Discover for Mapinfo Tutorials

DiscoverIntegrated GIS for the Geosciences

Tutorials Manual

Encom Technology Pty LtdLeaders in Exploration Software and Services

2 Discover Tutorials

General InformationDiscover 4.0 is developed and supported by Encom Technology Pty Ltd.Sydney OfficeSydney OfficeLevel 2, 118 Alfred St, Milsons Point, New South Wales 2061, AustraliaPO Box 422, Milsons Point, New South Wales 1565, AustraliaTel +61 2 9957 4117 Fax +61 2 9922 6141Gosford OfficeGosford OfficeSuite 5, 451 Pacific Hwy, North Gosford, New South Wales, 2250 AustraliaTel: +612 4325 7807 Fax: +612 4325 7807Perth OfficePerth OfficeLevel 1, 43 Ventnor Ave, West Perth, Western Australia 6005, AustraliaPO Box 1572, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, AustraliaTel +61 8 9321 1788 Fax +61 8 9321 1799World Wide Web World Wide Web www.encom.com.auEmail Email [email protected]

Discover Release HistoryDiscover Release HistoryVersion 1.0 December 1994Version 1.1 February 1995Version 1.2 September 1995Version 2.0 August 1996Version 2.1 November 1997Version 3.0 February 1999Version 4.0 June 2001

Discover 4.0 requiresDiscover 4.0 requiresMapInfo Professional 4.2 or later with Windows 95/98 or Windows NT/2000Some advanced features of Discover 4.0 require MapInfo Professional 5.5 or later.

© Copyright 2001, Encom Technology Pty Ltd

4 Discover Tutorials Manual

Table of Contents 5

Table of ContentsTable of Contents 5

1 Introduction 7Introducing Discover 4.0 ........................................................................7Discover Tutorials ..................................................................................7

2 Map Making Tutorial 9

3 Dataset Building Tutorial 19

4 Create and Analyse Surfaces Tutorial 29

5 3D Display of Grid Data Tutorial 37An Exercise in Grid Display and 3D Map Creation ...............................37GeoTiff Registration and 3D Map Display............................................41

6 Drillhole Display Tutorial 46Preparing Data prior to Viewing Drillholes ...........................................47Creating Sections..................................................................................49

Index 59


Discover Tutorials Introduction 7

1 IntroductionIntroducing Discover 4.0

Discover version 4.0 is an extension to MapInfo Professional developed forgeoscientists by Encom Technology. Discover 4.0 runs with MapInfo®

Professional version 4.2 or later on Windows® 95/98 and Windows® NT/2000

Discover has been developed by Encom Technology specifically forgeoscientists. Building on the many powerful Geographic Information System(GIS) features of MapInfo, Discover converts MapInfo into a sophisticated andeasy to use tool for managing, manipulating and displaying exploration datasets.

Discover gives users the ability to process and view data in ways that previouslyrequired a number of software packages. A geologist in the field, an explorationmanager in head office or a draftsperson in a regional office can use Discover totrack tenement activity, contour point data, view drill holes in plan and section,analyze geochemical data, facilitate map creation, produce scaled hard copyoutput with ease, and more.

Discover 4.0 provides new and improved functionality in a number of key areasand incorporates a significant number of changes requested by existingDiscover users.

Discover Tutorials

The tutorials presented here are designed to illustrate the various presentationand processing functions available in Discover. The features described is notcomplete and many other options and useful operations are provided byDiscover. For information on these functions refer to the Users’ Guide, on-linehelp or Discover Reference Manual. The tutorials use step-by-step instructionsto introduce the major concepts and displays. Also note that a number ofoperations that are undertaken within MapInfo are used and so a basicunderstanding of MapInfo functionality is also required.

The tutorials supplied for Discover are designed to be operated by eitherbeginners or experienced users. The tutorials are presented in a self-explanatorymanner with a series of step-by-step operations that should guide you throughthe display, analysis and interpretive stages of various geological and GISproblems. The problems chosen and included in the tutorials have in the mostpart, been selected from real datasets addressing real exploration problems.


All tutorials provide data that is contained within separate directories. Wheninstalled, the directories are loaded into their own sub-directories beneath thedirectory called DISCOVER_TUTORIAL. The relevant directories andrequired files are described in each tutorial description.

Map Making Tutorial 9

2 Map Making TutorialThis tutorial goes through the steps required to produce a geological map,complete with location map, legend and titleblock.

An Exercise in Map Production

This exercise produces an A4 landscape map. If the printer driver is set for 8.5”x 11” (Legal) paper, you should be aware that some portions of this exercisemay not appear in the final print as they are outside the printable margins.Alternative paper settings are noted in the following exercise for users of Legalsize paper.

