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year, the leave with full pay is for the voyages and for ten or five daysin respect of each completed month, according as he Is returning or not.Leave granted on the understanding that an officer will return isknown as " return leave," and any pay drawn in respect of such leaveis liable to be refunded if he does not return. Leave may be extendedwith half pay for a period not exceeding four months on the ground ofill-health, or without pay on that or other grounds. Free passages aregiven to all officers who are granted leave, and free passage is also givenon first appointment, subject to the officer signing an agreementunder which he is liable to refund its cost if he relinquishes his appoint-ment for any other reason than physical or mental infirmity, or isremoved’for misconduct, within three years from the date of his arrivalin West Africa. Half pay is given during the voyage out on firstappointment.

Private Pl’actice.-All officers of the Staff, except Principal MedicalOfficers. Deputy Principal Medical Officers, Provincial Medical Officers,Sanitary Officers, and a few other officers holding special appoint-ments, are at present allowed to take private practice, provided thatit does not interfere with the efficient performance of their officialduties, but it is within the power of the Governor to withdrawor suspend the privilege in such. places and for such periodsas he may consider desirable. Private practice does not existat the majority of stations, and as a general rule, -subject to theexigencies of the service, stations where there is private practice areallocated to senior members of the staff.Pensions and <?!’C[<MtMes.&mdash;These vary in accordance with the

regulations of each Colony, but generally speaking an officeron attaining the age of 50 years, or after 18 years service (ofwhich at least 12 must have been residential) is qualified fora pension calculated at one-fortieth of the l"st annual 1 s’Blaryfor each year of service. If invalided after a minimum of sevenyears’ service, he is qualified for a pension calculated at the samerate. lf invalided before completing seven years’ service, he isqualified for a gratuity not exceeding three-quarte-s of a month’ssalary for each six months of service; provided that he has been con-firmed in his appointment. For the purpose of calculating the amountof these pensions and gratuities, leave of absence without salary is notcounted, while leave with half salary is counted at the rate of onemonth for every two months of such leave. An addition, representingthe value of free quarters, is made to the officer’e ,salary. This additionis as follows: To salaries of 2400 a year, an addition of .B40; to salariesabove .B400, but not exceeding .B500, an addition of B50: to salariesabove :f:500, but not exceeding .E700. an addition of JE60; to salariesabove JB700. but not exceeding .B900. an addition of .B70; to salariesexceeding, B900, an addition of .eSO. In addition to the ordinaryregulations, an officer of the West African Medical Staff enjoys thefollowing special privilege. At the end of nine years (of which notless than six must have been residential) he will be permitted to retirewith a gratuity of .B1000, or at the end of 12 years (of which not lessthan eight must have been residential) with a gratuity of JE1250. Allclaims to pensions are, however, forfeited on the receipt of such agratuity. In the event of an officer dying in the service after com-pleting the period of residence qualifying him for the smaller or thelarger of these gratuities, a sum equal to the gratuity in questionwill be paid to the credit of his estate. Officers are not allowed totake their wives out with them until they have acquired experienceof the local conditions, and have obtained the sanction of the Governor.Passages for wives and children are not provided.Candidates for medical appointments in West Africa are allowed to

express a preference for any particular Colony or Protectorate, andtheir wishes in this respect will be borne in mind and met as far aspossible. but they are liable to be posted in the first instance, or trans-ferred afterwards if necessary, to any ether West African Colony orProtectorate at the discretion of the Secretary of State. Candidateswho wish to be posted to the Northern Provinces of Nigeriashould be able to ride. Candidates should on no account applyfor, or accept, a West African appointment in the expectation ofultimately being transferred elsewhere, as the number of such transfersis exceedingly small. No applications for transfer can be entertaineduntil an officer has served for five years in the West African MedicalStaff, and officers desiring to be transferred must be preparedto find that medical salaries in other Colonies are lower thanin West Africa. Only a small proportion of applicants succeedin obtaining a transfer. Officers who may be transferred to

