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AP World History Review
“Development, Transmission, and Transformation of Cultural Practices”
Slide Key
Directives
Period Topics
Topic breakdowns
World History Themes
Memorize these themes and how they are interrelated. • Environment • Technology • Belief systems • Government • Economy • Trade and cultural exchange • Cultural traits (customs) • Social structure • Gender roles and structure
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Geography Themes
Use these to make connects or contextualize your historical evidence or your own evidence.
• Location
• Movement
• Place
• Region
• Human-environment interaction
Essays
• Graded on a 9-point scale
• Basic core – 7 of 9 for DBQ, 6 of 9 for CCOT and comparative
• Expanded core – for students who show excellence in world history knowledge and skills (only after basic core points are earned)
• Essays must … – Include a thesis supported by historical evidence
– Address all parts of the question
– Make relevant connections (themes / topics)
Periods
1. Technological and Environmental Transformations (to c. 600 B.C.E.) 5%
2. Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.) 15%
3. Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450) 20%
4. Global Interactions (c. 1450 to c. 1750) 20% 5. Industrialization and Global Integration (c. 1750
to c. 1900) 20% 6. Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (c.
1900 to the Present) 20%
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Technological and Environmental Transformations (to c. 600 B.C.E.)
• Early humans
• Neolithic Revolution
• Early civilizations
• Indo-European migrations
Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.)
• Classical civilizations
• Global trade routes
• Fall of Empires (late classical)
• Belief systems
CCOT
What causes change over time?
• Mass migrations
• Imperial conquests
• Cross-cultural trade and exchange
*At this point, we have enough history to begin analysis in terms of what has been consistent and what has changed.
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Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450)
• Islamic world
• Interregional networks
• China’s internal and external expansion
• Developments in Europe
• Social, cultural, and economic patterns in the Amerindian world
• Demographic and environmental changes
Islamic world
• Origins
• Beliefs and practices
• Spread of Islam
• Sunni-Shi’a split
• Changing status of women
• Arts, sciences, technologies
Interregional networks
• Sea routes: Mediterranean, Indian Ocean
• Land routes: Silk Road, Trans-Saharan
• Sub-Saharan: Ghana, Mali, Swahili City-States
• Increases the power of China
• Connects Europe to other areas
• Spreads major religions
• Mongols disrupt trade before promoting and safeguarding it (Asia, Europe, Africa)
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China’s internal and external expansion
• Tang and Song dynasties – Strengths of Tang – Weaknesses of Song
• China’s economic revolution and expansion of influence on surrounding areas – Tang, Song, Ming
• Neo-Confucianism • Patriarchal social structures (foot binding) • Mongols take over (Yuan Dynasty) • Han retake control (Ming Dynasty)
Developments in Europe
• Kingdoms grew from Germanic tribes that invaded the Roman Empire in the 5th century – Vikings and Magyars
• Feudalism developed (compare to Japan) • Catholic Church split (schism) East and West
– Byzantine Empire
• Crusades reconnect the eastern and western worlds • Late Middle Ages – agricultural revolutionpopulation
increasecommercial revolutionguilds • Trade is reestablished and relevance of cities through
centralized government • Church loses power to monarchs
Social, cultural, and economic patterns in the Amerindian world
• Major civilizations emerge, building on the foundations of smaller ones
– Omecs, Toltecs, Quechua
• Maya, Aztec, and Inca control large amounts of territory and other native groups
• Agricultural techniques
• Modern empires (Aztec and Inca) – What makes them modern, and what makes them not modern?
*You will need to refer to GRAPES to provide substantial evidence support a thesis.
