473DIPLOMAS TN STATE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE.

Assistant at the Medical Research Institute, Lagos, andMedical Officers of Health at various places), irrespectiveof the seniority of the officer holding the appointment.Staff pay at the rate of £150 a year is also attached to theseposts ; and the holder of the appointment draws half of the staff pay during leave of absence, the remainder beingdrawn by his locum tenons.

Leave and Passages.-The ordinary tour of residentialservice is 18 months, followed by leave with full pay duringthe voyages to and from England, and for four or two monthsclear in England, according as the officer is returning forfurther service in West Africa or not. Leave granted onthe understanding that an officer will return is known as" return leave," and any pay drawn in respect of such leaveis liable to be refunded if he does not return. Leave maybe extended with half pay for a period not exceeding fourmonths on the ground of ill-health, or without pay on thator other grounds. Free passages are given to all officerswho are granted leave, and free passage is also given on firstappointment, subject to the officer signing an agreementunder which he is liable to refund its cost if he relinquisheshis appointment for any other reason than phvsical or

mental infirmity, or is removed for misconduct, within threeyears from the date of his arrival in West Africa. Halfpay is given during the voyage out on first appointment.

Private Practice.-All officers of the Staff, except PrincipalMedical Officers, Deputy Principal Medical Officers, Pro-vincial Medical Officers, Sanitary Officers, and a few otherofficers holding special appointments, are at present allowedto take private practice, provided that it does not interferewith the efficient performance of their official duties, butit is within the power of the Governor to withdraw orsuspend the privilege in such places and for such periodsas he may consider desirable. Private practice does notexist at the majority of stations, and as a general rule,subject to the exigencies of the service, stations wherethere is private practice are allocated to senior membersof the staff.Pensions and Gratuities.-These vary in accordance with

the regulations of each Colony, but generally speaking anofficer on attaining the age of 50 years, or after 18 years’service (of which at least 12 must have been residential)is qualified for a pension calculated at one-fortieth of thelast annual’ salary for each year of service. If invalidedafter a minimum of seven years’ service, he is qualifiedfor a pension calculated at the same rate. If invalidedbefore completing seven years’ service, he is qualified for agratuity not exceeding three-quarters of a month’s salaryfor each six months of service ; provided that he has beenconfirmed in his appointment. For the purpose of cal-culating the amount of these pensions and gratuities, leaveof absence without salary is not counted, while leave withhalf salary is counted at the rate of one month for everytwo months of such leave. An addition, representing thevalue of free quarters, is made to the officer’s salary. Thisaddition is as follows : To salaries of £400 a year, an additionof £40 ; to salaries above £400, but not exceeding £500, anaddition of £50 ; to salaries above £300, but not exceeding£700, an addition of £6O ; to salaries above £700, but notexceeding £900, an addition of £70 ; to salaries exceedingS900, an addition of £80. In addition to the ordinaryregulations, an officer of the West African Medical Staffenjoys the following special privilege. At the end of nineyears (of which not less than six must have been residential)he will be permitted to retire with a gratuity of £1000,or at the end of 12 years (of which not less than eight musthave been residential) with a gratuity of £1250. All claimsto pensions are, however, forfeited on the receipt of such agratuity. In the event of an officer dying in the serviceafter completing the period of residence qualifying him forthe smaller or the larger of these gratuities, a sum equalto the gratuity in question will be paid to the credit of hisestate. Officers are not allowed to take their wives outwith them until they have acquired experience of the localconditions, and have obtained the sanction of the Governor.Passages for wives and children are not provided.

Candidates for medical appointments in West Africa areallowed to express a preference for any particular Colonyor Protectorate, and their wishes in this respect will be bornein mind and met as far as possible, but they are liable tobe posted in the first instance, or transferred afterwards ifnecessary, to any other West African Colony or Protectorateat the discretion of the Secretary of State. Candidateswho wish to be posted to the Northern Provinces of Nigeriashould be able to ride. Candidates should on no accountapply for, or accept, a West African appointment in theexpectation of ultimately being transferred elsewhere, as

the number of such transfers is exceedingly small. Noapplications for transfer can be entertained until an officer

1 Except that the pension of an officer who has been pro-moted within three years of his retirement is calculated on theaverage of his salary for the last three years.

has served for five years in the West African Medical Staff,and officers desiring to be transferred must be prepared tofind that medical salaries in other Colonies are lower thanin West Africa. Only a small proportion of applicantssucceed in obtaining a transfer. Officers who may betransferred to pensionable. appointments under the Crownelsewhere than in West Africa do not forfeit their claim topension in respect of their West African service on finalretirement, provided they have been members of the Stafffor at least 12 months.