pensionable appointments under the Crown elsewhere than in WestAfrica do not forfeit their claim to pension in respect of their WestAfrican service on final retirement, provided they have been membersof the Staff for at least 12 months.Instruction in Tropical iledicine.-Every candidate selectei for

appointment will, unless the Secretary of State decides otherwise, berequired to undergo a course of instruction for two or three monthseither at the London School of Tropical Medicine, Eodsleigh-gardens,Euston-square, N.W. 1, or at the Liverpool School of TropicalMedicine at the University of Liverpool. The cost of tuition willbe borne by the Government, but candidates must make their ownarrangements for board and lodging; an allowance of L3 a weekwill be paid to them monthly in arrear for this purpose. A r’ailyallowance of 5s. (but no salary) will be paid to each candidate, monthlyin arrear, during the course, and may be continued subsequently up tothe date of embarkation. These payments must be refunded by thecandidate if he declines to accept an appointment in any of theColonies or Protectorates for which he may be selected, if he fails toobtain a certificate showing that be has satisfied the sehool authorities,or if he relinquishes the West African service for any other reasonthan mental or physical infirmity, or is removed for misconduct,within three years of the date of his arrival in West Africa. If at thecmd of the session there exist no vacancy in the staff to which a

candidate can be appointed, he will be placed in a Reserve and granted ian allowance at the rate of B200 a year until the occurrence of a

vacancy.Course of study for higher scale oj sala2y.-The approved course of ’,

study is the three months’ course of the West London Post-GraduateCollege or the London School of Clinical Medicine, Greenwich, inclinical medicine, clinical surgery, and pathology. Officers are allowed I

1 Except that the pension of an officer who has been promotedwithin three years of his retirement is calculated on the average ofhis salary for the last three years.

to substitute for this course either the course of study and examinationfor a recognised diploma or degree in public health, sanitary science, orState medicine ; the course of study and examination for a furthermedical or surgical diploma or degree ; or if the Governor, on therecommendation of the Principal Medical Officer, approves-a courseof study in some special branch of medical or surgical practice (e.g.,ophthalmology, dermatology, genito-urinary diseases), or an advancedcourse at the London or Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.Whichever of these courses of study is selected, the necessary tuitionand examination fees will be paid by the Colonial Government except inthe event of an officer’s deciding to enter for a further medical orsurgical diploma or degree.

In conclusion it should be added that owing to thewastage of war and the lapse of periods of service there areat the present time many vacancies in the Colonial service,and that the age limits laid down for Colonial appointmentsare not always insisted upon, while in a number of cases atemporary war bonus augments the salary. It should benoted, too, that there is some possibility that in the nearfuture opportunities may be given to Colonial officers forresearch work, thus bringing this branch of public medicalservice more in line with the opportunities offered to themilitary and naval services.

DIPLOMAS IN STATE AND TROPICALMEDICINE.

’ As usual we include in the Students’ Number ofTHE LANCET an epitome of the instruction given atvarious universities and centres of medical education tomedical men desiring to obtain diplomas in sanitary science,public health, State medicine, and tropical medicine.

Resolutions, designed with a view of ensuring 11 thepossession of a distinctively high proficiency, scientific andpractical, in all the branches of study which concern thepublic health," have been adopted at various times bythe General Medical Council from 1902 to 1911. Certainuniversities and corporations grant qualifications in TropicalMedicine which have not as yet been made registrable bystatute.

University of Oxford.-An examination, conducted partly inwriting, partly viva voce, and in each subject partly practical,is held in Michaelmas and Trinity Term in the followingsubjects :-General Hygiene, General Pathology (withspecial relation to Infectious Diseases), the Laws relating toPublic Health, Sanitary Engineering, Vital Statistics. Theexamination is in two parts, which may be taken together orseparately ; but Part I. must be passed either before or atthe same examination as Part II. The fee for admission tothe examination is q5 for each part. Successful candidatesare entitled to receive the Diploma in Public Health.The First Part of the examination will comprise (a) a

written paper of three hours in Chemistry and Physics ;(b) a three hours’ practical and viva 0006 examination inChemistry and Physics. ,

The Second Part of the examination will consist of thefollowing parts:-(a) Two written papers, each of three

hours, dealing with General Hygiene (including SanitaryEngineering, Vital Statistics, and the Laws relating toPublic Health) ; (b) a practical and vivd voce examination inGeneral Hygiene ; (c) a written paper of three hours in

Pathology and Bacteriology ; and (d) a three hours’ practicaland viva voce examination in Pathology and Bacteriology.

