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DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN
ISLANDS: A case study on Sandwip and Hatiya Islands.
Research work done by Md. Nymul Islam Nayon Research Officer SONALI an organization for social and human development. Zeenath center,100, East Nasirabad, Chittagong. [email protected], cell -01817252157 Time duration: 2009.
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Index List of Table
Table 1:Extent of flooding 3
Table 2: Comparison of death and duration during three major floods 4
Table 3: Chronology of major cyclonic storms and tidal surges in Bangladesh. 6
Table 4: Erosion and accretion in four selected areas of Meghna estuary. 8
Table 5: Major disaster 8
Table 6: Cyclonic information media 10
Table 7:Faith ness on the signal 11
Table 8: Signal number of anxiety 11
Table 9: Signal number of leaving home 12
Table 10:Pattern of shelter place 12
Table 11: Problem at the shelter place 13
Table 12:Distance of the shelter center 13
Table 13: Distribution of the relief 14
Table 14: Types of relief 14
Table 15:Preference for the protection against natural hazard 15 Map
The areas affected by the major cyclones in the recent past are
shown Map No: 1. 9
Figure 1 shows that due to riverbank erosion coastal morphology change the shape of Sandwip and Hatiya islands. 11
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN ISLANDS:
A case study on Sandwip and Hatiya islands.
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is (Sned, 1985). There are three unites of coastal belt viz
southwestern, south central and southeastern units, Sandwip and Hatiya fall in south
central units. Sandwip is an island of Meghna estuary and Hatiya is also. After the
analysis of questionnaire we find different information of disaster management of this
two island. In Bangladesh, the government is trying to pursue two –children family
policy to keep population boom under control. Yet the rural and urban population of
Sandwip and Hatiya are having-children like all other villages of Bangladesh 100%
respondents say dowry system remain in rural area of Sandwip and Hatiya. Income status
is bettered in urban than rural of both study area. Mean income is higher in rural and
urban area of Sandwip than Hatiya. It can said that from our study there is no pacca house
in the rural area of Sandwip and Hatiya .40%people engage with agriculture in the rural
area of Sandwip and paddy is the main crops. In the Sandwip and Hatiya (rural) people
take food four times. Rural people of Hatiya are in good position to intake caloric per
day. It can be said that utility services of rural are too much unsatisfactory. It is
remarkable that we not find any pacca latrine in rural area of Sandwip and Hatiya.
Transportation and communication condition is very bad both rural area. In the urban
area of Sandwip and Hatiya most of the pattern of house is semi-pacca. There is no pipe
network of supply of water and gas. Bad condition of communication is another problem
of Hatiya and Sandwip urban area. In the urban area of Sandwip and Hatiya very few
people get free medicine from govt. hospital. Air pollution and water pollution is the
physical problem and crime is the main social problem of Sandwip and Hatiya. Urban
people are very unsatisfied on utility services. Bangladesh is a disaster prone country.
Sandwip and Hatiya are not of exception. River bank erosions severity is very high in
Sandwip and Hatiya. Cyclone is in second position from severity range. Most of the
people leave their house with signal no.7-9.shelter places are inadequate according to the
total population of Sandwip and Hatiya. Aftermath of natural disaster very few people get
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relief. For mitigate the cyclone coastal areas people need is full embankment (coastal),
few relief and few shelter.
Introduction
There is an interpersonal relation with disaster from the very beginning of creation of the
earth. We are affected by disaster occurring in to ways.
Naturally and
Socially.
The major natural disasters that effect coastal area of Bangladesh are
Flood
Cyclone and storm surge
Riverbank erosion
Sea level change
Flood
Bangladesh is a deltaic country. In the lower part of the basins find three greatest rivers
of the world viz the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Meghna. The flood plain of these
rivers and their numerous tributaries and distributaries cover about 80% of the country.
As result of the flat topography of the flood plain, one fifth to one third of the country is
annually flooded by over flowing rivers during monsoon (June to September) when the
rain fall within the country is also valid by high tides and location cyclonic storm surges
from the Bay of Bengal also causes flood in the coastal areas.
Extent and trend of flood
The extent of flooding and corresponding damages during the large floods in resent past
are shown in Table 1
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Table 1:Extent of flooding
Year Inundated
area
(Sq. km.)
