Discovery 2 Chapter 9Created: November 7, 2011

9.1.1.1 1. What do many technicians use to help isolate the cause of a problem when troubleshooting?

They use the OSI and TCP/IP net models

9.1.1.2 2. What do the upper layers (5-7) of the OSI model deal with?

Specific application functionality and implemented only in software

3. Problems isolated to these layers can frequently be caused by what?

End system software configuration

4. What do the lower layers (1-4) of the OSI model handle?

Data-transport issues

5. What type of errors account for many problems isolated to these layers?

3-4 are software errors on end systems. Ip addy errors on Layer3. Layer1-2 are both hardware and software

6. What types of errors occur at Lay 3? Ip addy errors 7. What causes most Layer 1 and Layer 2 problems?

Cabling issues also hardware problems and incompatibility

Complete the activity on 9.1.1.3Complete the Lab Activity on 9.1.1.4

9.1.2.1

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8. List the three main troubleshooting approaches when using network models.

1. Top-down2. Bottom up3. Divide and conquer

9. Where does the Top-Down troubleshooting method start?It looks at the problem from what point-of-view?

Starts at the application layer and works down. It looks from the user’s point of view

10. Where does the Bottom Up troubleshooting method start? What is the Physical Layer concerned with?A user can access any web page on the Internet but cannot access e-mail. What troubleshooting method would be most efficient for troubleshooting this issue?

-Starts at the physical layer and works up. Concerned with hardware and wire connections

- A top down method would work best for that

11. Where does the Divide-and-Conquer troubleshooting method start?

In the middle and works its way up or down depending on the IT hypothesis

Complete the activity on 9.1.2.29.1.3.1 12. What does a physical network

topology show?The physical layout of the devices connected to the network.

13. List the six things that are typically included in a physical network topology.

1.Device types2.Models and manufacturer’s mark3.Locations4.OS versions5.Cable types6.Cable end points

14. What does a logical network topology show?

Shows how data is transferred on the net. Symbols used to represent different elements.

15. List the seven things that are typically included in a logical network topology.

1.Device id2.Ip addy and subnet masks3.Interface identifiers 4.Routing protocal5. Static and default routes6. data-link prot7.WAN tech

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16. List three ways that CiscoWorks can be helpful.

1.Draw network diagrams2.keep network software and hardware documentation3.Measure baseline bandwidth

17. What are four examples of commonly used network management tools? Used to check performance

1.CiscoView, and 2. HP Openview3. SolarWinds4. WhatsUpGold

18. What does a protocol analyzer decode?

It decodes the various prot layers in a recorded frame and presents them in a readable format. It captures network traffic and can filter it easily and view specific types or to and from different sources

9.1.3.4 19. What can cable testers detect? Specialized hand held devices designed for testing the various communication cables

20. What can time-domain reflectometers (TDR) pinpoint?

The distance to a cable break as well as total length

21. What do Digital multimeters (DMMs) directly measure?

Electric values of voltage, current, and resistance

22. What do most multimeter tests involve in network troubleshooting?

Checking power supply voltage

23. By plugging a network analyzer into a switch anywhere on the network, what can a network engineer see?

The avg and peak utilization of the segment. Can also see device using the most traffic and verify interface details. Useful for diagnosing malware and DoS attack

9.1.3.4 24. What can network analyzer’s also be used to do?

1.Diagnosising malware2.Diagnosising DoS attacks3.Find who is using the most traffic

25. When are network analyzers useful?

See 23-24

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26. What is the Physical Layer, or Layer 1, is responsible for?

The physical and electrical specs or transmission (Wired or wirless)

27. On an Ethernet network, what happens when two devices to begin sending at the exact same time?

A collision occurs and all devices stop transmitting for a random amount of time till the wire clears

28. When a collision occurs, what do all devices do?

See 27

29. Cables that exceed maximum length and that exhibit poor terminations would be identified as a problem at what layer?

Layer 1(Issues are based off medium used. Fiber and wireless have their own L1 issues)(Carrier Sense Multi Acces w/ Collision Detection CSMA/CD)

√30. List six symptoms of Layer 1 errors.(Look at the buttons in the graphic.)

Console error messages, Loss of connectivity, high collisions, performance lower then baseline, network bottlenecks, high CPU utilizations

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31. What does the Data Link Layer, or Layer 2, specify?