Note The dataset used in this exercise is fictitious and should not be relied upon forexploration planning.

Step 1. Open Map Layers

From the MapInfo menu bar, choose File>Open Table. Open the followingtables from the Discover_Tutorial\Map Making directory:

Geology, Structures, Minerals and Tenements

Check the layer order in Enhanced Layer Control. It should be as follows:Minerals, Structures, Tenements and Geology. If the order is incorrect, dragand drop the layers within the Enhanced Layer Control dialog and Apply thechanges.

Complete the map window setup by selecting the Zoom to all layers button from the Enhanced Layer Control or by choosing Map>View EntireLayer>All Layers.

Step 2. Apply See Thru Shading

Applying see through vector polygon shading lets us view geology underneath,whilst allowing tenements to be visualized.

Select all of the tenement polygons. To do this, right click on the Tenementlayer in the Enhanced Layer Control and choose Select All from the pop-up


menu (activated by a right mouse click). Alternately, use the Query>Select andchoose the table Tenements, then click OK.

From the Discover menu, choose Map Making>SeeThru Shading. A messagemay be displayed asking if table STPatts should be created. You should answerCreate.

Choose the Specify Pattern option. Under pattern type, choose Lines. Click theLine icon, and choose a Dotted LineStyle, black colour, pixel width of 1.Under Pattern Density and Orientation, enter angle 135º (a southeast trend), and spacing of 0.1 km. Press the Save As button and enter the table nameTenement Fill. Click OK.

The vector polygon fill then appears in the new layer Tenement Fill.

Step 3. Line Annotation

The Structures layer contains syncline (green lines) and anticline (brown lines)structures that trend northeast. Using Discover, we can add fold axis annotationto these lines so that the geology is easily understood.

Select a brown line. Using Discover, we can select all other brown lines fromthe structures layer. From the Discover menu, choose Map Window>Select bygraphical styles. When you click OK, all remaining brown lines in thestructures layer are selected.To annotate, choose Discover Map Making>Line Annotation, and fill in thefollowing options:


Adding annotation to selected linesAdding annotation to selected lines

The annotation is written to the Structures layer. Repeat the above process forthe green lines, annotating them with a Syncline symbol.

Note If you are applying a directional symbol, such as normal fault, it is importantthat the annotation appears on the correct side of the selected line. A symbol isplaced to the left of a line or facing up if the Facing left/up box is checked;otherwise if the box is unchecked, the annotation appears on the right or downside of the selected line.

You may wish to experiment with this feature using some of the other lines inthe Structures layer. You can also manually place each annotation on a selectedline using a tool button. If you make a mistake in annotation placement, simplyselect the annotation object and delete it.

To increase the annotation density along a line, try decreasing the distance to0.5 km. To save changes made to the Structures table, choose File>Save Table.

Step 4. Text Labels

Adding labels to a map for printing is a procedure that requires a methodicalapproach to get the required result. If you place labels on the map window andprint your map, the labels often have an inappropriate size and requireadditional manipulation.


Discover addresses this problem by allowing you to label a map layer at a setpoint size at the scale at which the map is plotted. The four tenements can be labelled using Discover>Map Making>Text Labels.In the dialog box that appears, choose to label objects from table Tenementsfrom column Tenement. Choose label size 10 pts for a map scale of1:15,000. Click OK. The tenements are labelled at their centroid in theCosmetic Layer.

The labels need to be saved to a new layer. Choose Map>Save CosmeticObjects>New and save to table name Tenement Text.

Step 5. Producing a Map LegendTo generate a map legend, click on Discover>Map Making>Legend. A dialogbox appears that allows the user to select the tables from which the legend isgenerated. Select the Minerals, Structures and Geology tables by holding theCTRL key while left clicking on the relevant tables. Click OK.

The legend dialog allows you to specify which columns of attribute data shouldbe displayed in the legend. Fill in the dialog box as follows:

Generating a legend for the geology mapGenerating a legend for the geology map

Place a checkmark in the Specify Order boxes for Minerals and Geology to setthe order of legend items for these layers.

If your map window does not display the full extents of a table, and you want alegend created for all items in the table, do not place a checkmark in the box forLegend from objects in map window only.


The font size for the legend text needs to be specified. Click on the Stylesbutton and press the font style button next to Title Line. Choose point size 24.Repeat the process for Sub-Title line and choose point size 18.

Click the Text Line 1 and Text Line 2 font style buttons and choose point size14, click OK. Click the OK button and enter a table name for the legend, say GeologyLegend. Press the Save button.