Candidates in Part I. of the examination will be requiredto produce a certificate (1) of Laboratory Work in Chemistryas applied to Hygiene.

Candidates in Part II. will produce the following furthercertif cates : (2) of a Practical Knowledge of the Duties,Routine and Special, of Public Health Administration;(3) of having had Practical Instruction in Bacteriology, andthe Pathology of the Diseases of Animals transmissible to

Man ; and (4) of having attended the practice of a Hospitalfor Infectious Diseases at which opportunities are affordedfor the study of the Methods of Administration. Allthe above degrees are now open to Women Students,and particulars of Scholarships, &c., may be obtainedfrom the Principals of the various Ladies’ Colleges. Thenames of candidates must be sent to the Assistant -Regis-trar of the University, Clarendon Building, Oxford, towhom applications for any further information should beaddressed.

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University of Oambridfle.-Two examinations in so muchof State medicine as comprised in the functions ofmedical officers of health are held during the year.The examination is divided iuto two parts and demandsproficiency in all the branches of study which bear

upon the duties of medical officers of health Theexaminations in both parts will be oral and practical, aswell as in writing. Candidates may present themselvesfor either part separately or for both together at their

option; but the result of the examination in the case

of a.nv candidate will not be published until he hassatisfied the examiners in both parts. Marks of distinc-tion will be placed against the names of candidates whohave specially distinguished themselves in either (1) generalprinciples of hygiene; (2) bacteriology ; (3) chemistry inPart 1. of the examination ; or (4) the second part of theexamination, which has reference to State Medicine and tothe applications of Pathology nd Sanitary Science. Everycandidate will be required to pay a fee of .66 6s. beforeadmission or readmission to either part of the examination,but candidates who have presented themselves before theyear 1896 will be readmitted to either part on payment ofa fee of R5 5s. Candidates must before admission to eitherpart of the examination produce evidence of having satisfiedprovisions (1), (2), and (3), and before admission to Part II.having satisfied provision (4), above mentioned.For Part I. of the examination coarsei of lectures and

laboratory instruction are given in the University by Mr.J. E. Purvis on Hygiene, Chemistry, &c., and by Dr. Graham-Smith on Bacteriology. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall arives acourse of lectures on Protozoal Diseases, and Dr. A. E. Shipleyon Animal Parasites. For Part II. Dr. A. J. Laird, the MedicalOfficer of Health for Cambridge, gives courses on PracticalSanitary Administration and in the Administrative Methodsof the Infectious Diseases Hospital, and Dr. F. Robinson,the Medical Officer of Health to the Cambridgeshire CountyCouncil, on Sanitary Laws, School Hygiene, Epidemiology,Vital Statistics, &c. These courses are open to non-membersof the University.

All applications for further information respecting exa-minations and the courses of studv should be addressedto Mr. Parvis, Chemical Laboratory, Pembroke-street,Cambridge.Two Examinations in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene are

conducted yearly by the State Medicine Syndicate of theUniversity of Cambridge. The examinations are held in

Cambridge early in January and in the middle of August.Each examination will extend over four 4aJ s.Any person whose name is on the Medical Register is

admissible as a candidate to the examination provided(I.) that a period of not less than 12 months have elapsedbetween his attainment of a registrable qualification and hisadmission to the examination ; (II.) that he produce evidence,satisfactory to the Syndicate, that he has diligently studiedPathology (including parasitology and bacteriology) in rela-tion to Tropical Diseases, Clinical Medicine, and Surerery ata Hospital for Tropical Diseases, and Hygiene and Methodsof Sanitation applicable to Tropical Climates. As evidenceof study and attainments a candidate may present to theSyndicate (1) any dissertation, memoir, or other record ofwork carried out by himself on a subject connected withTropical Medicine or Hvgiene ; (2) any Certificate or

