Directional Drilling with Percussion Tools

Jeff White Atlas Copco CMT

PIOGA - Seven Springs, PA July 23, 2014

Discussion

Project scope

Necessary equipment

Testing

Results

Project scope

Learn more about the directional market and equipment.

- Ellen Montgomery, Crescent Directional - Glen Wright, NOV

Identify and quantify existing applicable Atlas Copco tooling.

- Jet subs, hammer equipment modifications, Hydrocyclones

Partner with those folks “in the know”.

- Initial testing done with EQT during Berea drilling program (6” work)

Testing to acquire empirical data.

- Advent of Marcellus and Utica offered more opportunity

Detail / design necessary equipment for success.

Share results.

Example of anti-collision nudge

Concerns for Horizontal application

Drilling in hydrocarbon bearing zone.

Hazard mitigation for fire prevention will be necessary.

Nitrogen should be used.

- Physical properties of nitrogen and air are very similar, but with nitrogen

separation there is a volumetric loss.

Creating a “Wet” environment by injecting fluids may be sufficient

Requires specialty equipment for prevention of productivity losses

Advantages:

What we have learned:

Control motor speed by addressing flow/pressure needs

Adjust air volumes consumed by motor / hammer

Extended bit life (flow)

Reduce motor vibration (speed)

Increase annular velocity in stages

- Enhanced hole cleaning

Injected Fluids (Hydrocyclone / Berea)

Adjustable Orifice plates

- Pressure/flow regulated

Directional Drilling Motor design - Rotation • Conversion from GPM to ACFM • Revolution (RPM) per GPM vs. SCFM

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Hammers/bits: Proper Rotation Speed Rotation Theory

(Diameter of bit) x pi(3.14) = circumference of the bit

(Circumference of bit)/(diameter of button) = Number of times bit should be moved per revolution

(Impact frequency (blows per minute) of hammer)/(number of times bit should be moved) = Correct rpm

So, if we plug in the numbers and make the calculations:

17119 1400

900 950

537.212328.27433

31.83099Correct RPM:

Diameter of buttons (mm): TD90Impact frequency: QL120

The purpose of rotation is to turn the drill bit to a suitable point for the next blow. Theoretically, in the case of button bits, the bit should be rotated at each impact of the hammer a distance equal to the diameter of the gauge buttons. This allows the buttons to impact virgin material on each impact. If rotation is too slow, the buttons re-crush material already impacted; if rotation is too fast, the button “jumps over” virgin material and causes inefficient drilling, and potential overheating of bit and excessive wear.

So, to arrive at the optimum rotation of the bit, we use the following formula:

Diameter of bit(mm): Impact frequency (to be used if you are not sure of

Circumference of bit:# of blows per revolution

With the jet subs, we are able to control motor speed

and resulting hammer bit rotation speed.

Weight / Rotation Animation TCB Cutting Mechanism (Crushing)

Learned : Less weight on bit required for percussion tools.

- May offer better steering control due to a lesser reactive torque.

PDC cutting mechanics Weight and rotation provides shearing

QL120,QLX100,TD90,QL60 Modified Hammer Tool

Off bottom flow control

- As the hammer is restricting flow while on bottom, when the pipe section is drilled down, and the is hammer picked up off bottom to make a connection, the drill string air volume is evacuated immediately through the motor.

- The tool’s Blow Down Sequencing has been modified to ensure the hammer will allow very close to the same flow off bottom as when cycling. This controls rotation speed while on and off bottom of the directional motor (PDM)

- This feature of these tools used prevents “whipping” of the BHA caused by sudden increased rotation of the motor due to the introduction of high flow rates of air while off bottom.

Quantum Leap DTH Air cycle Blowing and flushing mode

Simple change in metering ports allows for

controlling off-bottom rotation speed..

Live/compressed air

Exhaust/expanded air

QL60,TD90,QL120 Modified Hammer Tools The bits for this application include Gage protection inserts to prevent the

increased possibility of matrix material erosion due to angled contact with the formation.