A legend order window for the minerals layer is then displayed. The mineralsshould be displayed in Alphabetical order (ascending), so click on theappropriate option, and then click OK.

Another legend order window is displayed, this time for geology. Thelithologies should be placed in chronological order. Notice that we aredisplaying the lithologies, rather than the ages. Discover orders legend itemsbased on the first column chosen in the initial setup dialog box. As we want todisplay lithologies followed by age in our geological legend, it is necessary todetermine the relevant order prior to starting the legend process.

Alternatively, you can use the Look-up code from Geology option to allow thelithologies to be ordered according to a numeric attribute in another column.

Re-ordering legend entries for the geology layerRe-ordering legend entries for the geology layer


To place the lithologies in chronological order, order them as shown in thewindow above using the custom setting and the up-down buttons to moveitems accordingly.

When the OK button is pressed, the geological legend is displayed in a newmap. You may wish to verify that the lithologies are in chronological order.

You should minimize the legend window, and make the geological mapwindow active before proceeding to the next step.

Step 6. Generating Scaled Hardcopy Output

You can now generate an A4 landscape layout (or other suitable paper size)with scaled map frame, grid, title block, scale bar and legend.

From the MapInfo menu bar, choose File>Page Setup. Choose either A4 (or Afor legal size in North America) and press the Landscape button. Click OK toaccept the Page Setup parameters. This procedure ensures that the MapInfolayout window is set to the size and orientation required.Choose Discover>Scaled Output. Under Map Scale choose Custom Scale (atthe bottom of the scale list), and type 15,000 in the box that becomes enabled.Under frame setup, choose New from the list of Frame Settings.

In the frame settings configuration dialog box that appears, choose A4 and clickthe Landscape button. Notice that the map frame position measurementschange to reflect the area that the map covers on your selected sheet of paper.

Note The non-printing margins may have to be adjusted depending on the printerdriver in use.

You can determine if adjustment is required by completing the scaled outputexercise and observing the resulting layout window. If some portions of the mapare in the light grey area (non-printing margins) of the layout, you need toreturn to the configuration menu and adjust the non-printing settings. If youchange a non-printing margin (say right and left edges from 1 cm to 1.5 cmeach), you need to compensate by decreasing the frame width by 1 cm (0.5 cmadded to each edge).

For this exercise, we wish to place a titleblock and legend outside the mapframe. If you chose A4 size paper, then decrease the map frame position widthby 5 cm. Change it to 22.7 cm width. Leave the frame height at 19.2 cm. Ifyou have chosen A size paper, change the frame width to 20.9 cm.


Click the OK button and enter a name to save the setting as, say A4 L Out (orA L Out) indicating A4 / A landscape paper, legend and titleblock outside mapframe.

Back in the main Scaled Output dialog, ensure that the Draw Grid option ischecked, TITLEBLK appears as the titleblock name, and ScaleBar 1 is listedfor the scalebar. Press the OK button.

The map window will zoom in and a transparent polygon, representing the areato be plotted at 1:15,000 scale, will appear in the map window. Left mouse clickinside the frame and drag it to cover the tenement area and geology to the leftside of the tenements.

When you are satisfied with the frame position, select the ScaledOutput>Accept Map Position menu option. The map window resizes to thearea of the transparent map frame. The Discover Map Grid dialog box appears.Click OK to accept the default parameters. A grid is drawn into the mapwindow.

The titleblock dialog box opens next. Enter the following details:

Title Line 1 Tiger Snake MiningTitle Line 2 Geology MapTitle Line 3 Tenement Locations.Author (your name)

The default titleblock position is bottom right inside. From the titleblockposition list, choose Bottom Right Outside.

The default Scalebar position is Show ScaleBar in Titleblock. Other optionsgive you the opportunity to list the layers of the map window in the layout. Thedefault display position is Bottom Right. For the purpose of this tutorial, set thedisplay to No List. Press OK to create the titleblock, and a layout window.

Step 7. Add Scaled Frame to LayoutWe need to add the legend to the layout window. Make the Geology Legendmap window active and select the Discover>Map Making>Add Scaled Frameto Layout menu item. Fill in the dialog box as below.


Adding a scaled frame for the legend into the layoutAdding a scaled frame for the legend into the layout

The legend is added to the layout window. Paper measurements appear alongthe side of the layout window in centimetres. Take a moment to examine thelegend position with reference to the layout measurements and the informationthat was entered in the above dialog box. This should provide a good idea ofhow Add Scaled Frame to Layout works.

For A size paper, enter a value of 21.9 cm for Offset from left. You canalways adjust the position of the frame once it has been added to the layout.