Instruction in Tropical Medicine.-Every candidateselected for appointment will, unless the Secretary of Statedecides otherwise, be required to undergo a course of instruc-tion for two or three months either at the London Schoolof Tropical Medicine, Endsleigh-gardens, Euston-square,N.W. 1, or at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicineat the University of Liverpool. The cost of tuition willbe borne by the Government, but candidates must maketheir own arrangements for board and lodging ; an allowanceof jE3 a week will be paid to them monthly in arrear for thispurpose. A daily allowance of 5s. (but no salary) will bepaid to each candidate, monthly in arrear, during the course,and may be continued subsequently up to the date ofembarkation. These payments must be refunded by thecandidate if he declines to accept an appointment in anyof the Colonies or Protectorates for which he may be selected,if he fails to obtain a certificate showing that he has satisfiedthe school authorities, or if he relinquishes the West Africanservice for any other reason than mental or physical infirmity,or is removed for misconduct, within three years of the dateof his arrival in West Africa. If at the end of the sessionthere exist no vacancy in the staff to which a candidatecan be appointed, he will be placed in a Reserve and grantedan allowance at the rate of E200 a year until the occurrenceof a vacancy.

Course of study for higher scale of salary.-The approvedcourse of study is the three months’ course of the WestLondon Post-Graduate College or the London School ofClinical Medicine, Greenwich, in clinical medicine, clinicalsurgery, and pathology. Officers are allowed to substitutefor this course either the course of study and examinationfor a recognised diploma or degree in public health, sanitaryscience, or State medicine ; the course of study and examina-tion for a further medical or surgical diploma or degree ;or if the Governor, on the recommendation of the PrincipalMedical Officer, approves-a course of study in some specialbranch of medical or surgical practice (e.g., ophthalmology,dermatology, genito-urinary diseases), or an advancedcourse at the London or Liverpool School of Tropical Medi-cine. Whichever of these courses of study is selected, thenecessary tuition and examination fees will be paid by theColonial Government except in the event of an officer’sdeciding to enter for a further medical or surgical diplomaor degree. Owing to the wastage of war and the lapse of

periods of service there are many vacancies in theColonial service, so that the age limits laid down forColonial appointments are not always insisted upon.In the near future opportunities may be given toColonial officers for research work, and their cominginto line with the conditions in the naval and militaryservices is very much needed.

DIPLOMAS IN STATE AND TROPICALMEDICINE.

As usual we include in the Students’ Number ofTHE LANCET an epitome of the instruction given atvarious universities and centres of medical educationto medical men desiring to obtain diplomas in sanitaryscience, public health, State medicine, and tropicalmedicine.

Resolutions, designed with a view of ensuring " thepossession of a distinctively high proficiency, scientificand practical, in all the branches of study whichconcern the public health," have been adopted atvarious times by the General Medical Council from1902 to 1911. Certain universities and corporationsgrant qualifications in Tropical Medicine which havenot as yet been made registrable by statute.

University of Oxford.-An examination, conductedpartly in writing, partly viva voce, and in each subjectpartly practical, is held in Michaelmas and TrinityTerm in the following subjects :-General Hygiene,General Pathology (with special relation to InfectiousDiseases), the Laws relating to Public Health, Sanitary

474 DIPLOMAS IN STATE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE.

Engineering, Vital Statistics. The examination is intwo parts, which may be taken together or separately ;but Part I. must be passed either before or at the sameexamination as Part II. The fee for admission tothe examination is £10 for each part. Successfulcandidates are entitled to receive the Diploma inPublic Health.The First Part of the examination will comprise

(a) written papers of three hours each in (i.) Chemistryand Physics, and (ii.) Pathology and Bacteriology ;(b) a three hours’ practical and viva voce examinationin Chemistry and Physics ; (c) a three hours’ practicaland viva voce examination in Pathology and Bacterio-logy.The Second Part of the Examination will consist

of the following parts :-(a) Two written papers,each of three hours, dealing with General Hygiene(including Sanitary Engineering, Vital Statistics, andthe Laws relating to Public Health) ; (b) a practicaland vivâ voce examination in General Hygiene ; and(c) a three hours’ practical and viva voce examinationin Pathology and Bacteriology.