Diploma in Public Health or Sanitary Science he mayhave obtained from a recognised Examining Body. Suchevidence will be considered by the Syndicate in determiningwhether he is qualified for admission to the examination andby the examiners in determining whether, if admitted, heshall be included in the list of successful candidates.The examination will be partly in writing, partly oral, and

partly practical and clinical (the clinical part will be con-ducted at a hospital for tropical diseases, at which cases ’iwill be submitted for diagnosis and comment), and will ’,have reference to the nature, incidence. prevention, andtreatment of the epidemic and other diseases prevalentin tropical c)untries. Every candidate who passes theexamination to the satisfaction of the examiners willreceive fr"m the University a diploma testifying to hisknowledge and skill in tropical medicine and hygiene.The fee for the examination is 9 9s., and applications

should be addressed to Dr. Graham-Smith, Medical Schools,Cambridge.

University &ograve;t Londott. --Candidates for the M.D. degreemay offer State medicine as a subject in wtuch to graduate.They must send to the Academic Registrar with their formsof entry certificates (i.) of having, substquently to havingobtained a iegistrable qualification to practise Medicine,attended a course of practical instruction in a laboratory orlaboratories, British or foreign, approved by the University,in which chemistry, bacteriology, and the pathology of thediseases of animals transm ssible to man are taught ; suchcourse to extend over a period of not less than six monthsand to consist of at least 240 hours, of which not more thanone-half shall be devoted to practical chemistry, (ii.) Eitherof having, subsequently to having obtained a registrablequalification to practise Medicine, during six months (ofwhich at least three months shall be distinct and separatefrom the above-mentioned period of laboratory mstruction)been diligently engaged on not less than 60 working days inacquiring a practical knowledge of the duties, routine andspecial, of Public Health Administration under the super-vision of a person recognised by the Untversity as entitltd togrant certificates. Or of having held for a period of not lessthan three years an appointment as Medical Officer ofHealth of a Sanitary District within the British Dominions,and having a population of not less than 15 000. (iii.) Ofhaving, subsequently to having obtained a registrablequalification to practise Medicine, attended at least twiceweekly during a period of not lesi than three months a

practice of a hospital for infectious diseases at whichopportunities are afforded for the study of methods ofadministration. In connexion with this degree the variousmetropolitan medical schools hold regular classes underteachers of Public Health and Sanitary Science, suchinstruction being also used to obtain the various diplomasof other Universities and of those Royal Corporations whichgrant them.

University ot Durham. -Cindidates for the degree ofBachelor of Hygiene (B.Hy.) must be at least 22 years ofage, registered, and a graduate in Medicine of a recogniseduniversity. They must spend six months at Newcastle-upon-Tyne studying Comparative Pathology, Practical Bacterio-

logy, Sanitary Chemistry, and Physics, and have tv pass anexamination in Sanitary Chemistry, Physics, ComparativePathology, Sanitary Legislation, Vital Statistics, Nosology,Ulimatology, Meteorology, Distribution of Health andDisease, banitary Medicine and Practical Hygiene. The feefor the examination for the degree of B Hy. is .1::10 10s.and for the degree .1::6 6s. Candidates for the degreeof Doctor of Hygiene (D.Hy.) must have acquiredthe degree of Bachelor of Hygiene, must for two yearssubsequently have been engaged in Public Health adminis-tration, or in research work relating to Public Health.The fee for the examination for the degree of D.Hy.is B5 and for the degree <E10. The regulations forexamination for the Diploma in Public Health (D.P.H.)are the same as those for the degree of Bachelor ofHygiene, except that the candidate is not required to be agraduate in Medicine of a recognised University and thecourse of study need not be passed at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The fee for the examination is Z10 10s. and forthe diploma &3.