Step 8. Creating a Location Map

The final requirement is to add a location map to the layout window. ChooseFile>Open Table. From the Tutorial Map Making directory, open the tableAustralia in a New Map Window.

We need to draw a red rectangle to represent the location of our map withinAustralia, and we will use the Key-In-Shapes tool. The coordinates for therectangle have been previously determined.

Select Discover>Oject Editing>Key-In-Shapes. Choose to draw onto theCosmetic Layer. Click on Rectangle as object type, click on the polygon iconand choose a Red colour. XY units are in decimal degrees. Press the EnterCoordinates button. Enter XY coordinate pairs as follows:

Corner 1 X = 121.41 Y = -26.81Corner 2 X = 122.98 Y = -25.52


Click OK and then Exit. Choose Map>Save Cosmetic Objects to a new tableLocation Area. Then view the entire layer for Australia.

Step 9. Adding the Location Map to the Layout Window

The Location Map Window should be active. Select Map Making>AddScaled Frame to Layout. Fill in the dialog box with the following parameters:

Scale: 1:100,000,000Frame width: 5 cmFrame height: 4 cmOffset from left: 23.6 cmOffset from top: 0.9 cmMap centre: 133.38º, -27.18º

The location map is added to the layout window. If you are using A size paper,enter a value of 21.9 for Offset from left (x cm).

From the Drawing toolbar, click on the Text Style button, and choose fontsize 8. Then click on the Text icon, position your cursor in the bottom leftcorner of the location map (in the layout window), and type Location Map.

Step 10. Exit Scaled Output and Plot Map

Choose Scaled Output>Exit. A dialog box appears allowing you to save themap grid, titleblock and a workspace. If you want to plot more copies of yourmap later, you should check the three boxes and enter appropriate table namesto save the titleblock and map grid. If you don’t, you may need to go throughthe scaled output process to create the map again.

With the finally scaled map displayed you can the print the map by choosingFile>Print. An example map with titleblock, legend and location map is shownbelow. You can nominate to use the Print to File option if you do not have thecorrect printer connected, or if you need to print multiple copies of this map at alater date.


E98/458

E98/459

E98/460

E98/457

7106000 m N

7105500 m N

7105000 m N

7104500 m N

4200

00 m

E42

0000

m E

4195

00 m

E

4190

00 m

E41

9000

m E

4195

00 m

E

4185

00 m

E41

8500

m E

7106000 m N

7105500 m N

7105000 m N

7104500 m N

4180

00 m

E

4175

00 m

E41

7500

m E

4180

00 m

E

4170

00 m

E

7104000 m N

Tiger Snake MiningGeological Map

Tenement Locations

250

metres

500

Encom Technology

1250

Author:

Office: Melbourne

Drawing:

Date:19/2/1999

Scale: 1:15000 Projection: AMG Zone 51 (AGD 66)

Location Map

Ordovician

Silurian

Metagabbros MetadioritesOrdovician

Felsic Porphyry

Lamprophyres

Cambrian

Gabbros, MicrogabbrosPre-cambrian

Aplites, Diorites, Segmatites

Quartzite

Permian

Carboniferous

Basalts, Dolerites, Andesites

Tiger Claim Group

Geological Legend

Au

Pb

Zn

Fault

Anticline

Syncline

Quaternary

AlluviumQuaternary

Colluvial

Scaled map with Scaled map with titleblock, titleblock, scalebar, legend and location insetscalebar, legend and location inset

Dataset Building Tutorial 19

3 Dataset Building TutorialIn this tutorial you will learn the steps required to develop a polygon spatialdataset, using the example of building a geological map.

Assume that you have been given a map, which is a hand drawn geologicalinterpretation of the study area. The final digital map must show differing linestyles for the linework, and all geological units are to be attributed and colouredappropriately.

In order to build the attributed polygon map from digitized linework, we willperform the following tasks:

• Digitizing

• Cleaning linework

• Smoothing linework

• Building polygons

• Building a colour table

• Colouring the map

• Line annotation

• Labelling.

An Exercise in Building a Geological Map

There are a number of tables associated with this tutorial that are referred tofrequently. The data is located in the Discover_Tutorial\Dataset Buildingdirectory and you are encouraged to view them.

Step 1. Digitizing

When the digitizer has been set up (see the MapInfo Users’ Guide for moreinformation on digitizing in MapInfo), create two tables for the linework.Ensure that there is a character column in each table called Lifestyle and savethis table in the appropriate coordinate system.

The first table holds all the line segments that form the boundaries of thegeological units (for example, lithological boundary, Fault - normal, Fault -thrust, Unconformity etc). The second table holds all the line segments that do


not form a boundary (for example, trend line and faults etc.).