Candidates in Part I. of the examination will berequired to produce certificates (1) of Laboratory Workin Chemistry as applied to Hygiene, and f2) of havinghad Practical Instruction in Bacteriology, and thePathology of the Diseases of Animals transmissible toMan.

Candidates in Part II. will produce the followingfurther certificates : (3) of a Practical Knowledge ofthe Duties, Routine and Special, of Public HealthAdministration; and (4) of having attended thepractice of a Hospital for Infectious Diseases at whichopportunities are afforded for the study of the Methodsof Administration. All the above degrees are nowopen to Women Students, and particulars of Scholar-ships, &c., may be obtained from the Principals ofthe various Ladies’ Colleges. The names of candidatesmust be sent to the Assistant Registrar of theUniversity, Clarendon Building, Oxford, to whomapplications for any further information should beaddressed.

University of Cambridge.-Two examinations in somuch of State medicine as comprised in the functionsof medical officers of health are held during the year.The examination is divided into two parts anddemands proficiency in all the branches of studywhich bear upon the duties of medical officers ofhealth. The examinations in both parts will be oraland practical, as well as in writing. Candidates maypresent themselves for either part separately or forboth together at their option; but the result of theexamination in the case of any candidate will not bepublished until he has satisfied the examiners in bothparts. Marks of distinction will be placed against thenames of candidates who have specially distinguishedthemselves in either (1) general principles of hygiene ;(2) bacteriology; (3) chemistry in Part I. of theexamination ; or (-1) the second part of the examina-tion, which has reference to State Medicine and tothe applications of Pathology and Sanitary Science.Every candidate will be required to pay a fee of£6 6s. before admission or readmission to either partof the examination, but candidates who have presentedthemselves before the year 1896 will be readmittedto either part on payment of a fee of £5 5s. Candidatesmust before admission to either part of the examina-tion produce evidence of having satisfied provisions(1), (2), and (3), and before admission to Part II.having satisfied provision (4), above mentioned. ’,For Part I. of the examination courses of lectures

and laboratory instruction are given in the Universityby Mr. J. E. Purvis on Hygiene, Chemistry, &c.,and by Dr. Graham-Smith on Bacteriology. Prof.G. H. F. Nuttall gives a course of lectures on ProtozoalDiseases, and on Animal Parasites. For Part II.Dr. A..1. Laird, the Medical Officer of Health for I,Cambridge, gives courses on Practical SanitaryAdministration and in the Administrative Methodsof the Infectious Diseases Hospital, and Dr. F.Robinson, the Medical Officer of Health to the Cam-

bridgeshire County Council, on Sanitary Laws,School Hygiene, Epidemiology, Vital Statistics, &c.These courses are open to non-members of theUniversity.A Diploma in Hygiene is granted to medical

graduates whose qualifications are not registrable inEngland.

All applications for further information respectingexaminations and the courses of study should beaddressed to Mr. Purvis, Chemical Laboratory,Pembroke-street, Cambridge.Two Examinations in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

are conducted yearly by the State Medicine Syndicateof the University of Cambridge. The examinationsare held in Cambridge early in August and at the endof December. Each examination will extend overfour days.Any person whose name is on the Medical Register

is admissible as a candidate to the examinationprovided (I.) that a period of not less than 12 monthshas elapsed between his attainment of a registrablequalification and his admission to the examination;(II.) that he produce evidence, satisfactory to theSyndicate, that he has diligently studied Pathology(including parasitology and bacteriology) in relationto Tropical Diseases, Clinical Medicine, and Surgeryat a Hospital for Tropical Diseases, and Hygieneand Methods of Sanitation applicable to TropicalClimates. As evidence of study and attainments acandidate may present to the Syndicate (1) any disser-tation, memoir, or other record of work carried outby himself on a subject connected with TropicalMedicine or Hygiene ; (2) any Certificate or Diplomain Public Health or Sanitary Science he may haveobtained from a recognised Examining Body. Suchevidence will be considered by the Syndicate indetermining whether he is qualified for admissionto the examination and by the examiners in deter-mining whether, if admitted, he shall be included inthe list of successful candidates.

The examination will be partly in writing, partlyoral, and partly practical and clinical (the clinicalpart will be conducted at a hospital for tropicaldiseases, at which cases will be submitted for diagnosisand comment), and will have reference to the nature,incidence, prevention, and treatment of the epidemicand other diseases prevalent in tropical countries.Every candidate who passes the examination to thesatisfaction of the examiners will receive from theUniversity a diploma testifying to his knowledge andskill in tropical medicine and hygiene.The fee for the examination is £9 9s., and applica-

tions should be addressed to Dr. Graham-Smith,Medical Schools, Cambridge.