Percent of
total area
Damage
(Million
TK)
1954 36778 25.55 1200
1955 38850 26.98 1240
1956 35883 24.40 2180
1962 37296 25.90 1020
1963 35224 24.46 83
1968 37296 25.90 1645
1970 36260 25.18 330
1971 38332 26.62 380
1974 38850 26.98 10000
1984 25990 17.88 2500
1978 54390 37.77 10000
1988 83994 58.33 50000
1998 100000 65.00 100000
Source: Zohra, 1999.
It is seen from the table that the damage during large floods has considerably with time.
Besides the increasing extent of inundation, increase in population and infrastructure in
the flood plain id also largely responsible for such increase in damage.
Table 1 shows the extent of flooding in different years. It is seen that there is decreasing
trend in flooding area. Such reduction in flooded area can be attributed to large-scale
growth of flood control project seen 1964. Table 1also show that why flooded is
decreasing the to year fluctuation of inundation has increased and the magnitude of
extreme event has become higher indicating and unstable system as result of large-scale
intervention in flood plain. (Chowdhury and et. al. 1997).
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Comparison of major events
Table 2: Comparison of death and duration during three major floods
Year Average dept of
inundation
(meter)
Duration of flood
(days)
1987 6.64 17
1988 7.58 23
1998 6.58 75
Source : Zohra, 1999.
The three most damaging floods occurred in 1987, 1988, 1998. A comparison of these
floods is made in Table 1. The 1987 flood was the result of heavy rainfall from July to
September over northwest Bangladesh and that part of West Bengal immediate to the
north.
It caused sever flooding in many minor rivers in the northwest, aggravated by the highest
flood peak aver recorded in the Ganges and exceptionally high floods in the Teesta.
Flooding caused breaches in Brahmaputra Right Embankment.
The 1988 floods were caused by intense rainfall during the last 10 days of August in
north and northeast Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Bhutan. Very large areas along the
Brahmaputra, Ganges and Padmas were flooded and the capital city of Dhaka was
seriously affected.
The 1998 flood was the most devastating in resent years. It was caused by above normal
rainfall during June, July, and August in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basin. The duration
of flood was more than two months, surpassing all previous records. Crops were heavily
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damages. However subsequently there were bumper crops production, indicating better
soil moisture and fertility status after that floods.
Cyclone and storm surge
Cyclonic storms are important feature of Bangladesh climate and have caused great
sufferings to people and damage to structures in the cyclone path (Map No 1). The storms
usually form in the southeast portion of the Bay of Bengal move in a northerly or
northwesterly direction and often turn northeasterly or easterly towards the east coast of
the country.
To different types of cyclones form in the bay-one is the tropical cyclone, which forms
during the pre and post-monsoon seasons, and the other is monsoon depression, which
developed during the SE monsoon season. Dynamically these are different. Tropical
cyclones are the most destructive. Some examples of them are the November 1970 and
the April 1991 cyclones.
Cyclones generally cause damage in three different ways:
Storm surges
Flooding due to excessive rainfall and
Wind flowing houses and ships.
About 90% of cyclone causalities are caused by storm surges generated by cyclones.
Coincidence of the storm’s passage with high or low tides would tend to increase or
moderate the damage.
Extent and trend
During the last 125 years, over 42 cyclones hit the coastal belts. Table 3 provides the
features of some of the major cyclones, which hit the Bangladesh coast.
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Table 3: Chronology of major cyclonic storms and tidal surges in Bangladesh.
Year Affected area Approximate loss
1797 Chittagong Every hut leveled and two vessels sung in Chittagong port.
1897 Chittagong 14000 people were killed and another 18000 died in
subsequent epidemics.
1970 Meghna estuary Damage to crops and property. About 3 lakh live lost.
1985 Chittagong
–Noakhali coast
Lives lost: 11069,Houses damage: 94379
Live stock lost: 135033
1991 Chittagong –
Cox’s Bazar
People killed 150000,Cattle heads lost 70000,crops damaged
TK. 42000 crores.
Source: MES, 1999.
The areas affected by the major cyclones in the recent past are shown Map No: 1.
Riverbank erosion
When rivers enter mature stage (as in the case with three mighty rivers Ganges,
Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers of Bangladesh) they become sluggish and meander or
braid. These oscillations of rivers some time cause massive riverbank erosion. Erosion
rapid on the outer circumference on the meanders, why deposition occurs on the inside
loop. Sudden changes are common during floods and cause rapid bank erosion. Rivers
engulf enormous amount of agricultural fields, destroy hundreds of homesteads and
makes thousands of people homeless (Nizamuddin, 2001).