Note We are digitizing linework into two separate tables as this provides greaterflexibility during the rest of the dataset building process.

Decide what is to be digitized first, either a boundary or non-boundary, andmake that table editable. You will find that you swap between entering data inboth tables as the digitizing progresses.

Use the Map Making>Styles Library function when digitizing the linework toapply the appropriate attribute to the linework. This function is applicable forlines, points and polygons.

Select the style you want (see the on-line help to create new styles not listed inthe Styles Library). For example, if you decide to digitize a fault, select Fault –Normal. An example of the line style is shown in the adjacent style button. Youcan click on the line style icon to change the line style. At the bottom of thedialog box, place a checkmark in the box beside Apply style name asattribute. Under tables, select the editable table, and under column chooseLinestyle. Click on Apply.

Digitize the first Fault - Normal. The line has the correct style, colour andweight. Open a browser window of the table and the single record shown hasthe attribute. You may wish to have the browser open to the side of the mapwindow so you can check progress. Return to the style library each time youneed to change styles.

Note Note that when you change to another table, you need to reset the Table andColumn choices in the dialog box.

As you digitize, ensure that you use the Snap function to join the ends of linesat every intersection (keyboard toggle key - S). Whenever two lines intersectyou should begin a new line, though this can be done automatically at a laterstage. You do not have to split lines when digitizing into the second table,because these lines do not form a boundary.

If the boundary line being digitized has a sharp corner, you should break theline at the apex, otherwise when the line is smoothed, the definition of the sharpcorner may be lost.

There are two tables named Bound and Line2 in theDiscover_Tutorial\Dataset Building directory. These tables representexamples of newly digitized data. Open these two tables and with a browser


window open, check the attributes of the various line styles. See how the twotables contain boundaries and non-boundaries respectively.

Newly digitized Newly digitized linework split according to whether it forms a polygon boundarylinework split according to whether it forms a polygon boundary

The boundary table, Bound, is shown with a thin black line, and the Line2 isdisplayed with the thick black line. You can see how one line is split betweentwo tables according to whether it forms a polygon boundary or not.

Step 2. Cleaning Linework

After digitizing is completed, both tables of digitized linework need checking.Ensure that where one line is split between two tables, the end nodes aresnapped to the continuation lines in the other table. You may also want tomanually smooth some lines that need a little adjustment (select the editableline- Edit>Reshape and modify accordingly), and look for line segments thatare not snapped.

The Line2 table needs checking as outlined above. The Bound table needsfurther work to make sure that it is clean for polygonizing.

Select the Object Editing>Auto Polygonize menu item, and the Polygonizemenu appears on the MapInfo menu bar. Choose the Clean Linework menuoption from the Polygonize menu. You need to nominate a new table in whichto save the cleaned linework. Check the Show Misclosures box and leave theMisclosure Tolerance value at 1. When this linework cleaning is complete, thescreen shows your original table and a series of stars in a table called MisClose,which indicates the line intersections that need to be checked.

If you display both the original linework and the new table (using styleoverrides of different colours for each) you can see which lines need furtherchecking.


Misclosures identified by the Misclosures identified by the PolygonizerPolygonizer

This example is exaggerated. However, it does illustrate two common problemsthat need to be corrected for polygonizing to be successful.

1. Over shoot – Line continues beyond the point at which it should terminate

2. Under shoot – Lines do not continue far enough.

The stars in the map above are from the table MisClose, which was created bythe Polygonize function, Clean Linework.

Step 3. Smoothing Linework

After digitized linework has been cleaned, you may want to smooth some or allof the lines. Smoothing does not affect the location of the lines, but cansubstantially improve the linework appearance by interpolating betweenoriginal node locations. As noted above, do not smooth lines that have sharpcorners.

When smoothing, you can either smooth directly over the original lines or savesmoothed lines to a new table. We recommend that you choose the latter optionso that you can always revert to unsmoothed linework.Ensure your table of linework is open and select the lines you wish to smooth.Now choose Object Editing>Polyline Smoother and select the Savesmoothed lines to new table option.

When smoothing is complete, display both tables (the original and thesmoothed) with different coloured style overrides. Check over the linework,looking for areas where the smoother has been too aggressive, or has adverselychanged the line appearance. Edit the original linework, adding or deletingnodes in order to give the smoothing function a better line to follow. Close thesmoothed table and repeat the procedure, on the original table, until thesmoother has given the required result


.Newly digitized data – Bound.Newly digitized data – Bound Same area smoother – Same area smoother – BoundsmBoundsm

Open Boundsm from the Tutorial folder. Display with the unsmoothed Boundand compare. There are a series of magenta lines in the Boundsm that close offthe linework for polygonizing, and are added after smoothing. When you addthese lines make sure they are snapped at the ends.