Victoria University (If Matchester.-An examination inPublic Health is held twice yearly. The examination isin two p-trts and is written, oral, and practical. Candidatesmay present themselves for Parts I. and II. separately orat the same time provided that no candidate be admittedto Part 11. unless he has already passed in Part I. Nocandidate’s name will be published until he has satisfiedthe examiners in both parts of the examination. The feefor each part is e5 5s., and must be paid on or beforeJuly lst in each year. For any subsequent examination inthe same part the fee will be Z3 3s. Every candidate whohas passed both parts of the examination to the satisfactionof the examiners, and who is legally registered, will receivea Diploma in Public Health. The examinations will beginabout the end of March and the middle of July in eachyear. Holders of the Diploma in Public Health are eligiblefor examination fo’ the Certificates in School Hygiene andFactory Hygiene after attending the prescribed periods ofstudy and hospital practice.

University of Birminyham..-The University grants a

degree of B.Sc. in Public Health and also a Diploma 111 the

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same subject on the following conditions : Graduates in

IMedicine of this University may become candidates for the edegree of Bachelor of Science in Public Health by con- Iforming to all the requirements laid down for candidatesfor the Diploma in Public Health, except that after

graduating in Medicine all courses of study must be takenout in the University, and they must, in addition, haveattended a three months’ course of Geology in the University.The examinations will be held in the months of March andJune and will consist of two parts, each part being written,oral, and practical. No candidate will be allowed to passPart II. until he has passed Part I. Candidates mayenter for Parts I. and II. separately or at the same

time. The fee for each part of the examination is 5.Medical Officers of the Royal Navy who have attendedcourses in Hygienic Chemistry, Bacteriology, and PublicHealth at the Naval Medical School, Greenwich, will beadmitted to the examinations for the Diploma in Public

, Health, whether they have previously been students at theBirmingham School or not; and the same applies to officersof the Royal Army Medical Corps who have studied

Chemistry and Bacteriology at the Staff College andpursued the further course of study approved by theGeneral Medical Council.

University of Liverpool.-The University grants a Degreein Hygiene (M.H.) and a Diploma (D.P.H.), and everyfacility is afforded for training in Sanitary Science andState Medicine. The curriculum for the Degree extendsover a period of two years, the first of which is devoted tolaboratory instruction and practical classes (including thosefor the Diploma); the second being devoted to advancedstudy and research. The D.P.H. curriculum fees are:

Chemistry, 95 5s. Bacteriology, B5 5s. ; Practical Sanita-tion, R15; Infectious Diseases, &3 3s. The courses may betaken out at any time, and students are allowed to workdaily in the laboratories.The University grants a Diploma in Tropical Medicine.

Three courses of instruction are given every year. Twoof . these last for three full months-the Lent Coursefrom Jan. 6th to April 5th and the Autumn Course fromSept. 15th to Dec. 13th. The Third Course, an AdvancedCourse, lasts one month, from June 1st to the 30th.At the end of each full course an examination is heldby the University for its Diploma of Tropical Medicine(D.T.M.), which is open only to those who have been throughthe course of instruction of the school. The examinationlasts three days and consists (1) of papers on TropicalMedicine, Tropical Pathology, and Tropical Sanitation andEntomology respectively ; (2) of a clinical examination ; and(3) of an oral examination. The advanced course consistsentirely of Practical and Clinical Laboratory Work, given atthe laboratory at the University. The fee for the fullcourse of instruction is 13 guineas, with an extra chargeof 10s. 6d. for the use of a microscope if required.The fee for the examination is 5 guineas. Applicationsshould be made to the Dean of the Medical Faculty,University of Liverpool. Two University Fellowships of9100 a year each are open to students of the school, amongstothers. Accommodation for research work is to be hadat the University Laboratory. The Mary Kingsley Medalis awarded by the school for distinguished work inconnexion with Tropical Medicine.