Extent and trend
The annual rate of widening of Jammuna River has been as high as 184 meters during
1984 to 1992(EGIS, 2000). Within the 1984 to 1992 period, the river eroded 40,150 ha of
flood plain and accreted 7140 ha of land, corresponding to an erosion rate of about 5,000-
hectares / year, and an accretion rate of about 900 ha/year. Both erosion and accretion in
the Meghna estuary region (i.e. northern part of Bhola, Lakshmipur, Noakhali and Feni
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Map No: 1 Cyclone paths
Source: google map\cyclone path in Bangladesh Last decade
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Table 4: Erosion and accretion in four selected areas of Meghna estuary.
Area Period Accretion
(106m3)
Erosion
(106m3)
North Bhola-char Gazaria 1986-1992 131 272
Manpura-Shouth Hatiya 1987-1997 197 115
Nizhum dwip-Damar char 1988-1993 41 22
Urir char-char Balua 1990-1994 302 157
Source: MES, 1999.
coastal belt, Hatiya and Sandwip areas) are prominent. Table 5 shows the net accretion in
four selected areas under Meghna Estuary Study (MES, 1999).
Table 5: Major disaster
Severity range
Sandwip Hatiya
% (n=50) %(n=50) Name
No
Ver
y lo
w
Low
Mod
erat
e
Hig
h
Ver
y hi
gh
Tota
l
No
Ver
y lo
w
Low
Mod
erat
e
Hig
h
Ver
y hi
gh
Tota
l Flood 2 2 12 26 30 28
100
0 2 2 12 42 42 10
0
Cyclone 0 2 20 16 34 28
100
0 0 10 16 46 28
100
River
erosion 0 0 2 0 8 90
100
2 28 10 4 08 48
100
Source: Field survey 2009.
Our study reveals that severity range of riverbank erosion is very high both study areas of
Sandwip and Hatiya islands. Table 5 shows the major disasters severity range of Sandwip
and Hatiya. In these islands erosion is the major natural disaster. It is activate in the
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northern part and northeastern part of Hatiya, northern and western part of Sandwip
(Chowdhury and Rahman, 2001).
Figure 1 shows that due to riverbank erosion coastal morphology change the shape of Sandwip and Hatiya islands.
Source: www.google.com\image\coatal erosion
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CYCLONE WARNING MANAGEMENT (CWM)
There are mainly five divisions of labour in preparation of a weather forecast / disaster
warning viz
Observations
Communications
Display and manipulations
Analysis and
Prognosis i.e. the preparation of the forecast (Pramanik, 1994)
Failure of one division will affect the ultimate forecasting and warning. In Bangladesh
the Space Research and Remote sensing organization (SPARSO) deals with meteorology
and provides data on agro-climatic and disaster monitoring, map-making as well as
resource inventory and surveys. The conventional data collected by Bangladesh
Meteorological Department (BMD) and Bangladesh Water Development Board are
complied and analyzed the respective agencies. They use the satellite /space data for
further refinement in disaster warnings, like cyclone (Chowdhury and Rahman, 2001).
Table 6: Cyclonic information media Sandwip Hatiya
Media % (n = 130) % (n = 118)
Radio 42.31 39.83
T. V. 13.08 08.47
C. P. P./Red crescent 30.77 38.14
N. G. O. 09.23 11.86
Local volunteer 04.62 01.69
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
From our study we find out people get cyclonic information from
Radio
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Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) / Red Crescent.
TV
NGO
Local volunteer.
Table 7:Faith ness on the signal Sandwip Hatiya
Answer % (n = 50) % (n = 50)
Yes 96.00 100.00
No 04.00 00.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
Table 7 shows that most of people have faith ness of signal
Table 8: Signal number of anxiety Sandwip Hatiya
Signal no. % (n = 50) % (n = 50)
4 04.00 12.00
5 04.00 08.00
6 08.00 20.00
7 16.00 20.00
8 20.00 16.00
9 12.00 10.00
10 36.00 12.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
Table 8 shows that 36 % people of Sandwip anxiety at the signal no. 10 and on the other
hand in Hatiya about 20 % people anxiety at signal no. 6 to 10. And most of people leave
their house at signal no. 10. It is remarkable that about 30 % people in Sandwip and
Hatiya do not go the shelter centers. We find out some causes of discrete to go to the
shelter centers.
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Table 9: Signal number of leaving home Sandwip Hatiya
Signal no. % (n = 50) % (n = 50)
6 00.00 08.00
7 04.00 12.00
8 12.00 12.00
9 12.00 08.00
10 42.00 32.00
Not applicable 30.00 28.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
According to the ranking these causes are:
Safety for their property.