Step 4. Building Polygons

Select all of the lines in the smoothed table of boundary linework, return to thePolygonize menu options and select Build Polygons. Check the Cut outinlying polygons box, save to a new table and click OK.

When the polygonizer has finished, add the polygon table to the map windowand assign a coloured fill style override. You may need to do some editing inthe areas where polygons have not been formed. Check that the linework issnapped and clean. Use auto-trace (see the MapInfo Users’ Guide) with thepolygon tool. Alternatively, copy specific line segments to a new table, createthe polygon there and copy the changes back into the original polygon table.

Open a browser of the polygon table. The newly formed polygons have theattributes of the original lines. Clear the attributes by updating the column.From the MapInfo menu bar, choose Table>Update Column and enter thefollowing parameters:

Table to Update polygonColumn to Update LineStyleGet Value from Table polygonValue “” (ie. an empty text string)


Although the linestyle field will ultimately be filled with the MapCode for eachpolygon, clearing this column first means that a simple query can be used toascertain if any polygons have been missed when colouring the map.

Choose Table>Maintenance>Table Structure and rename the first column inthe polygon table from Linestyle to MapCode.

Step 5. Building a Colour Table

Before colouring the geological units (the polygons), a colour table must becreated. This table will hold the geological codes for each polygon, the colourdefinition for each unit and a description, if required.

As this is a completely new dataset, you need a new colour table. Collate a listof as many geological codes as you can from the original map. Have some ideaof what colour scheme you wish to use for these codes and spend some timemaking sure that your list is complete.

Choose the Colour Maps option from the Discover menu and select the CreateEmpty Colour Table option from the Choose Action dialog. Save a new colourtable called Finalcol, and an empty browser is opened.

From the MapInfo menu bar, select Edit>New Row. This adds a blank row tothe browser. By holding down the Ctrl key and hitting the ‘E’ key, you canrapidly add the required number of rows. When this is done, choose File>SaveTable. In the browser, work your way down the MapCode column, entering thegeological unit codes as you go. If required, add in the description informationfor each code at the same time.

Go back to the ColourMap menu item and choose Action. This time withSelect Colour Table checked, choose the new colour table and the first columnin this table, MapCode. Click OK.

Return to the ColourMap menu, and select the Edit Colour Table menu item.This dialog box allows you to highlight each geological code in turn and definethe colour fill and linestyle. Select the code from the list and the region and lineboxes appear. These are shown in black because they are the “null” colours.

Choose the colour for this polygon code, and make sure that the Accept buttonis clicked before you go to the next code, otherwise your region and linepatterns are not stored. As you choose patterns, the browser table will beautomatically updated with the pattern descriptions in the appropriate columns.Click OK, and your colour table is ready for use.


The example in the Tutorial Dataset Building directory is called Finalcol,displayed below without the description fields.

Colour table browserColour table browser

You can go back and edit the colour table at any time. If you have a polygoncode that is not in the table, you can add a new line to the browser, add in thecode, and then edit the colour table as before to give the polygon code a regionstyle. If you change the colour of a unit, during or after the map colouring, youneed to re-colour the map, or select the edited unit and update the region colourstyle of the selected objects.

Step 6. Attributing and Colouring the map

To attribute and colour the polygon map with the new colour table (which isspecific to this dataset), open a map window for the geological map and makethe polygon layer editable. Using the select tools, select one or more polygonsthat has the same geological code (you need to ascertain this from the originaldrawn map).

With the polygon(s) selected you can then apply the appropriate colour andattribute using the Styles Library function in Discover. From the Map Styledialog, choose the Use Styles from Discover Colour Table option. Select thenew colour table, choose the column named MapCode, and click OK.

In Object Attributes (at the bottom of the Map Styles dialog), check the Applystyle name as attribute for new or selected objects option. Specify yourpolygon table and the column into which the geological code is placed(MapCode). Select the style to apply to the selected polygons and click onApply.


Attributing and Attributing and colouring the polygon colouring the polygon dataset with Map Stylesdataset with Map Styles

The selected polygon(s) are coloured. If you open the polygon table browser thecode column will contain the updated geological code for the selected objectsand the message window indicates the current style.

Continue the process until all polygons have been coloured, using the StylesLibrary button on the tool bar to speed up the process. To check for polygonswhich have not yet been coded and coloured, use Discover’s Select by Groupand choose records where the MapCode = “”. You should also use the StylesLibrary to apply styles and attributes to linework such as faults and fold axes.

