DISASTER

INTRODUCTION

• Think globally and act locally holds true to disaster management. Disaster occurrence is a global phenomenon. It can occur at anywhere at any time. Disaster occurrence in any countries affects its health and economic conditions. Most types of natural disaster are apt to reoccur in the same areas or countries.

• Furthermore with the changing ecosystem, deforestation, misuse of land we have every reason to believe that frequency of disasters such as floods, droughts will increase in the coming decades.

MEANING OF DISASTER &DEFINITION

• Disaster means a catastrophe, calamity on mishap, a grave occurrence which causes loss of life, human suffering, damage to and destruction of property degradation of environment which disrupts the normal functioning of societies, government comities and which adversely affects individual and families with severity and it is beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.

• “ Any occurrence that causes damage, economic disruption, loss of human life and deterioration in health and the health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extra ordinary response from outside the affected community or area.”

NATURAL DISASTER IN INDIA• Silent disaster of population

explosion• HIV/AIDS bomb biological• Floods• Droughts• Earthquakes- Gujarat 2001• Cyclone- Orissa 1999• Landside of avalanches• Chemical disaster in Bhopal 1984• Stampede• Fire accidents• Tsunami Dec 2004

CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER

• Water and climate related disasters• Geological related disasters• Biological related disasters• Chemical, industrial and nuclear disasters• Accident related disasters• Man made disasters.

WATER AND CLIMATE RELATED DISASTERS

• Cyclones• Tornadoes and hurricanes• Hail storm• Sea erosion• Cloud burst• Heat wave and cold wave• Snow and volcanoes• Drought• Thunder and lightning

GEOLOGICALLY RELATED DISASTERS

• Earthquakes

• Landslides and mud flow

• Dam failure/ Dam bursts

• Mine fires

BIOLOGICALLY RELATED DISASTERS

• Biological disasters and epidemics

• Pest attacks

• Cattle epidemics

• Food poisoning

CHEMICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND NUCLEAR RELATED DISASTERS

• Chemical and industrial disasters

• Nuclear disasters

ACCIDENT RELATED DISASTERS

• Forest fire• Urban fire• Mine flooding• Oil spill• Major building collapse• Village fire• Serial bomb blasts• Festival related disasters• Electrical disasters and fires• Air, road and rail accidents• Boat capsizing

MAN MADE DISASTERS

• Population explosion• Wars and conflicts• Leaks from nuclear

plants• Deforestation• Wide spread pollution

to environment• Wide spread use of

fossil fuel

EFFECTS OF DISASTERS

• Loss of life• Injury• Damage of property• Damage of cash• Loss of lively hood• Disruption of lifestyle• Disruption of essential services• Loss/disruption of infra structure• State economic loss• Sociological/psychological after

effects

HEALTH EFFECTS

• Accidents and trauma• Loss of life and disposal of dead

bodies• Outbreaks of communicable

diseases (water-borne)• Vector-borne diseases• Problems of malnutrition• Problems of psychological

trauma• Problems of orphans and

shelter

COMPONENTS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster

Response Preparedness

Rehabilitation Mitigation

Record

STEPS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• -search, rescue, and first aid• -field care• -triage• Red color- immediate care• Yellow color-care within 24 hrs• Green color- ambulatory care• Black color-dead people• -tagging • Printing a tag with all details • -care of the dead

RESPONSE

• Local people come first

• Modal agency and organization

• This consists of:• • Shelter and emergency settlement• Water supply and sanitation• Vector and pest control• Control of communicable disease • Prevention of out breaks• Food supply

Modal agency and organization

DISASTER

• Natural disaster • Drought and drought relief • Air accidents • Railway accident • Chemical disasters

• Biological disasters • Nuclear disaster

MODAL MINISTRY

• Ministry of home affair• Ministry of agriculture• Ministry of civil aviation • Ministry of railways• Ministry of environment

and forests• Ministry of health • Dept. of atomic energy

ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE

• Modal agency for disaster management-ministry of home affairs • NATIONAL CONTIGENCY ACTION PLAN (CAP) -To facilitate launching of relief and rescue measures

without delay Various committees at the national level Cabinet committee- for effective implementation of relief measures National crisis management committee- headed by cabinet Co-ordinates activities of the central secretary