Specifies how data is formatted for transmission as well as regulated network access

32. What are a couple of possible errors if a host can ping the local loopback address, 127.0.0.1, but cannot access any services over the network?

It may be framing issues or a misconfigured NIC card. Check your Layer 2 components

33. List four symptoms of Layer 2 errors.(Look at the buttons in the graphic.)

1. More console error msgs2. Excessive broadcasts3.Network operating below baseline4. No connection at Network Layer (NIC or NIC drivers)

Complete the activity on 9.2.1.39.2.2.1 34. What are the three stages of the

bootup process?1.Perform POST2.Load IOS3. Locate/Load startup config or enter setup mode

35. Where will a router look for the IOS first? Where will a router look for the IOS second? (Look at Step 2 on graphic.)

Flash Memory and then a TFTP server??

36. Where will a router look for a config file first? Where will a router look for a config file second? If a config file is not found in either location, what will the router enter?(Look at Step 3 on graphic.)

NVRAM first, then TFTP server, and then console mode if it can’t find what it’s looking for??

37. What does show version command display?

Displays the version of the OS and whether all interface hardware is recognized.

38. What does show flash command display?

Displays the contents of the Flash memory including the IOS image. All shows mem used and available

39. What does show ip interfaces brief display?

Operational status of the device interfaces and IP addies assigned.

40. What do the show running-configuration and show startup-configuration commands verify?

That all the config commands were recognized during the reload.

9.2.2.2√

41. When a device fails POST what output appears? What happens to the system LED’s?

A cable from a new PC is plugged into a switch port and the switch’s LED for that port changes to solid green. Why might be the meaning of the solid green LED?

No output appears. They may change color or blink

Port is operational and ready to transmit

42. If a router completes the POST successfully without the interface modules installed, what probably failed?

The interface module.

43. What is a boothelper? An image designed to load if no IOS file can load. It has limited functionality, but can be used to bring the IOS back online or copy one from a TFTP server

44. What will the device enter if there is no boothelper?

ROMmon mode

9.2.2.3√

45. What will the device do if there is not enough memory to decompress the image?

Scroll error msgs rapidly or constantly reboot

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46. How can the device be forced to boot into ROMmon mode?

Crtl + Break

47. What will have to be done to the memory for the device to function normally?

Replaced or upgraded

48. How do you know if faulty or improperly seated interface modules are not recognized during the POST and when the Cisco IOS is loaded?

Show version command

49. If a valid startup configuration file cannot be found, what is the purpose of the autoinstall utility?

It broadcasts a TFTP request for a config file. It will swap to setup mode if none respond after 5 tries and it has an autoinstall ability built in

50. How can the configuration be reloaded or recreated?

Either by doing it manually or copying an image from a TFTP server. No traffic till it is set up

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51. What commands can troubleshoot router interface errors by examining the statistics recorded on the problematic interface?

Show interfaces and show ip interface brief.

52. What does each output for the show ip interface brief command indicate? (List three)Also shows device interfaces w/ IP addy and interface status

What is the meaning of “administratively down”?

Up/up status: normal operations and both the media and layer 2 prot are functionalDown/down status: indicates that a connectivity or media problem existsUp/Down Status: media is connected properly but the Layer 2 is not functioning or misconfiged

Means the “no shutdown’ cmd was never applied53. What are four common cable or media issues that can cause a down/down output?

-Loose cables or too much tension-Incorrect termination-Damaged serial interface connector-Break or short in the cable.

9.2.3.1√

54. What are two common Layer 2 issues that can cause an up/down output?

Encapsulation is improperly configuredNo keepalives are received on the interface

9.2.3.2 55. If the output from the command show interfaces is excessive noise,

CRC errors. Electrical interference, loose/dmged connectors, or incorrect cable type

what type of error is present? What are three causes for these types of errors?56. If the output from the command show interfaces is excessive collisions, collisions occur on what type of connection? What can cause collisions?

Half duplex or shared Ethernet. Dmged cables can cause collisions

57. If the output from the command show interfaces is excessive runt frames, what is the usual cause for runt frames?

Malfunctioning NICs are usually the cause(can also be caused in a high collision environment, ex: sharted Ethernet)

58. If the output from the command show interfaces is late collisions, what are two causes for late collisions?

Excessive cable lengths or possibly duplex mismatches

Complete the Lab Activity on 9.2.3.39.2.4.1 59. What is the first step in

troubleshooting LAN connectivity issues on switches?