Step 7. Line Annotation

For linework that requires annotating, such as fault, unconformity and fold axes,Discover has a function that adds the annotations to the line table, or to aspecific annotation table. Colour, size and frequency of the line annotation canbe specified.

Select the lines that you want to give the same annotations (that is, lines that areof the same type and where the annotations are facing in the same direction).You can select the lines easily using Discover

Select by Graphical Styles or Select by Group functions.From the Map Making>Line Annotation dialog box specify the frequency ofthe annotation symbol; line annotation type - character or non-character;annotation style - size, colour, direction etc. Use a map scale of 1:5,000,000, anannotation interval of 50 km and annotation size of 5.


You should use the cosmetic layer as you can easily redo the annotation for adifferent spacing or size. When the annotation is completed, save the cosmeticobjects to the annotation table. The table Finalann contains the annotations forour example dataset.

Fault annotation added to a lineFault annotation added to a line

Step 8. LabellingTo label the geological units, choose the Map Making>Text Labels menuoption. Select the polygon table of geological units, and choose the MapCodecolumn. In Label Style set the scale for the text (use 1:5,000,000), the text sizeand font, and any offset or label line requirements (not required for thisexercise). The text labels appears at the specified size only at the map scale thatyou nominate. As the map is zoomed out, labels appear smaller, and vice versa.

Modifying the automatic placement of labels.Modifying the automatic placement of labels.

The labels are placed on the Cosmetic Layer and should be saved to a newtable.


Step 9. Workspace

Open the workspace TUTORIAL.WOR. This opens the final tables createdfrom the original tables, Bound and Line2, together with the annotation tables.From Layer Control, note the order in which the layers are displayed. Thepolygon layer is at the base, with the linework above, and the text andannotations on top.

Surfaces Tutorial 29

4 Create and Analyse Surfaces TutorialThis tutorial shows how gridded surfaces and contour plans can be created andused in Discover. A topographic dataset containing spot heights is used.

An Exercise in Surface Modelling and Analysis

Elevation data, stored as a series of spot height points, is located in theDiscover_Tutorial \Surfaces directory in the table called Spot Heights. Theobjectives of this tutorial are to interpolate a surface grid and generate a contourplan from this data, create a profile, determine grid slope and aspect, performsun-shading, and clip the grid to a region.

Step 1. Generate a Grid and Contour plan for Elevation data

Open the table Spot Heights. Choose Map>View Entire Layer, then select allpoints. From the Discover menu, choose Create and Analyse Surfaces, and theSurfaces menu is added to the MapInfo menu bar.

Choose Surfaces>Grid and Contour>Triangulation. Choose elevation as theZ parameter to grid.

Click the Make Grid button and enter a grid cell size (X and Y should be thesame) of 150 m. For grid output, choose Save Grid as Raster BIL. Enter atable name such as Topo Grid. Click Save and OK.

Next, click the Make Contours button. A minor contour interval of 100 andmajor contour interval of 500 should be chosen. Save the Output ContourTable to a table name Contours. Press Save and OK.

All parameters have now been set up. If you wish to save them for future use,click the Save Setting button and enter a setting name, such as Demo1. ClickOK.

Click OK to start the triangulation. When complete, an elevation grid(commonly referred to as a DEM – Digital Elevation Model) and contours areadded to the map window. To make visualisation easier, you may want tochoose Query>Unselect All to remove the point selection.

Complete the exercise by closing all tables except for the one named Topo Grid.


Step 2. Create a Profile

Open the Topo Polys table. This table contains coloured polygons representingelevation ranges. However, a polygon table containing geology could also beused. When a profile is created, the surface line is coloured according to thepolygons intersected in the Topo Polys table.

Make the Cosmetic Layer editable, and with the Line tool, draw a line acrossthe centre of the image, from left to right. Then select the line.

Choose the Surfaces>Make Profile button, and enter information as below.

Specifying parameters for profile generationSpecifying parameters for profile generation

A map window opens containing the profile. You may wish to repeat theexercise and check the differences if Auto-scaling of z-axis is enabled, orSmoothed Profile is chosen. If you want to save your profile, you should clickon the Save As button and choose an appropriate table name. Otherwise, thetemporary table Profile is always overwritten.

It is not necessary to enter polygon drape parameters. If left blank, a solid blackline is drawn which represents the surface profile. However, the polygon drapeoption is useful for examining geology, tenements or vegetation crossed by theprofile.

Complete the exercise by closing all tables.

