GLOBAL WASH CLUSTER CAPACITY BUILDING FOR HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE
A GUIDELINE FOR FIELD PRACTITIONERS PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING WASH INTERVENTIONS
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE…
COMPREHENSIVE GUIDANCE
3DRR AND WASH
Published by the Global WASH Cluster.Global WASH Cluster, UNICEF New York, 3 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
Erik Rottier,
Erik Rottier
Michiel van der Drift
Eric Fewster
Anne te Molder
Jean McCluskey Anthony SpaltonDinesh Shrestha
Dominique Porteaud Jock Baker
Paul Shanahan Rod Jackson Daudi Bikaba
Chris AndersonBob Hansford Luke Dokter
Per Andersson
David Weatherill Edward Turvill Ben Harvey
Frank Greaves Michel BecksIsabelle Stercq
Elmos B. Glay ( Action Contre la Faim
CARE
.
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
PSO
2 DRR AND WASH
4 DRR AND WASH 5DRR AND WASH
TABLE OF CONTENTS1.
ACRONYMSCCCCADRADRREPPHPKAP
NGO
PRAUSDVDCWASHWSP
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
6 DRR AND WASH 6 DRR AND WASH
1.1 SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINE
7DRR AND WASH
1
7DRR AND WASH
1
1 Insect infestation, animal stampede and meteorite impact will not be covered in the guideline
1
1 INTRODUCTION
8 DRR AND WASH
1
9DRR AND WASH
2 DISASTERS AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION: CONCEPTS AND CONTEXT
2 The UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction) definition of a disaster is ‘A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources’.
3 http://www.emdat.be/natural-disasters-trends
2.1 DISASTERS AND DISASTER TRENDS
3
1.2 TARGET AUDIENCE
1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT
10 DRR AND WASH
2
2.2 DISASTER RISK
1 hazard
2 6
4 http://www.paho.org/English/DPI/Number6_article6.htm5 The UNISDR definition of a hazard is ‘A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity
or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage’.6 The UNISDR definition of vulnerability is ‘The characteristics and circumstances of a
community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard’. 11DRR AND WASH
2
7
7 The UNISDR definition of a capacity is ‘The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals’.
12 DRR AND WASH
2 2.3 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
DRR
8 The UNISDR definition of a Disaster Risk Reduction is ‘The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through
reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.
9 The UNISDR definition of a Resilience is ‘The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner,
including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.13DRR AND WASH
2
-
-
authorities
14 DRR AND WASH
2
2.3.1 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
10 http://www.unisdr.org/eng/hfa/docs/HFA-brochure-English.pdf11 http://www.globalnetwork-dr.org/reports/VFLfullreport0609.pdf
15DRR AND WASH
2
10
levels
11.
16 DRR AND WASH
2.3.2 DRR IN THE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CYCLE
12
13
12 The UNISDR definition of Prevention is ‘The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters’.13 The UNISDR definition of Mitigation is ‘The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters’.
14 The UNISDR definition of Preparedness is ‘The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate,
respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions’. 17DRR AND WASH
15 http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_appendix.pdf
DEVELOPMENT
PHASE GENERAL SCOPE OF ACTION SPECIFIC AIM AND EXAMPLES
2 2
18 DRR AND WASH 19DRR AND WASH
RECOVERY
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
2 2 PHASE GENERAL SCOPE OF ACTION SPECIFIC AIM AND EXAMPLES PHASE GENERAL SCOPE OF ACTION SPECIFIC AIM AND EXAMPLES
20 DRR AND WASH 21DRR AND WASH
3
3.1 INTEGRATION OF DRR IN WASH IN THE DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CYCLE
3 DRR AND WASH SERVICES
22 DRR AND WASH
3
1.2.
3.
23DRR AND WASH
3 3.1.1 TO REDUCE THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF HAZARD EVENTS ON WASH SERVICES !I.E. MITIGATION"
24 DRR AND WASH
3
3.1.2 TO ENSURE RAPID SERVICE LEVEL AND STRUCTURAL RECOVERY OF WASH SERVICES AFTER HAZARD EVENTS !I.E. PREPAREDNESS"
1.
16 http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/GDW4revrev1and2.pdf 17 http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publication_9789241562638/en/index.html
25DRR AND WASH
3
17
16
users
date
26 DRR AND WASH
3 2.
3.
3.1.3 TO ENSURE THE DESIGN OF THE SYSTEMS ADDRESSES EARLIER VULNERABILITIES
27DRR AND WASH
3
3.1.4 TO ENSURE WASH SERVICES HAVE MINIMAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON SOCIETY !I.E. DO NO HARM"
28 DRR AND WASH
3 3.2 INTEGRATION OF DRR IN THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PHASE
1.
2.3.