Make sure that the switch port the user is connected to is active and the LED is lit.

60. If the port LED is red or orange, what does it indicate?

Error condition

61. If no link light is present, what should be ensured?

That cables are connected to proper ports on both ends

62. After checking power and swapping patch cables and there is still no link light, what should be verified?

Make sure that the port is not admin down.

63. What will the command show running-config interface display?

Shows the parameters configured for that switch port.

9.2.4.2 64. What does it mean if a port “flaps?” It loses and regains a link65. What command will get a quick view of switch port error statistics?

Show interface port counters error

66. When are duplex mismatches more common?

On switches more than routers

67. If one device on a link is configured to autonegotiate and the other side is manually configured with speed and duplex settings, what will happen? What will this lead to?

There will be collisions and packets will be lost. Cisco Discovery Prot (CDP) can be loaded onto devices and can be used to help detect errors on local or near machines

68. What will the command show interface port status view?

It will show whether the port is set to auto negotiate speed or if it’s manually set

9.2.4.2 69. What can be done to correct duplex mismatch errors?

Set both devices to auto negotiate

Complete the PacketTracer on 9.2.4.3Complete the Lab Activity on 9.2.4.4

9.2.5.1 70. What command can be used to gather information about most serial interface and line problems?

Show interfaces serial command

71. What are four reasons for problems on serial connections?

1.packet errors2.config errors3.mismatched encapsulation4.timing

72. In order to successfully troubleshoot serial WAN connectivity problems, what is important to know?

The type of modem or CSU/DSU unit being used

9.2.5.2 73. What are the possible problems for the following output of the show interfaces serial command: Serial x is down, line protocol is down (DTE mode) - Use Graphic

Router not sensing carrier detect signal??

74. What are the possible problems for the following output of the show interfaces serial command:Serial x is up, line protocol is down (DTE mode) - Use Graphic

Local or remote router is misconfigured. Keepalives not being sent by remote router. Failed remote or local CSU/DSU

75. What are the possible problems for the following output of the show interfaces serial command:Serial x is up, line protocol is down (DCE mode) - Use Graphic

Missing clockrate interface config commandFailed local/remote CSU/DSUFailed or incorrect cableRouter hardware failure

76. What are the possible problems for the following output of the show interfaces serial command:Serial x is up, line protocol is down (looped) - Use Graphic

A loop exists in circuit. The sequence number in the keepalive packet changes to a random number when the loop is detected initially. If the same random number is returned over the link, a loop exists.

77. What are the possible problems for the following output of the show interfaces serial command:Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled) - Use Graphic

High error rate due to TS provider problem.CSU/DSU hardware problemBad router hardware

78. What are the possible problems for the following output of the show interfaces serial command:Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down - Use Graphic

Routerconfig includes shutdown interface config commandsDuplicate IP addy

Complete the PacketTracer on 9.2.5.3Complete the Lab Activity on 9.2.5.4

9.3.1.1 79. What are the primary functions implemented at Layer 3 of the OSI model?

Network addressing and routing

80. Why are Layer 3 networks referred to as logical networks?

They exist only in software and can pass over any physical medium

81. Where is most of the focus of troubleshooting Layer 3 problems concentrated on?

IP addy errors or routing prot operations

9.3.1.2 82. How are Layer 3 network boundaries determined?

By the number of bites contained in the network prefix of the addy.

83. What is a simple rule to remember about the network prefix?

The longer the network prefix the smaller the range of IP addies for hosts

Complete the Activity on 9.3.1.3Complete the PacketTracer on 9.3.1.4

9.3.2.1 84. What are some advantages that hierarchical IP addressing schemes offer?

Smaller routing tables to make it easier to process. It’s also more structured so it’s easier to document

85. What are two conditions that account for many IP addressing and routing issues within networks?

1.overlapping subnets2.incorrectly configured subnet masks

86. How do overlapping subnets occur? When the addy range of 2 subnets include the same ranges

9.3.2.2 87. Although Cisco IOS software does permit you to configure an IP address from overlapping subnets on two different interfaces, what does the router do to the second interface?