University of London.-Candidates for the M.D.degree may offer State medicine as a subject in whichto graduate. They must send to the AcademicRegistrar with their forms of entry certificates (i.) ofhaving, subsequently to having obtained a registrablequalification to practise Medicine, attended a courseof practical instruction in a laboratory or laboratories,British or foreign, approved by the University,in which chemistry, bacteriology, and the pathologyof the diseases of animals transmissible to man aretaught ; such course to extend over a period of notless than six months and to consist of at least 240hours, of which not more than one-half shall be devotedto practical chemistry. (ii.) Either of having, sub-sequently to having obtained a registrable qualificationto practise Medicine, during six months (of whichat least three months shall be distinct and separatefrom the above-mentioned period of laboratoryinstruction) been diligently engaged on not less than60 working days in acquiring a practical knowledgeof the duties, routine and special, of Public HealthAdministration under the supervision of a personrecognised by the University as entitled to grantcertificates. Or of having held for a period of not lessthan three years an appointment as Medical Officerof Health of a Sanitary District within the BritishDominions, and having a population of not less than

475DIPLOMAS IN STATE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE.

15,000. (iii.) Of having, subsequently to havingobtained a registrable qualification to practise Medi-cine, attended at least twice weekly during a

period of not less than three months a practiceof a hospital for infectious diseases at whichopportunities are afforded for the study of methodsof administration. In connexion with this degreethe various metropolitan medical schools holdregular classes under teachers of Public Health andSanitary Science, such instruction being also used toobtain the various diplomas of other Universitiesand of those Royal Corporations which grantthem.

University of Durham.-Candidates for the degree ofBachelor of Hygiene (B.Hy.) must be at least 22 yearsof age, registered, and a graduate in Medicine of arecognised university. They must spend six monthsat Newcastle-upon-Tyne studying Comparative Patho-logy, Practical Bacteriology, Sanitary Chemistry, andPhysics, and have to pass an examination in SanitaryChemistry, Physics, Comparative Pathology, SanitaryLegislation, Vital Statistics, Nosology, Climatology,Meteorology, Distribution of Health and Disease,Sanitary Medicine and Practical Hygiene. The feefor the examination for the degree of B.Hy. is £10 10s.and for the degree £6 6s. Candidates for the degreeof Doctor of Hygiene (D.Hy.) shall be Bachelors ofHygiene of two years’ standing, and shall be requiredto satisfy the Examiners that they have conductedoriginal research in the subject of Public Health.The fee for the examination for the degree of D.Hy.is £20 and for the degree £10. The regulationsfor examination for the Diploma in Public Health(D.P.H.) are the same as those for the degree ofBachelor of Hygiene, except that the candidate isnot required to be a graduate in Medicine of a

recognised University and the course of studyneed not be passed at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Thefee for the examination is £10 10s. and for thediploma £3.

Victoria University of Manchester.-An examinationin Public Health is held twice yearly. The examinationis in two parts and is written, oral, and practical.Candidates may present themselves for Parts 1. andII. separately or at the same time provided that nocandidate be admitted to Part II. unless he has alreadypassed in Part I. No candidate’s name will be pub-lished until he has satisfied the examiners in both partsof the examination. The fee for each part is £8 8s.,and must be paid on or before July 1st in each year.For any subsequent examination in the same part thefee will be £4 4s. Every candidate who has passedboth parts of the examination to the satisfaction ofthe examiners, and who is legally registered, willreceive a Diploma in Public Health. The examina-tions will begin about the middle of March and themiddle of July in each year. Holders of the Diplomain Public Health are eligible for examination for theCertificates in School Hygiene and Factory Hygieneafter attending the prescribed periods of study andhospital practice.