3.2.1 ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS IN THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PHASE
29DRR AND WASH
3
Who
Results
ASSESSMENT IN HUMANITARIAN PHASE
30 DRR AND WASH
3
31DRR AND WASH
3 3.2.2 ACTION PLANNING IN THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PHASEWASH SERVICES
SERVICE TYPES EXAMPLES OF MEASURES
32 DRR AND WASH
3
33DRR AND WASH
3
3.3 INTEGRATION OF DRR IN THE RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PHASES
Users
Other
Users
WASH
Results:1.
2.
1.11.21.3
OVERALL GOAL INDICATORS
SERVICE TYPES EXAMPLES OF MEASURES
34 DRR AND WASH
3
1.2.
3.
3.3.1 ASSESSMENT, ANALYSIS AND ACTION PLANNING IN THE RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PHASES BASED ON A WORKED EXAMPLE
35DRR AND WASH
3
Who
Results
ASSESSMENT IN RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PHASES
36 DRR AND WASH
3 1.
37DRR AND WASH
3 2.
1
18 Adapted from: Venton, P.; Hansford, B. (2006) Reducing risk of disaster in our communities.
A-
B- C-D- E- F -G- H-
INDIVIDUAL WASH SYSTEM NO. INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF WASH SYSTEMS123
67
12
HAZARD DESCRIPTION LANDSLIDE
38 DRR AND WASH
3
39DRR AND WASH
3
HAZARD DESCRIPTION LANDSLIDE
40 DRR AND WASH
3
41DRR AND WASH
3
-
-
HAZARD LANDSLIDE HAZARD EXPOSURE
2. low
2. low
2. low
2. low
2. low
2. low
HAZARD LANDSLIDE HAZARD EXPOSURE
42 DRR AND WASH
3
B. E.H2.
43DRR AND WASH
3
1. low
while several
these were
HAZARD LANDSLIDE
VULNERABILITIES TOWARDS HAZARD CAPACITIES TOWARDS HAZARDWASH SERVICE OR FUNCTIONAL UNIT
Users
Other
Users
Other
Users
Other
I…
…
Users
Other
1. low
HAZARD LANDSLIDE
VULNERABILITIES TOWARDS HAZARD CAPACITIES TOWARDS HAZARDWASH SERVICE OR FUNCTIONAL UNIT
44 DRR AND WASH
3
45DRR AND WASH
3 HAZARD LANDSLIDE
5: ALMOST CERTAIN !>1 EVENT PER 5 YEARS"PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
Hazard
46 DRR AND WASH
3
47DRR AND WASH
3
results
OVERALL OBJECTIVE TO IMPROVE, IN A SUSTAINABLE MANNER, HEALTH AND WELL#BEING OF VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE PROVINCE OF EL PROGRESO
OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORSINTERVENTION LOGIC RISKS ANDASSUMPTIONS
1.1
1.21.3
1.6
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.63.13.23.3
HAZARD LANDSLIDE
WASH
SOURCES OFVERIFICATION
48 DRR AND WASH
19 Adapted from http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/emergency- management/snow/farm-response-to-2006-canterbury-snow/page-06.htm
20 Adapted from http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/emergency- management/snow/farm-response-to-2006-canterbury-snow/page-06.htm 49
THE PRESSURE AND RELEASE !PAR" MODELTHE WASH SERVICE PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORK
ANNEX 1
ANNEX 2
50 DRR AND WASH
21 Adapted from references R3, R4, R5, R6, R31, R33, R34, R35, R36, R38
51DRR AND WASH
HAZARD: EARTHQUAKE
!SHAKING AND DISPLACEMENT OF THE GROUND"
ANNEX 3
MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES FOR WASH SYSTEMS21
ANNEX 3
52 DRR AND WASH 53DRR AND WASH
HAZARD: TSUNAMI HAZARD: VOLCANIC ERUPTION
!WAVES CAUSED BY A RAPID DISPLACEMENT OF WATER" !VOLCANIC ACTIVITY CAUSING ROCK FALL, ASH FALL, LAVA STREAMS AND RELEASE OF GAS"
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 3
54 DRR AND WASH 55DRR AND WASH
HAZARD: SUBSIDENCE
!LOWERING OF THE EARTHS’ SURFACE IN RELATION TO A DATUM"
HAZARD: MASS MOVEMENT !I.E. LANDSLIDE, MUDFLOW, ROCKFALL, AVALANCHE…"
!SLOW TO RAPID MOVEMENT OF SOIL OR ROCK BY GRAVITY"
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 3
56 DRR AND WASH 57DRR AND WASH
HAZARD: GENERAL FLOOD/ FLASH FLOOD !ONE OF HAZARDS LINKED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE" HAZARD: GENERAL FLOOD/ FLASH FLOOD !ONE OF HAZARDS LINKED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE" !GENERAL FLOOD: SLOWLY RISING WATER LEVELS CAUSED BY RAINFALL OR SNOWMELT;
FLASH FLOOD: RAPIDLY RISING WATER LEVELS, CAUSED BY RAINFALL, DAM BURST…"
HAZARD: STORM SURGE !ONE OF HAZARDS LINKED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE"!SHORT#TERM RISE IN SEA LEVEL ABOVE NORMALLY EXPECTED TIDE"
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 3
58 DRR AND WASH 59DRR AND WASH
HAZARD: EXTREME TEMPERATURES # HIGH TEMPERATURES
Other
HAZARD: WIND STORM !ONE OF HAZARDS LINKED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE"