It does not activate it.

88. What will happen if there is an attempt to enable an overlapped interface with the no shutdown command? What happens to the traffic on this interface?

A second error msg is displayed and no traffic is forwarded

89. What is indicated when an interface that remains administratively down after the no shutdown command is issued?

That there is an overlap in the IP assignments.

9.3.2.3 90. What can poorly configured subnet masks cause?

Hosts will lose access to network resources.

Complete the Activity on 9.3.2.49.3.3.1 91. What does an administrator often

underestimate when designing subnets?The potential for growth

92. What is one indication of a subnet having too many hosts?

DHCP can’t give out an IP addy

9.3.3.1 93. What will a host do when running Microsoft Windows and it does not receive an address from a DHCP server?

Give itself a 169.254.0.0 link local addy

94. What will the show ip dhcp binding command check?

It will check and see if the DHCP has available addies to give

95. What is another indication of not enough IP addresses?

Error message state duplicate IP addies exist

Complete the Activity on 9.3.3.2Complete the Lab Activity on 9.3.3.3

9.3.4.1 96. What will the command ipconfig /all verify?

Verify what IP addies are assigned to windows hosts if any.

97. What is always the first step in troubleshooting?

Check the physical connectivity

98. What will the command show interfaces confirm?

It will confirm that the interfaces are operational

99. How can address conflicts occur even if there are available addresses within the DHCP pool?

If a host is statically configured within the DHCP pool range

100. What will the command show ip dhcp conflict display?

All addy conflicts recorded in the DHCP server

9.3.4.2 101. What does it mean that DHCP is a broadcast protocol?

It must be reachable through a broadcast msg.

102. What will the command ip helper-address do on a router?

It will make the router forward DHCP server request broadcast, but turns it into a unicast signal

103. Once this command is configured, what will happen to all broadcast packets?

Turned into unicast message with a specific addy

104. When a router forwards address requests, what is it acting as? If this is not operational, what affect will it have on hosts?

DHCP relay agent. If the relay fails no host can get an IP addy

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105. What is usually the first indication that there is a NAT problem?

Hosts can’t reach internet sites

106. What are the three types of address translations?

Static, dynamic, and PAT

107. What are two common types of configuration errors that affect all three translation methods?

Incorrect Designation of Inside and Outside InterfacesIncorrect Assignment of Interface IP addy or Pool Addy

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108. What does the inside interface connect to? What does the outside interface connect to?

Inside connects to the LAN the outside connects to the public network, usually the ISP

109. What should be configured if external users must be able to reach specific servers on the internal network?

Static translations are needed.

9.3.4.4 110. What is one of the most useful commands when verifying that NAT is operational?

Show ip nat translation

111. What command can be used to clear existing NAT translations?

Clear ip nat translation *

112. What utility can be used to determine the path that the translated packets are taking and verify that the route is correct?

traceroute

Complete the PacketTracer on 9.3.4.5 9.4.1.1√

113. List the four issues that typically cause Layer 3 routing problems.

Manual route entry errors, routing prot configs, operation errors, or failure at lower layers

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114. What are four reasons why the status of a network can change frequently?

-Interface fails-A service provider drops connection-available bandwidth is overloaded-Admin enter incorrect config

115. What is a primary tool to use when troubleshooting Layer 3 routing problems?What will this command display?

Show ip routeShows all the routes the router uses to forward traffic.

116. A routing table consists of route entries from which three sources?

Directly connected networksStatic routesDynamic routing prots

117. How do routing protocols choose which routes are preferred?

Routing prots that chose based on metrics. (Damn those metrics)

118. What is the default metric of static routes and directly connected routes?

Default metric value for directly connected and static routes are = 0

119. If there is more than one route to a specific destination network, which route is installed into the routing table?

The one with the lowest AD (Administrative distance) based on the metric used.

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120. Any time a routing problem is suspected, what will the show ip route command ensure?

That the expected routes (the ones with the lowest AD) are installed on the table.

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121. When are directly connected routes automatically installed in the routing table?

Directly connected routes are auto installed when an IP addy is configed on the interface w/ a ‘no shutdown’ command.

122. If a directly connected route does not appear in the table, what will the show interfaces or show ip interface brief commands verify?