The Atlas Copco R4 bit retrieval system is utilized with these bits.

Specialized bits for 6” work

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R4 Retrieval Animation

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Bits with Drive pins

Austenite & Untempered Martensite Crystalline

Atlas Copco’s patented drive pin system reduces possibility of bit failures. No metal

on metal contact.

Integral Blade Stabilizer/Jet Sub

• EQT Drilling Paper SPE 135308 • IADC/SPE Drilling Paper 99162

In-Line String Jet Subs

Annular Velocity Throttling

1200 CFM 11,904 fpm

+ 750 / 1950 CFM 18,570 fpm

+ 500 / 2450 CFM 23,330 fpm

Inducer – Spins water/air mixture. Water is denser and is forced to the outside of the backhead bore.

Separator – forces water to expulsion chamber.

Expulsion Ports – Channels water to annular area. (Well bore)

Hydrocyclone Animation

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The EDGE drill monitor

What is it? – An “always on” electronic Hammer Hand

specifically designed for percussive drilling

How does it work? – Uses a sensor mounted on the rotary head

that can detect and translate hammer percussion or vibration signals into an easy to read “real time” display

Hammer & Bit

Vibrations signals up

the drill pipe

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Product setup on rig

Sensor – mounted to drill head or rotation unit.

Black Box – mounted to the mast or on rig

Cable connecting sensor and black box

Display unit – near or easily accessible by operator. Cable connection to black box.

Example – RD20

Rig Kit

DIS Kit

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Driller’s display

Detailed Display

Basic Display

F - Piston frequency in Hz

S - Spread of piston frequency Indicates consistency, smaller better

A1 - Piston impact energy Not a true measure but indicator of

energy transmission. The value also is an indicator of the quality of the signal

A2 & A3 resonance frequency Indicator of reflected or wasted energy

S – note, ideally the spread would be “0” if the frequency stayed constant. When the rock consistency changes so does goes the timing of the piston and efficiency.

A2 & A3 represent reflected energy that is basically wasted. In monitoring the display the driller wants to keep these two numbers as low as possible while maximizing A1.

A1 – primary indicator The relationship between A1, A2, and A3 define a signature of any given situation.

Primary objective is to maximize A1 for given conditions.

S

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Driller’s display

Detailed Display

Basic Display

F - Piston frequency in Hz

S - Spread of piston frequency Indicates consistency, smaller better

A1 - Piston impact energy Not a true measure but indicator of

energy transmission. The value also is an indicator of the quality of the signal

A2 & A3 resonance frequency Indicator of reflected or wasted energy

S – note, ideally the spread would be “0” if the frequency stayed constant. When the rock consistency changes so does the timing of the piston and efficiency.

A2 & A3 represent reflected energy that is basically wasted. In monitoring the display the driller wants to keep these two numbers as low as possible while maximizing A1.

A1 – primary indicator The relationship between A1, A2, and A3 define a signature of any given situation.

Primary objective is to maximize A1 for given conditions.

S

PASON VIEW

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Example: 3900 Foot pipe Change

0 100 200 300 400 500

0

500

1k

1.5k

2k

2.5k

3k

3.5k

4k

4.5k

5k[RPM]

Drill Stops

Drill Starts Againwith new Rod Hammer Speed

Stabilizes

Note: Piston frequency shown in blows per Minute

Faster and better pipe change

Normally Undetected!

Problem for 2 mins.

Frequency

Seconds Potential improvement using EDGE Better hammer control and shorter time to full speed for each drill pipe

change!

Conclusions:

We have achieved significantly greater penetration rates utilizing the system over conventional tooling..

Significantly less vibration down hole due to flow control and optimizing hammer / motor air volume requirements.

MWD / EM equipment damage has been eliminated. (vibration reduction)

Reduced bit wash/enhanced bit life/performance (less air exhausted at the bit)

Edge Drill Monitor System enhances performance

Technology should apply to horizontal drilling

Achieved with a very simple and reliable drilling system!

Committed to sustainable productivity.