University of Leeds.-The University grants a Diploma inPublic Health, and every facility is afforded for training inSanitary Science and State Medicine. The examination,which is held twice in each year-namely, in June andDecember-is in two parts, and is written, oral, and prac-tical. Candidates may present themselves for Part I. (<x),Part I. (b), and II. separately or at the same time, providedthat no candidate be allowed to pass in Part II. unless hehas already passed in Part I. Fees--The fee for each part isR5 5s., and for any subsequent examination in the samepart Z3 3s. Instruction in Sanitary Chemistry and Bacterio-logy is given in the second and third terms. Practical workunder arrangement with the Leeds City Council. Prospectuscan be obtained from the Dean of the Medical School.

University of Bristol.-Diploma in Public Health. Candi-dates must be at least 23 years of age, shall be fully regis-tered medical practitioners of not less than 12 months’standing as such, and shall have passed the examinationprescribed by regulation. The examination is divided intotwo parts. The subjects of the First Part are Chemistry as

applied to Public Health and Pathology and Bacteriology,

Candidates for the First Part shall, during six months afterhaving obtained a registrable qualification, have receivedpractical laboratory instruction in Hygienic Chemistry, inBacteriology, and in the Pathology of the Diseases ofAnimals Transmissible to Man. The subjects of the SecondPart are : Public Health and Epidemiology, Sanitary Law,Vital Statistics, and Sanitary Reporting.

For information as to Post graduate instruction apply tothe Director of Post-graduate Studies, Professor Walker Hall.

University of Edinburgh.-Two degrees in Science in theDepartment of Public Health are conferred by the Universityof Edinburgh-viz., Bachelor of Science in Public Healthand Doctor of Science in Public Health. A Diploma inTropical Medicine and Hygiene is also granted. Candidatesfor the degree of B.Sc. in Public Health must be graduatesin Medicine of a recognised University, and must passtwo examinations, for the first of which they must, aftergraduation in Medicine, have worked for at least 20 hoursper week during a period of not less than eight months,of which at least five consecutive months must be in thePublic Health Laboratory of the University of Edinburghand the remainder either there or in a laboratory recog-nised by that University; they must also have attendedcourses of instruction in Physics and Geology in someScottish University. Candidates are not admitted to theSecond Examination sooner than six months after havingpassed the First Examination, nor sooner than 18 monthsafter having taken their degree in Medicine, and

they must have attended two separate courses in PublicHealth in some University of the United Kingdom or insuch medical school or Indian, Colonial, or Foreign Univer-sity as may be approved for the purpose by EdinburghUniversity, each course consisting of 40 lectures at

least; one of which courses shall deal with medicine andthe other with engineering, each in its relation to publichealth. The subjects of examination include Laboratorywork, Physics, Geology, Medicine in its application to PublicHealth, Sanitation, Sanitary Law, and Vital Statistics.Graduates who have held the degree of B.Se. in PublicHealth from the University of Edinburgh for a term offive years may offer themselves for the degree of D.Sc. inPublic Health in that University. They must then presenta Thesis and pass an examination in Public Health. Thefees are Z3 3s. for the First and ,c3 3s. for the SecondB.Sc Examinations, and Z10 10s. for the degree of D.Sc.

University of Aberdeen.-The Diploma in Public Health(D.P.H.) is conferred only on graduates in Medicine of a

University in the United Kingdom not less than 12 monthsafter medical graduation. Every candidate must produceevidence of having complied with the following requirements :(1) A course or courses of instruction consisting of not fewerthan 50 meetings dealing with public health in relation to theadministrative and other duties of a medical officer of health,such course or courses to be given by a teacher or teachersin the department of public health of a recognised medicalschool. (2) Practical instruction within a laboratory orlaboratories approved by the University, in (a) Bacteriology,(b) Physics and Chemistry. (0) Parasitology. such instructionto extend over not less than six months or two academicterms. (3) Practical Instruction, Clinical and Administra-tive, within (a) a hospital for general infectious diseases-not less than thrice weekly ; (b) a hospital or sanatorium ortreatment centre for tuberculosis-not less than once weekly ;(o) a hospital or treatment centre for venereal diseases-not less than once weekly ; such instruction in each group toextend over three months. (4) Practical instruction and experi-ence during not less than three months in the duties, routineand special, of public health adminiftration, under the personalsupervision of a medical officer of health or other medicalofficer, or, alternatively, that the candidate has held, within theBritish Dominions, for a period of not less than three years,an appointment as medical officer of health of a sanitarydistrict with a population of not less than 15.000.(5) Practical instruction in : (a) Mother and Child Welfareat a Centre or Centres in a Welfare Scheme conducted orapproved by a Local or Sanitary Authority-not fewer thanten mpetings; (b) School Hygiene and Medical Inspectionof School Children-not fewer than six meetings ; (o) Draw-ing and Interpretation of Plans-not fewer than six meetings.The fee for the examination is E4 4s. for each part, or R8 8 8a.for the whole examination.