It will verify that the addy is assigned and that the interface is in an up/up state.

123. What is most likely the problem when a static or default route does not appear in the routing table?

A config error

124. Why do static routing errors sometimes occur?

The next hop addy is not the correct IP addy range of any directly connected network.

125. What could a missing route be caused by?

Misconfig of on one or more routers on the path to the destination.

Complete the PacketTracer on 9.4.1.4 *** Be able to do simple class C subnetting ***9.4.2.1√

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126. When do routing table updates usually occur?

When a new network is configed or an already configed one becomes unreachable

127. When does a router access and change its own routing table?

Anytime a change is reported by a neighbor router or if the static/default route are manually changed (includes exit interface)

128. What type of networks typically use RIP as a routing protocol?

Small and med sized LAN’s

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129. What does RIPv1 not support? Classless routing or VLSM130. What does RIPv1 not listen for? Does not listen for RIPv2 updates131. What two things does the network statement accomplish?

-Enables routing prot to send/receive updated on any local interfaces that belong to that network.-It includes that network in its routing updates to others.

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132. What can happen when there is a missing or incorrect network statement?

Inaccurate routing updates and can prevent an interface from sending/receiving updates.

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133. What TCP/IP utilities are used to verify connectivity?What “show” command would be helpful?

Ping and tracerouteCisco show commands like show IP route

134. What TCP/IP utility verifies connectivity and make configuration changes?

Telnet

135. What kind of information do debug commands provide?

Real-time info on traffic movement and the interaction of prot

136. What kind of information does the debug ip rip command display?

The exchange of RIP routing updates and packets as they occur.

137. Why should debug commands be used to isolate problems, not to monitor normal network operation?

It uses a high amount of CPU resources

Complete the PacketTracer on 9.4.2.3Complete the Lab Activity on 9.4.2.4

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138. What is Layer 4 responsible for? Transporting data packets and specific port numbers for specific apps. (Most issues from fire walls)

139. Where can Layer 4 network problems arise?

At the network edge where security tech examines and modifies traffic

140. What protocols are supported for Layer 4 traffic?

TCP and UDP

141. What is necessary when denying traffic based on the port number?

You must specify the transport protocol used

142. How do filtering problems occur in firewalls?

Denying access to programs that should be allowed due to statements in firewall exceptions

143. What is a common indication of Layer 4 problems?

Users saying services are not reachable

Complete the Activity on 9.5.1.29.5.2.1 144. The upper layer protocols provide

user services that are typically used for what?

Network management, file transfer, distributed file services, terminal emulation, and email

145. Protocols at these layers are often referred to as what?

TCP/IP Application Layer Prots

Review and know the functionality and responsibility of each of the TCP/IP Application Layer protocols!

9.5.2.2 146. List the five steps using the "divide and conquer" method of

1.Ping the host default gateway2.Verify end-to-end connectivity

troubleshooting, when verifying Layer 3 connectivity.

3.Verify the routing config4.Ensure that NAT is working5.Check for firewall filter rules

147. If all these steps above are completed successfully, and it is verified that the end-to-end connectivity is not the issue, but the end device is still not operating as expected, where is the problem?

The upper layers

9.5.2.3

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148. What accounts for the majority of upper layer network problems?

Services being unreachable??

149. What Windows command will verify that DNS is functioning correctly and can resolve server addresses?

NSlookup

150. If DNS is not working as expected what should be ensured?

Make sure the correct DNS server info is configured in the host.

151. When hosts receive DNS server information from a DHCP server, what should be verified?

That the DHCP server has the correct IP addy for the DNS server

152. List four symptoms of Upper Layer Problems. (Use graphic)

1.User complains of slow application performance2.Application error msg3.Unable to access apps like FTP4.Unable to access web services

9.5.2.4 153. What kind of mismatch can cause applications to not function or to function poorly?

Encryption or compression of data

154. What must be done to browser plug-in programs, such as Adobe Reader, in order to function properly?

Updated constantly

9.5.3.1 155. What does Telnet enable a technician to do when accessing networking devices?

Enables the tech to enter commands to devices as if they were locally attached

156. Since Telnet is an unsecure protocol, what other protocol can be used that offers security?

SSH or Secure Shell prot

Complete the Lab Activity on 9.5.3.29.6.1.1 157. What does the Cisco Certified

Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) certification validate?