MINISTRIES AND STATE GOVTS

Role of state government-autonomous Chief Secretary -consider infrastructure and guidance, Formulate action plans District collector – for directory, supervising and

monitoring Relief measures District relief committee-review of relief measures [Official and non-official members] Armed forces of the country

REHABILITATION BY HEALTH SECTION

• Water supply• Food supply• Improvement of sanitation• Control of vectors• Care of survivors, reconstruction• Setting up of shelter• Health, food, and facilities in the campus• Education• Training of people/students/volunteers• Mitigation

PREPAREDNESS

A country to manage efficiently all types of disaster. This consists of strengthening the capacity of emergencies related to disaster

• The preparedness should • Start from the community people• Training of health workers, social workers and

members of Ngo’s etc.• In the form of money, manpower, and materials• A continuous, on-going multi sectored activity

MEASURES

• Evaluation from the past experience• Location of disaster prone areas• Adaptation of a standard operatory procedure• Organization of communication, information and warning

systems• Ensuring co-ordination and response mechanism• Development of education program• Co-ordination with news media• National and international relations• Organization of disaster stimulation exercises• Keeping stock of foods, drugs, and other essential commodities

ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES

• International Agencies WHO- UNICEF-FAO World food program (WFR) Office for the co-ordination of humanitarian affairs (OCHA) • Inter governmental organizations• European community humanitarian office (ECHO)• Organization of American states (OAS)• Non-governmental organizations• Co-operational American relief everywhere (CARE)• International committee of Red Cross• International committee of voluntary agencies • Red Crescent societies (IFRC), etc• Caribbean disasters emergency response agency• Centre of co-ordination for prevention of natural disasters in Central America

FACTORS AFFECTING SCOPE AND SEVERITY OF DISASTERS

• Vulnerability of a population or individual• Environmental factors and type of infect• Physical, chemical, biological and social

factors • E.g.: power supply, food, gas /radiation• Warning time at proximally to disaster• Individual perception and response

DIMENSIONS OF DISASTER

• Predictability e.g.; earth

• Frequency –controllability –time- scope- and intensity

PHASES OF DISASTER

• Prevent the occurrence of the disaster whenever possible.

• Minimize the number of casualties.• Prevent further casualties• Rescue the victims.• Provide definite medical care• Promote reconstruction of lives

NURSES RESPONSIBILITY

• PRE-PLANNING: developing a responsible plan• All community medical and social agencies resources available• Storage of equipment and supplies• Follow the protocol of notification• Designation of an alternative reporting site for health care

workers• Very familiar with the equipment and supplies to use• Much disaster drills• Use of personal protective devices• Knowledge on potential hazards at the disaster sites. E.g.:

unstable building structure

COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS

• Education• First aid program• Making each home to store• Emergency telephone numbers• Battery operated radio• Flash light• First aid kit• Three day supply of water• Medical information &family physician detail• Persons to be notified in emergency

EMERGENCY RESTORE

• Personal concerns for health care providers• Survey assessment• Determining immediacy of care• Role at emerging and stations• Major health concerns after disaster• Psychological needs of victims• Recovery• Personal response of care providers to disaster• Ethical and legal implication

CONCLUSION

Community health nurses are an integral part of disaster planning and implementation efforts. They are involved as planers, education, direct care givers and assessment supervisors.

They serve as a community survey assessment or triage officers after the disaster has occurred. Hence participate activity in disaster management as a community health nurse and protect the health of the community by quality nursing care.

TAKE HOME MESSAGE: DISASTER CAN OCCUR AT ANY TIMR ANY FORM OR TO ANY ONE. BE PREPARED TO MEET THE CHALENGES AFTER THE EFFECT OF DISASTER.