University of Birmingham.-The University grantsa degree of B.Sc. in Public Health and also a Diplomain the same subject on the following conditions :Graduates in Medicine of this University may becomecandidates for the degree of Bachelor of Science inPublic Health by conforming to all the requirementslaid down for candidates for the Diploma in PublicHealth, except that after graduating in Medicine allcourses of study must be taken out in the University,and they must, in addition, have attended a threemonths’ course of Geology in the University. Theexaminations will be held in the months of Marchand June and will consist of two parts, each part beingwritten, oral, and practical. No candidate will beallowed to pass Part II. until he has passed Part I.Candidates may enter for Parts I. and II. separatelyor at the same time. The fee for each part of theexamination is £6 5s. Medical Officers of the RoyalNavy who have attended courses in Hygienic ChemistryBacteriology, and Public Health at the Naval Medical

School, Greenwich, will be admitted to the exa-

minations for the Diploma in Public Health,whether they have previously been students atthe Birmingham School or not ; and the sameapplies to officers of the Royal Army MedicalCorps who have studied Chemistry and Bacterio-logy at the Staff College and pursued the furthercourse of study approved by the General MedicalCouncil.

University of Liverpool.-The University grants aDegree in Hygiene (M.H.) and a Diploma (D.P.H.),and every facility is afforded for training in SanitaryScience and State Medicine. The curriculum for theDegree extends over a period of two years, the firstof which is devoted to laboratory instruction andpractical classes (including those for the Diploma) ;the second being devoted to advanced study andresearch. The D.P.H. curriculum fees are : Chemistry,£7 ; Bacteriology, £7 ; Practical Sanitation, £15 ;Infectious Diseases. £4 4s. ; Genetics and Environment,£3 ; Parasitology, £4 4s. The courses may be takenout at any time, and students are allowed to workdaily in the laboratories.The University grants a Diploma in Tropical Medi-

cine. Three courses of instruction are given everyyear. Two of these last for three full months-theLent Course from Jan. 6th to April 5th and the AutumnCourse from Sept. 15th to Dec. 13th. The ThirdCourse, an Advanced Course, lasts one month, fromJune 1st to the 30th. At the end of each full coursean examination is held by the University for itsDiploma of Tropical Medicine (D.T.M.), which isopen only to those who have been through the courseof instruction of the school. The examination laststhree days and consists (1) of papers on TropicalMedicine, Tropical Pathology, and Tropical Sanitationand Entomology respectively ; (2) of a clinical exami-nation ; and (3) of an oral examination. The advancedcourse consists entirely of Practical and ClinicalLaboratory Work, given at the laboratory at theUniversity. The fee for the full course of instructionis £18 4s., with an extra charge of 10s. 6d. for theuse of a microscope if required. Applications shouldbe made to the Dean of the Medical Faculty, Univer-sity of Liverpool. Two University Fellowships of2100 a year each are open to students of the school,amongst others. Accommodation for research workis to be had at the University Laboratory. TheMary Kingsley Medal is awarded by the school fordistinguished work in connexion with TropicalMedicine.

University of Leeds.-The University grants a

Diploma in Public Health, and every facility isafforded for training in Sanitary Science and StateMedicine. The examination, which is held’twice ineach year-namely, in June and December-is intwo parts, and is written, oral, and practical. Can-didates may present themselves for Part I. (Sections1 and 2), Part I. (Sections 3, 4, and 5), and II. separ-

ately or at the same time, provided that no candidatebe allowed to pass in Part II. unless he has alreadypassed in Part 1. Fees-The fee for each part is£6 6s., and for any subsequent examination in thesame part £4 4s. Instruction in Sanitary Chemistryand Bacteriology is given in the second and thirdterms. Practical work under arrangement with theLeeds City Council. Prospectus can be obtainedfrom the Dean of the Medical School.

University of Bristol.-Diploma in Public Health.Candidates must be at least 23 years of age, shall befully registered medical practitioners of not less than12 months’ standing as such, and shall have passedthe examination prescribed by regulation. Theexamination is divided into two parts. The subjectsof the First Part are Chemistry as applied to PublicHealth and Pathology and Bacteriology. Candidatesfor the First Part shall, during six months after havingobtained a registrable qualification, have receivedpractical laboratory instruction in Hygienic Chemistry,in Bacteriology, and in the Pathology of the Diseasesof Animals Transmissible to Man. The subjects of

476 DIPLOMAS IN STATE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE.

the Second Part are : Public Health and Epidemio-logy, Sanitary Law, Vital Statistics, and SanitaryReporting.