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University of DMbtin (Trinity Colkqe).-The Diplomain Public Health is conferred, after examination, on thefollowing conditions. The candidate must be a registeredmedical practitioner and have obtained a registrable qualifi-cation at least nine months before the second part of theexamination. The candidate must have completed, sub.sequently to obtaining a registrable qualification, fourmonths’ practical instruction in a chemical and bacterio-logical laboratory, or laboratories, approved by the Uni-versity, must have studied practically outdoor sanitary workfor six months under an approved officer of health, and musthave attended for three months at a fever hospital whereopportunities are afforded for the study of methods ofadministration. A special prospectus and a list of recognisedlaboratories may be obtained by application to the Registrarof the School of Physic, Trinity College, Dublin.

National University of -Ireland.-At this University thereis a Diploma in Public Health and a B.Sc. in Public Health.The Diploma may be granted to matriculated or non-

matriculated students of the University who shall have

completed approved courses of study and shall have passedthe prescribed examinations, provided that it shall not begranted except to a registered medical practitioner. Candi-dates may present themselves for the examination afteran interval of not less than 12 months from the timeof obtaining a registrable qualification. The curriculumextends over a period of not less than nine calendarmonths. Every candidate must produce a certificatethat he has attended practical instruction in a laboratory,approved by the University, in Chemistry, Bacteriology,and the Pathology of the diseases of animals transmissibleto man. The examination consists of two parts, which maybe passed separately or together. Part I. comprises thefollowing subiects : Chemistry, Meteorology and Climato-

logy, and Sanitary Engineering and Architecture. Part II.

comprises the following subjects: Bacteriology, Hygiene,Sanitary Law, and Vital Statistics. The examination ineach part will be oral and practical as well as written. ,

For the B.Sc. in Public Health a candidate shall notbe admitted unless he (a) shall have received the degrees ofM.B., B.Ch., and B.A.O. at least one year previously;(b) shall have pursued an approved course of study in theFaculty of Medicine ; and (c) shall have passed the pre-scribed examination. In addition to D.P.H. course thecandidate will be required to take up (1) a Special Course ofPathology; (2) Bacteriology; and (3) Advanced Course inHygiene. Each of these courses lasts three months.

University of Belfast.-A Diploma in Public Healthis given by examination. Every candidate must produceevidence that, after obtaining a registrable qualification,he has during six months received practical instruction inan approved laboratory in which Chemistry, Bacteriology,and the Pathology of the diseases of animals transmissibleto man are taught. After obtaining a registrable qualifica-tion every candidate must produce evidence that he hasattended during three months the practice of a hospital forinfectious diseases at which opportunities are afforded forthe study of methods of administration. The examinationmust have extended over not less than four days, one ofwhich shall have been devoted to practical work in a

laboratory, and one to practical examination in, and reportingon, subjects which fall within the special outdoor dutiesof a medical officer of health. The examination will be heldonce yearly, Part I. in March and Part II. in June. Thefirst part of the examination will have reference to the

general principles of sanitary science. and the second partto State Medicine and to the applications of Pathology andSanitary Science. The fee for each part is 1 guinea

