in the tropics;Bacteriology in relation to Tropical Medicine andHygiene. The examination is open to candidatespossessing either a qualification in medicine, surgery,and midwifery which is registrable in the BritishMedical Register, or the medical and surgical degreesof an Indian, Colonial, or Foreign Universityrecognised by the Examining Board in England.Candidates intending to present themselves foreither part of the examination, must give notice inwriting to the Secretary of the Examining Boardnot less than 21 days before the date of Part I.,submitting, at the same time, evidence that theyhave completed the courses of study required by theregulations. The course of study for Part I. extendsover three months, and the course for Part II.,which may be taken concurrently with that forPart I., extends over five months. The Committeeof Management may modify the conditions of theregulations with regard to admission to the examina-tion in the case of candidates (a) who have beenengaged in medical work in tropical countries;(b) who produce evidence of having been engaged inoriginal investigations in tropical medicine or hygiene.No exemption is granted from any subject of theexamination. Copies of the regulations and furtherparticulars may be obtained, free of charge, from theSecretary, Examination Hall, Queen-square, London.W.C.I.

DIPLOMA IN PSYCHOLOGICALMEDICINE

The Universities of London, Durham, Leeds,Manchester, Edinburgh, Dublin (Trinity College),Ireland (National University), and the English Con-joint Board grant diplomas in psychologicalmedicine under conditions that are fairly comparablein the standard of the tests and in the duration ofthe courses ; the details on these points can beobtained from the various examination bodies.

University of LondonIn London, courses of instruction for the Diploma

in Psychological Medicine are given annually at theMaudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, which is a schoolof the University of London. The course consists oftwo parts, commencing in January, and is adaptedfor the diploma of the Conjoint Board also. Compre-hensive courses of instruction in the psychoneuroses,child disorders and delinquency are given at the Insti-tute of Medical Psychology which is now recognisedas a teaching centre for the diploma.The courses of training arranged by the INSTITUTE

OF MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Malet-place, London,W.C.1 (formerly the Tavistock Clinic), are intended forpost-graduate students, and those intending tospecialise in psychotherapy. The institute providesfacilities for the study and practice of psychoneuroticand early psychotic patients, and is recognised by theUniversity of London for the requirements of the post-graduate diploma in psychological medicine, underRegulation 3, Section 11 (d) and (e).

There is a five weeks’ Course in October andNovember, three hours each day, on Monday andThursday afternoons. This is followed by a systematiccourse of lectures twice a week for the rest of theacademic year, until the following June. Theselectures are open to all qualified medical practitioners.A clinical course of work and instruction, includingnine hours treatment of cases each week, with personalsupervision of such treatment by a senior member ofthe staff, tutorials and case discussions, is limited to amembership of twelve students.The complete course of the institute, for those

proposing to specialise in psychotherapy, is nowa two years’ course.