University of Edinburgh.-Two degrees in Sciencein the Department of Public Health are conferredby the University of Edinburgh-viz., Bachelor ofScience in Public Health and Doctor of Science inPublic Health. A Diploma in Tropical Medicine andHygiene is also granted. Candidates for the degreeof B.Sc. in Public Health must be graduates in Medi-cine of a recognised University, and must pass twoexaminations, for the first of which they must, aftergraduation in Medicine, have worked for at least20 hours per week during a period of not less thaneight months, of which at least five consecutive monthsmust be in the Public Health Laboratory of theUniversity of Edinburgh and the remainder eitherthere or in a laboratory recognised by that University ;they must also have attended courses of instructionin Physics and Geology in some Scottish University.Candidates are not admitted to the Second Examina-tion sooner than six months after having passed theFirst Examination, nor sooner than 18 months afterhaving taken their degree in Medicine, and they musthave attended two separate courses in Public Healthin some University of the United Kingdom or in suchmedical school or Indian, Colonial, or Foreign Univer-sity as may be approved for the purpose by EdinburghUniversity, each course consisting of 40 lectures atleast ; one of which courses shall deal with medicineand the other with engineering, each in its relationto public health. The subjects of examination includeLaboratory work, Physics, Geology, Medicine in itsapplication to Public Health, Sanitation, SanitaryLaw, and Vital Statistics. Graduates who have heldthe degree of B.Sc. in Public Health from the Univer-sity of Edinburgh for a term of five years may offerthemselves for the degree of D.Sc. in Public Healthin that University. They must then present a

Thesis and pass an examination in Public Health.The fees are £4 4s. for the First and £5 5s. for theSecond B.Sc. Examinations, and £15 15s. for thedegree of D.Sc.

University of Aberdeen.-The Diploma in PublicHealth (D.P.H.) is conferred only on graduates inMedicine of a University in the United Kingdom notless than 12 months after medical graduation. Everycandidate must produce evidence of having compliedwith the following requirements : (1) A course or

courses of instruction consisting of not fewer than50 meetings dealing with public health in relationto the administrative and other duties of a medicalofficer of health, such course or courses to be givenby a teacher or teachers in the department of publichealth of a recognised medical school. (2) Practicalinstruction within a laboratory or laboratoriesapproved by the University, in (a) Bacteriology,(b) Physics and Chemistry, (c) Parasitology, suchinstruction to extend over not less than six monthsor two academic terms. (3) Practical Instruction,Clinical and Administrative, within (a) a hospital forgeneral infectious diseases-not less than thriceweekly ; (b) a hospital or sanatorium or treatmentcentre for tuberculosis-not less than once weekly ;(c) a hospital or treatment centre for venereal diseases-not less than once weekly ; such instruction in eachgroup to extend over three months. (4) Practicalinstruction and experience during not less than threemonths in the duties, routine and special, of publichealth administration, under the personal supervisionof a medical officer of health or other medical officer,or, alternatively, that the candidate has held, withinthe British Dominions, for a period of not less thanthree years, an appointment as medical officer of health Iof a sanitary district with a population of not less than I15,000. (5) Practical instruction in : (a) Mother andChild Welfare at a Centre or Centres in a WelfareScheme conducted or approved by a Local or SanitaryAuthority-not fewer than ten meetings ; (b) SchoolHygiene and Medical Inspection of School Children-not fewer than six meetings ; (c) Drawing and Inter-

pretation of Plans-not fewer than six meetings.The fee for the examination is £4 4s. for each part,or £8 8s. for the whole examination.

University of Dtiblitt (Trinity College).-The Diploma.in Public Health is conferred, after examination, onthe following conditions. The candidate must be aregistered medical practitioner and have obtained aregistrable qualification at least nine months beforethe second part of the examination. The candidatemust have completed, subsequently to obtaining aregistrable qualification, four months’ practicalinstruction in a chemical and bacteriological labora-tory, or laboratories, approved by the University,must have studied practically outdoor sanitary workfor six months under an approved officer of health,and must have attended for three months at a feverhospital where opportunities are afforded for thestudy of methods of administration. A special pros-pectus and a list of recognised laboratories may beobtained by application to the Registrar of the Schoolof Physic, Trinity College, Dublin.