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Demographic and environmental changes
• Urbanization continues and major cities develop in different parts of the world
• Nomadic migrations during this time include Aztecs, Mongols, Vikings, and Arabs (spread of Islam), Bantu-speaking people o Africa
• Long-distance trade promotes the spread of disease (plague leads to decline in population and labor shortages)
Global Interactions (c. 1450 to c. 1750)
• Changes in trade, technology, and global interactions
• Major maritime and Gunpowder Empires
• Slave systems and slave trade
• Demographic and environmental changes
• Cultural and intellectual development
Changes in trade, technology, and global interactions
• Atlantic Ocean trade leads to crossing the Pacific
• New maritime technologies made these interactions possible
• Global patterns changed dramatically
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Major maritime and Gunpowder Empires
• Maritime powers
– Portugal, Spain, France, England
• Gunpowder empires
– Ottoman, Ming / Qing, Mughal, Russia, Tokugawa, Songhay (Songhai), and Benin
Slave systems and slave trade
• Most extensive slave systems and slave trade
• New European colonies in Americas rely on slave labor
• Important link in the triangular trade
Demographic and environmental changes
• Trade patterns altered habitats for plants and animals
• Columbian Exchange results in changes in human diet and activities
• Migrations across Atlantic (including forced migrations) changed demographic patterns
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Cultural and intellectual development
• Renaissance
• Reformation
• Enlightenment
• Neo-Confucianism in China
• New art forms in Mughal Empire (India)
Industrialization and Global Integration (c. 1750 to c. 1900)
• Changes in global commerce, communications, and technology
• Demographic and environmental changes
• Changes in social and gender structures
• Political revolutions and independence movements – new political ideas
• Rise of western dominance
Changes in global commerce, communications, and technology
• Industrial revolution changed communications and commerce, changing patterns or trade and contact
• Distances become shorter as the Suez and Panama canals open
• New ship technology increased speed
• Railways revived land travel
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Demographic and environmental changes
• Huge numbers of people migrated to the Americas from Europe and Asia – population in the western hemisphere grows dramatically
• Slave trade ended, stopping forced migration of Africans to the Americas
• Industrialization impacts the environment • Demand for new fuels • Cities dominate the landscape in industrialized
countries • Demand for raw materials from less industrialized
countries changes the landscapes further
Changes in social and gender structures
• Serf and slave systems become less common
• Gap between rich and poor grew in industrialized countries
• Women’s roles change in response to industrialization
Did women’s status improve, or did gender inequality grow?
Political revolutions and independence movements – new political ideas
• Absolutism was challenged in many parts of the world
• Democracy took root as a result of economic and social change and Enlightenment philosophies
• “Nations” rose as political entities that inspired nationalism and movements of political reform
What is nationalism?
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Rise of western dominance
• “West” refers to Europe, United States, and Australia
• Western dominance extends beyond economic and political areas to reach social, cultural, and artistic realms
• The “haves” versus the “have nots”
• New nations in Italy and Germany altered the balance of power in Europe (increasing the on-going competition among European countries)
Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (c. 1900 to the Present)
• War and diplomacy
• New patterns of nationalism
• Impact of major global economic developments
• Political revolutions and innovations
• Social reform and revolution
• Globalism of science, technology, and culture
• Demographic and environmental changes
War and diplomacy
• First half of the 20th century was marked by two world wars (accompanied by genocide)
• The second half included a major change in the nature of war – the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union
• International organizations increased to address the changing balance of power
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New patterns of nationalism
• Large empires broke into smaller ethnic-based countries
• Widespread decolonization after WWII reflected and promoted nationalism in former colonies
Impact of major global economic developments
• Great Depression impact some countries more than others, including industrialized and non-industrialized countries as well as on trade
• New technologies promoted economic development in Pacific Rim countries, contributing to the emerging importance of multinational corporations
Political revolutions and innovations
• Revolutions shook Russia, China, and many Latin American countries
• Political leaders experimented with different versions of communism, socialism, and capitalism
• Some turned to authoritarian methods, while others to democracy
• Monarchy declined in many parts of the globe
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Social reform and revolution
• Changes in …
– gender roles
– Family structures
• Rise of feminism
• Peasant protest
• International Marxism
Globalism of science, technology, and culture
• Increasing international contacts encouraged the global spread of science and consumer culture, sparking various local and regional reactions
• Patterns of resistance to globalization raised questions of fragmentation, or the tendency for regions to turn toward local beliefs and values and resist influence from other areas
Demographic and environmental changes
• North America and Europe experienced population declines in terms of proportion to world population, despite migrations to these areas
• Environment was altered by continued urbanization and deforestation
• Green / environmental movements emerged to resist these changes