That you have the skills for entry level network support positions.

158. What does the CCNA certification (Cisco Certified Network Associate) cover?

Med sized enterprise branch networks.

159. What must be passed to obtain CCENT certification?

The ICND1 exam

9.6.1.2 160. What are Cisco certification examinations designed to measure?

The ability to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small branch office network

9.6.2.1 161. While there may be a few questions on the exam that require the basic factual answers, more often the factual knowledge is needed for what purpose?

Needed to diagnose or solve a networking problem.

9.6.2.2 162. What are the Lab and Packet Tracer activities designed to provide?

A structured practice environment for learners.

163. Many exam tasks require the interpretation of output from what type of Cisco IOS commands?

Show commands (Damn it all it’s the truth)

9.6.2.3 164. What do scenario-based tasks or simulation tasks require an individual to apply?

You must apply facts and skills to solve a problem

165. What is one of the best ways to develop troubleshooting abilities?

Analyze what knowledge and skills are needed in order to perform specific networking tasks.

Complete the Activity on 9.6.2.4 Complete the Lab Activity on 9.6.2.5

9.6.3.1 166. List the three smaller steps that make exam preparation more successful.

1.Make a commitment2.Creating a plan3.Practice testing taking

9.6.3.2 167. What is the first step to obtaining a Cisco certification?

Making a commitment to take the time to prep

168. In addition to taking time, what else is required when preparing for a certification exam?

Concentration (And lets not forget luck)

9.6.4.1 169. After you have made the commitment to dedicate the time necessary to prepare to take the ICND1 examination, what is the next step?

Create a plan on how to prepare and schedules to do so. Also include resources.

170. What are the two ways to approach studying for a certification exam?

1.Individually2.Group

9.6.4.2 171. What can be used from Cisco Press to structure a schedule for CCENT certification?

31 days to the CCENT

9.6.4.2 172. What does the book contain? References to the sections and topics in the CCNA curriculum

9.6.4.3 173. What is critical to successful preparation for CCENT?

Access to the online curriculum, labs, and Packet Tracer activities is critical to successful preparation

9.6.5.1 174. What should be done before taking the exam?

Visit the testing center and see how the test is done.

175. What should you find out before taking the exam?

What you can and can’t bring.

176. List four differences between certification exams that are given online compared to the Networking Academy assessments that are

1.Survey questions may be present2.Cert exams are timed3.Varity of questions or tasks4.You can’t go back to a previous question

delivered.177. What is the best thing to do if you do not know the answer to a question on a certification exam?

Skip it and mark it for later. Move on.

9.6.5.2 178. List the seven different formats of test questions that are included in the Cisco certification exams.

1.Multi choice single answer2.multi choice multi answer3.drag and drop 4.fill in the blank5.testlet 6.Simlet 7.Simulations

179. What can you do to be comfortable with the format and operation of each type of question and task on a certification exam?

Practice the exam tutorial found on the Cisco Learning Network website

Complete the Lab Activity on 9.6.5.39.6.5.4 180. What else is often helpful to do to

prepare for the ICND1 exam?Take practice exams.

181. What else is recommended that you do in preparation for the ICND1 exam?

Create your own practice questions and share them with others.

182. What are many of the scenario questions and tasks on the ICND1 exam are based on?

Based on troubleshooting network problems.

Problem

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The four IP addresses listed below are assigned to the interfaces on a router. Are there any problems using these 4 addresses on the router interfaces? E0: 193.206.115.121/224 S0: 193.206.115.19/252E1: 193.206.115.94/224S1: 193.206.115.113/252

192.206.115.121/224 and 193.206.115.113/252 are both trying to subnet in the same space. The range is hosts 96-127

Problem

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Under what circumstance can the PCs or hosts on a network or sub-network segment be in a different network or sub-network than their associated default gateway?

Never

Problem√

Explain the difference between total hosts and useable or assignable hosts.

“Can’t use first or last host address in a subnet to assign to hosts”

Complete the PacketTracer on 9.6.5.5Complete the Quiz on 9.8.1.1

Addition problem left out on our copy of the guide:If the line in Addy to a switch from a router is 194.102.113.8/29 what are the assignable IP addiesAnswer: 9-15