National University of Ireland.-At this Universitythere is a Diploma in Public Health, a B.Sc. in PublicHealth, and a D.Sc. in Public Health. The Diplomamay be granted to matriculated or non-matriculatedstudents of the University who shall have completedapproved courses of study and shall have passed theprescribed examinations, provided that it shall notbe granted except to a registered medical practitioner.Candidates may present themselves for the examina-tion after an interval of not less than 12 months fromthe time of obtaining a registrable qualification.The curriculum extends over a period of not less thannine calendar months. Every candidate must producea certificate that he has attended practical instructionin a laboratory, approved by the University, inChemistry, Bacteriology, and the Pathology of thediseases of animals transmissible to man. Theexamination consists of two parts, which may bepassed separately or together. Part I. comprises thefollowing subjects : Chemistry, Meteorology andClimatology, and Sanitary Engineering and Archi-tecture. Part II. comprises the following subjects iBacteriology, Hygiene, Sanitary Law, and VitalStatistics. The examination in each part will beoral and practical as well as written.For the B.Sc. in Public Health a candidate shall

not be admitted unless he (a) shall have received thedegrees of M.B., B.Ch., and B.A.O. at least one yearpreviously ; (b) shall have pursued an approved courseof study in the Faculty of Medicine ; and (c) shallhave passed the prescribed examination. In additionto D.P.H. course the candidate will be required totake up (1) a Special Course of Pathology; (2) Bac-teriology ; and (3) Advanced Course in Hygiene.Each of these courses lasts three months.

University of Belfast.-A Diploma in Public Healthis given by examination. Every candidate mustproduce evidence that, after obtaining a registrablequalification, he has during six months receivedpractical instruction in an approved laboratory inwhich Chemistry, Bacteriology, and the Pathologyof the diseases of animals transmissible to man aretaught. After obtaining a registrable qualificationevery candidate must produce evidence that he hasattended during three months the practice of a

hospital for infectious diseases at which opportunitiesare afforded for the study of methods of administra-tion. The examination must have extended over notless than four days, one of which shall have beendevoted to practical work in a laboratory, and oneto practical examination in, and reporting on, subjects

which fall within the special outdoor duties of a

medical officer of health. The examination will beheld in two parts, in March and in June. The firstpart of the examination will have reference to thegeneral principles of sanitary science and the secondpart to State Medicine and to the applications ofPathology and Sanitary Science. The fee for eachpart is 1 guinea.

477REGISTRABLE COLONIAL AND FOREIGN MEDICAL DEGREES.

Royal College o,f Physicians of London crucl the RoyalCollege of Surgeons of England.-The following are

the regulations for obtaining the Diploma in PublicHealth: The examination consists of two parts.The first part of the examination takes place inJanuary and July, and the second part in Januaryand July. The fee for each part is :e 10 10s.. exceptfor those who are diplomates of the Royal Colleges,who pay £6 6s. for each part. A candidate intendingto present himself must give 14 days’ written noticeto the Secretary, at the Examination Hall, Queen-square, London, W.C. 1. He will be admissible toexamination in Part 1. on producing evidence (1) ofhaving been in possession of a registrable qualifi-cation for at least 12 months ; and (2) of havingattended thereafter practical instruction in a labo-ratory recognised by the Examining Board inEngland for at least 240 hours during a periodof six months. A candidate will be admitted toPart II. of the examination on producing evi-dence (1) of having been diligently engaged in

acquiring a practical knowledge of Public Healthadministration during six months, which may bereduced to three months under certain specifiedconditions ; and (2) of having attended during threemonths the clinical practice of a hospital for infectiousdiseases.

Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, RoyalCollege of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Royal Faculty ofPhysicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.-All candidatesfor the Diploma in Public Health must have a

qualification which has been registered under theMedical Acts. Candidates must have attended notless than four calendar months’ practical instructionin Chemistry and Bacteriology in a recognisedlaboratory or laboratories, must have studied outdoorsanitary work for six months under a medical officerof health or other sanitary officer ; and must giveevidence of attendance for three months at thepractice of a Hospital for Infectious Diseases, atwhich he has received instruction in the methods ofadministration. The examination consists of twoparts, and candidates may enter for both at one

period or for either separately. The First Partincludes (a) Laboratory Work (Chemistry and Bacteri-ology), (b) Physics and Meteorology ; and the SecondExamination embraces (a) Report on Premises visited,(b) Examination at Fever Hospital, (c) Examinationat Public Abattoir, (d) Written and Oral Exa-minations on Epidemiology and Endemiology, (e)Vital Statistics and Sanitary Law, and (,f) Prac-tical Sanitation. The fee is 12 guineas for bothexaminations, or 6 guineas for either of them.A fee of 3 guineas is payable by rejected can-

didates for either examination. The examinationis held twice yearly, in ilay and October. Thepublished regulations provide detailed synopses ofthe subjects of examination. The Registrar forEdinburgh is Mr. D. L. Eadie, 49, Lauriston-place, and for Glasgow Mr. Walter Hurst, 242,St. Vincent-street.

Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and RoyalCollege of Surgeons in Ireland.-Every candidate forthe Diploma in Public Health must be a registeredmedical practitioner. He must subsequently to

qualification (1) receive four months’ laboratoryinstruction in Chemistry, Bacteriology, and theDiseases of Animals transmissible to man ; and (2)during six months practically study outdoor sanitarywork under a medical officer of health, and shall as anadditional requirement attend a hospital for infectiousdiseases. Candidates are examined on four days,commencing on the first Monday of February, May,and November. The examination comprises thefollowing subjects : Hygiene, Chemistry, Meteorologyand Climatology, Engineering, Vital Statistics, Sani-tary Law, and Bacteriology. The fee for the examina-tion is £10 10s. For further particulars apply toAlfred Miller, O.B.E., Secretary, Committee ofManagement; Office, Royal College of Surgeons,Dublin.

REGISTRABLE COLONIAL AND FOREIGNMEDICAL DEGREES.

UNDER, the Medical Act, 188(), a number of medicaldiplomas granted in British possessions entitle theirholders to be registered without further examinationin the Colonial List of the (British) Medical Register.The condition attached to such registration is that theholder of the colonial diploma obtained it when hewas not domiciled in the United Kingdom or in thecourse of a period of not less than five years duringthe whole of which he resided out of the United King-dom. Some account is here given of the diplomasand of the course of study required to obtain them. iThe information has in most cases been supplied orconfirmed by the authorities of the university orcorporation, to whom our best thanks are offered.

AUSTRALASIA.

Summary of Registrable Degrees.-New South WalesUniversity of Sydney, (1) M.B., (2) M.D., (3) Ch.M.New Zealand : University of New Zealand, (1) M.B.,Ch.B., (2) M.D. South Australia : University ofAdelaide, (1) M.B., B.S., (2) M.D., (3) M.S. Victoria :University of Melbourne, (1) M.B., (2) M.D., B.S.

University of Adelaide.The University of Adelaide2 was established by Act

of the South Australian Legislature in 1874. In 1883Sir Thomas Elder gave £10,000 for the foundation ofa school of medicine, and in 1897 a further sum of20,000 under his will. The Medical Acts of 1844 and1880 set up a South Australian Medical Board to issuecertificates of legally qualified medical practice.

Preliminary Examination.-Before entering uponthe medical course candidates must have passed theSenior Public Examination in at least five subjects,and the higher standard in physics, chemistry, andbiology, either of the Higher Public Examination orfirst year Science.

.1/BB., B.S.-The five years’ course includes fiveexaminations held in November of each year. At thefirst the subjects are anatomy and dissections, physio-logy, organic chemistry, and physical chemistry;at the second, anatomy, physiology, and materiamedica ; at the third, medicine, surgery (includingclinical), regional and surgical anatomy, bacteriology,public health and preventive medicine ; at thefourth, medicine (including clinical), surgery (includingsurgical anatomy and clinical surgery), pathology,obstetrics, and forensic medicine (including insanity) ;at the fifth, medicine (all branches), surgery (includingsurgical anatomy and operative surgery), gynaecology,ophthalmology, otology and therapeutics. The feefor each examination is £3 3s. and for the degree£5 5s. Fees for the five years’ course of study amountto £145 19s.M.D.-Candidates must have been Bachelors for

at least nine academic terms, which may be shortenedon the recommendation of the Faculty of Medicine.The subject of examination may be selected from thefollowing : General medicine, diseases of the nervoussystem, pathology, obstetrics, State medicine. Athesis may be submitted. Fee for the examination£15 15s., for the degree £10 10s.M.S.-The conditions are similar to those for the

M.D. Choice of subject may be made from : Gynaeco-logy, the surgery of the abdomen, the surgery of thespecial senses and throat ; in addition to examinationin the principles of surgery.

1 Belgium no longer appears in this list as the Government ofthat country now requires British practitioners to obtainBelgian qualifications: consequently reciprocity between thetwo countries has come to an end, at any rate for the present.In the South African Union reciprocity already applies, but thereare as yet no facilities for obtaining complete medical courses. InSpain there are good reasons for hoping that reciprocity maysoon be an accomplished fact.

2 The University Registrar is Mr. C. R. Hodge. The Calendarof the University of Adelaide (1921) is a volume of 534 pp.,printed by W. K. Thomas and Co., Grenfell-street, Adelaide.Price 2s. 6d.