!WINDS WITH HIGH SPEEDS" !WINDS WITH HIGH SPEEDS"
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 3
60 DRR AND WASH 61DRR AND WASH
HAZARD: EXTREME TEMPERATURES # LOW TEMPERATURES HAZARD: EXTREME TEMPERATURES # LOW TEMPERATURES
HAZARD: DROUGHT!LONGER PERIOD OF TIME WITH BELOW AVERAGE AMOUNTS OF PRECIPITATION"
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 3
62 DRR AND WASH 63DRR AND WASH
HAZARD: FIRE
!UNCONTROLLED FIRE"
Other
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 3
HAZARD: DROUGHT
64 DRR AND WASH 65DRR AND WASH
HAZARD: EPIDEMIC!INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CASES OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE ABOVE WHAT IS CONSIDERED NORMAL LEVEL"
GENERIC MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 3
66 DRR AND WASH 67DRR AND WASH
Users
Other
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 3
GENERIC MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES GENERIC MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES
68 DRR AND WASH 69DRR AND WASH
Other
Users
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 3
GENERIC MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES GENERIC MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES
70 DRR AND WASH 71DRR AND WASH
WATER SUPPLYWATER SUPPLY
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURESISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ANNEX 4
POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SMALL#SCALE WASH SERVICES ON SOCIETY
ANNEX 4
72 DRR AND WASH 73DRR AND WASH
Create
Create
Create
EXCRETA DISPOSAL
HYGIENE PRACTICE
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ANNEX 4
ANNEX 4
EXCRETA DISPOSALWATER SUPPLY
74 DRR AND WASH 75DRR AND WASH
Create
VECTOR CONTROL
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ANNEX 4
ANNEX 4
76 DRR AND WASH 77DRR AND WASH
Create
Create
DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ISSUE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE MEASURES
ANNEX 4
ANNEX 4
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
78 DRR AND WASH 79DRR AND WASH
ANNEX 5
PUBLIC HEALTH PROJECT # KENYA !2007/08" $ OXFAM GREAT BRITAIN
COMMUNITY WATER SECURITY PROGRAM # MYANMAR !2008/2009" # INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE !WRITTEN BY BEN HARVEY, THE IRC"
LIVELIHOODS AND SHELTER PROJECT # INDIA !2010/11" # CARE INDIA
©
EXAMPLES OF DRR INTEGRATION IN WASHANNEX
5
80 DRR AND WASH
DROUGHT MITIGATION # INDIA # DISCIPLESHIP CENTRE !DC" IN PARTNERSHIP WITH TEARFUND 22
DEVELOPMENT AND RISK REDUCTION # INDIA # EVANGELICAL FELLOWSHIP OF INDIA COMMISSION ON RELIEF !EFICOR" IN PARTNERSHIP WITH TEARFUND23
22 Adapted from http://tilz.tearfund.org/webdocs/Tilz/Topics/DRR/Drought%20Mitigation%20in%20Rajasthan.pdf
23 Adapted from http://tilz.tearfund.org/webdocs/Tilz/Topics/Risk%20reduction%20in%20Andhra%20Pradesh%20-%20smaller.pdf 81DRR AND WASH
FLOOD EMERGENCY RESPONSE # INDIA !2007/08" # OXFAM INDIA
CHOLERA RESPONSE # MOZAMBIQUE !1998"
ANNEX 5
ANNEX 5
82 DRR AND WASH 83DRR AND WASH
R1
R2
R3
R6
R7
R10
R11
R12
R13
R16
R17
GENERAL BACKGROUND WASH KEY ORGANISATIONS, GENERAL INFORMATION RELATED TO DISASTERS AND VERTICAL PORTALS RELATING TO DISASTERS
GENERAL BACKGROUND DRR & DRR MAINSTREAMING
NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE
NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
84 DRR AND WASH 85DRR AND WASH
R20
R21
R22
R23
R26
R27
R30
R31
R32
R33
GENERAL BACKGROUND WASH
DRR GUIDELINES AND TOOLS
GENERAL BACKGROUND WASH
DRR INTEGRATION IN WASH
NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE
NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE
NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE
NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
86 DRR AND WASH 87DRR AND WASH
R36
R37
GENERAL BACKGROUND WASH
WATER SAFETY PLANS
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE
NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE
NO. TITLE DESCRIPTION PUBLISHED BY $ YEAR SOURCE
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER INDEX
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
88 DRR AND WASH 89DRR AND WASH
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
90 DRR AND WASH 91DRR AND WASH
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER
GLOBAL WASHCLUSTER