Royal College of Physicians of London and the RoyalCollege of Swgeons of England.-The following are the

regulations for obtaining the Diploma in Public Health :The examination consists of two parts. The first partof the examination takes place in January and July,and the second part in January and July. The fee foreach part is E10 10s., except for those who are diplomatesof the Hoyal Colleges, who pay &pound; 6s. for each part.A candidate intending to present himself must give14 days’ written notice to the Secretary, at the ExaminationHall, Qaeen-square, London, W.C. 1. He will be admis-sible to examination in Part 1. on producing evidence (1) ofhaving been in possession of a registrable qualification for at

least 12 months ; and (2) of having attended thereafterpractical instruction in a laboratory recognised by theExamining Board in England for at least 240 hours duringa period of six months. A candidate will be admitted toPart II. of the examination on producing evidence (1) ofhaving been diligently engaged in acquiring a practicalknowledge of Public Health administration during sixmonths under certain specified conditions ; and (2) of havingattended during three months the clinical practice of a

hospital for infectious diseases.Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Royal CoUegl.’

of SI1/rgeons of Edinburgh,, Royal Fa01&Ucirc;ty of Physicians andSurgeons of Glasyow.-All candidates for the Diplomain Public Health must have a qualification which hasbeen registered under the Medical Acts. Candidatesmust have attended not less than four calendar months’

practical instruction in Chemistry and Bacteriology in arecognised laboratory or laboratories, must have studiedoutdoor sanitary work for six months under a medical officerof health or other sanitary officer ; and must give evidenceof attendance for three months at the practice of a

110Spllial ior iniecvloiis Diseases, at wnicn ne nas

received instruction in the methods of administration.The examination consists of two parts, and candidates mayenter for both at one period or for either separately.The First Part includes (a) Laboratory Work (Chemistryand Bacteriology), (b) Physics and Meteorology; and theSecond Examination embraces (a) Report on Premisesvisited, (b) Examination at Fever Hospital, (e) Examina-tion at Public Abattoir, (d) Written and Oral Examinationson Epidemiology and Endemiology, (e) Vital Statistics andSanitary Law, and (f) Practical Sanitation. The fee is12 guineas for both examinations, or 6 guineas for eitherof them. A fee of 3 guineas is payable by rejectedcandidates for either examination. The examination isheld twice yearly, in May and October. The publishedregulations provide detailed synopses of the subjects ofexamination. The Registrar for Edinburgh is Mr. D. L.Eadie, 49, Lauriston-place, and for Glasgow Mr. WalterHurst, 242, St. Vincent-street.Royal College 0/ ’AySK’MK of Ireland and Royal College of

Surgeons in Ireland.-Every candidate for the Diploma inPublic Health must be a registered medical practitioner.He must subsequently to qualification (1) receive four months’laboratory instruction in Chemistry, Bacteriology, and theDiseases of Animals transmissible to man ; and (2) duringsix months practically study outdoor sanitary work undera medical officer of health, and shall as an additional

requirement attend a hospital for infectious diseases.Candidates are examined on four days, commencing onthe first Monday of February, May, and November. Theexamination comprises the following subjects :-Hygiene,Chemistry, Meteorology and Climatology, Engineering,Vital Statistics, Sanitary Law, and Bacteriology. The feefor the examination is &pound;10 10s. For further particularsapply to Alfred Miller, O.B.E., Secretary, Committee ofManagement ; Office, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin.

DIPLOMAS IN PSYCHOLOGICALMEDICINE.

THE needs for Schools of Psychiatry were well stated twoyears ago in the annual report of the Board of Control,when attention was called to deficiencies in the arrange-ments as at present organised for the treatment of personssuffering from mental disorder, especially in its early stages.During the two years that have elapsed both the loss to thecountry and the hardship to individuals resulting frominsufficient attention to incipient mental cases have beenrecognised by the medical profession and all sections ofthe thinking public, so that any educational developmentimproving the scientific position of psychological medicinewill meet with warm approval.

Diplomas in Psychological Medicine, though of compara-tively recent date, have been instituted at various centresfor some ten years, while affiliation of mental clinics tothe teaching in general hospitals has been much recom-mended. When this takes place there will be no dearth ofsuitable applicants for posts at asylums, for many youngmen can then be trained to take up the work in sympathetic