Water do not entrance in home.
His own home is safe.
Lack of accommodation in the shelter centers.
No facilities in the shelter centers.
Cyclone shelter management
There are 86-cyclone shelter center in Sandwip (Field survey 2009). And it is 89 in
Hatiya ((Banglapedia, 2003). Most of shelters are financed by Saudi Arab, Japan, Red
Table 10:Pattern of shelter place Sandwip Hatiya
Shelter place % (n = 50) % (n = 50)
Shelter centre 30.00 37.00
School 19.00 09.00
Office 00.00 01.00
Others 01.00 03.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
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Crescent, Netherland, Gayca, LGED, Karitush, HID Bangladesh etc. this center usually
used cyclone center cum school, Madrasha, office etc. local people, teachers, Chairman,
Member, NGOs worker, Moulobies take care of this cyclone shelter center.
Table 11: Problem at the shelter place Sandwip Hatiya
Types % (n = 50) % (n = 50)
No problem 34.00 20.00
Shortage of space 24.00 40.00
Shortage of drinking water 12.00 08.00
Shortage of toilet 08.00 10.00
Communication problem 16.00 12.00
Shortage of relief 04.00 06.00
Shortage of other utility 02.00 04.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
Due to improper management most of these cyclone centers toilets, tube well, doors are
already damaged. So at the cyclonic time people supper very much. Beside this cyclone
center and palace are inadequate in our study area (Table 11).
Table 12:Distance of the shelter center Sandwip Hatiya
Distance (meter) % (n = 50) % (n = 50)
0 – 250 10.00 20.00
251 – 500 20.00 50.00
501 – 750 04.00 02.00
751 – 1000 16.00 18.00
Above 1000 50.00 10.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
However it is most of people of Hatiya (72 %) and Sandwip (36%) go to the cyclone
center. some of the respondent of Sandwip and Hatiya ceased to go shelter center for
distance of 250-500 meter and 750-1000 meter .
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Relief rehabilitation management
After disaster people loss their properties, accommodation domestic animal etc. Some
times water borne diseases breakout. So all people want relief as well as rehabilitation.
Table13: Distribution of the relief Sandwip Hatiya
Are you get relief % (n = 50) % (n = 50)
Yes 40.00 56.00
No 60.00 44.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
Table shows that most of the people (56%) get relief from Govt., NGOs. And Sandwip
60% people are not gets relief after cyclone and 40% respondent get relief. They get dry
food, rice wheat etc. as relief (table 14)
Table14: Types of relief Sandwip Hatiya
Relief % (n = 80) % (n = 100)
Rice 21.25 26.00
Cloth 08.75 04.00
Dry food 23.75 26.00
Wheat 16.25 21.00
Oil 03.75 06.00
Medicine 03.75 03.00
Tin 06.25 05.00
Others 16.25 09.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
Rehabilitation: river eroded people of Nalchira (Hatiya) and western side people of
Sandwip are rehabilitating in Chittagong hill tract (Rangamati, Banderban, Khagrashari)
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EXPECTED STRATEGY OF CYCLONE MITIGATION
Cyclone and storm surge are related with each other. Most of the severe cyclone and
storm surge destroyed life and properties for a century in the coastal area .so they think
all the costal area is protect by the full embankment. Which will be mitigating the
Table 15:Preference for the protection against natural hazard Sandwip Hatiya
Type % (n = 50) % (n = 50)
Full embankment + less relief + less
shelter center 70.00 62.00
Enough relief + weak embankment +
less shelter center 02.00 04.00
Sufficient shelter center + weak
embankment + less relief 22.00 24.00
Well coastal forest + less relief + less
shelter center 06.00 10.00
Modern signal alert system + less
relief + less shelter center 00.00 00.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Source: Field survey 2009.
cyclone as well as storm surges loss.
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CONCLUSION
In total rural and urban environmental quality are not found in satisfaction level. On the
other hand riverbank erosion is perceived as the highest rank among the natural disaster.
According to peoples perception vulnerable variables are communication system,
sewerage system, water supply, education facilities, medical facilities, and air pollution
identified as physical environmental problem. In these islands and for these sustainable
development of the islands needs proper planning and management as well as application
as early as possible. And only adequate intervention of the government and other
concerned organization can reduce the severity of disaster and mitigate the sufferings of
the coastal people.
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