Step 3. Grid Queries

The surfaces module contains a powerful grid analysis tool that lets you selectportions of the grid that meets specific criteria for elevation, slope and aspect.Grid cells that meet the specified criteria are saved as polygons in a new layer.


Open the table Topo Grid. Select Surfaces>Grid Query>Select by Elevation,Slope, Aspect. In the dialog box, enter values as shown below. Choose a red fillfor the region style.

Grid query parameters for identifying areas by elevation, aspect and slopeGrid query parameters for identifying areas by elevation, aspect and slope

This query returns polygons for all grid cells that are between 500 and 800metres elevation, on a slope between 5 and 10 degrees, and whose aspect is tothe south. You may wish to verify the results by opening the Contours tableand adding it to the map window containing the Gridquery layer.

Experiment with other query parameters.

Note The previous query is overwritten unless you choose a new name for the outputtable under Save Polygons to Table.

Close all tables except for Topo Grid before proceeding to the next exercise.

Step 4. Creating a Slope or Aspect Grid

You can easily create a new grid containing slope or aspect values derived froman elevation grid using Discover.

Choose Surfaces>Grid Arithmetic>Horizontal Grid Arithmetic. In thedialog box, enter Topo Grid as the name of the grid table, choose Slope as theoperation, and choose Percent of Slope. Click on the Save As button, and enterthe table name Slope Percent. Click OK to start processing.


A new map window opens containing a raster image showing the percent ofslope.The grid can be queried using GridInfo tool. Click on the GridInfo button, andthen click on an area of the raster image that you wish to query.

Discover reports the value for the central grid cell selected, as well as thesurrounding eight grid cells. Repeat the exercise choosing Slope as theoperation, and choose Degrees of Slope. Now repeat the process using Aspect,and create a grid illustrating the aspect of the DEM.

Step 5. Altering Grid Colours and Applying Sun Shading

Display the file Topo Grid in a new map window. It is currently displayedusing the rainbow colour scheme. The grid colour should be changed to anelevation colour scheme with real-time sun-shading applied.

To alter the grid colour, choose Surfaces>Modify Grid Display>Alter GridColours. Choose Elevation from the colour scheme list and full linear stretch.The grid is now displayed with colours ranging from blue (lowest) throughbrown to white (highest).

In this same dialog you have the option of applying various forms of gridcolouring, such as histogram equalisation, autoclip linear stretch, colour topercentile breaks and colour to data breaks. These are more appropriate whenvisualizing geochemical and geophysical grids.

Choose Surfaces>Modify Grid Display>Sun-shading. Check the turn Sun-shading On option. Set the sun angle to NW with an elevation of 50º.Experiment with other colour schemes, sun angles and elevations. You need toset the sun-shading separately for each grid.

Complete the exercise by closing all tables, except Topo Grid.

Step 6. Clipping a Grid

Often you may need to clip a portion of a grid to a polygon boundary. Forexample, you wish to have a geophysical grid clipped to a tenement boundary.

Open the table Ten Poly containing a polygon mask representing a tenementboundary. Add it to the map window containing Topo Grid. Select the TenPoly polygon.


Choose Surfaces>Clip Grid to Region. Accept the default parameters, namethe output grid Surface Grid, and click OK. The resulting grid appears. Allsteps covered previously may be applied to this new grid.


Step 7. Volume Calculations

Assume you wish to determine the total volume of regolith in your tenementarea. To do this, subtract the surface elevation grid from the regolith elevationgrid and calculate the volume contained in the resulting regolith thickness grid.

The table Spot Heights contains columns for surface elevation and the regolithRL (Relative Level or elevation) value. We need to create two grids based onthese surfaces, subtract the surface from the regolith surface (to get regoliththickness), and calculate a volume on the resulting area.

Repeat Step 1 to create two grids, one grid based on the surface RL and one gridbased on the Regolith RL column. Choose Inverse Distance Weighting using 6nearest neighbours. Name the output grids Surface Grid and Regolith Gridrespectively.

Then execute Step 6 to clip the grids to the Stripping Poly boundary (in theDiscover_Tutorial\Surfaces directory). Call the output tables Surface RLGrid and Regolith RL Grid.

Subtract the two grids (Surface RL Grid as Input #1 and Regolith RL Grid asInput #2) using Surfaces>Grid Arithmetic>Merge Grids.

Subtracting 2 elevation grids to generate a thickness gridSubtracting 2 elevation grids to generate a thickness grid

The resulting grid contains the regolith thickness.


To calculate the volume of regolith, choose Surfaces>GridArithmetic>Calculate Volume for a Level. Choose>0 for the level tocalculate the volume to. The resulting answer is displayed in a MapInfomessage box. The value is based on the grid Z scale as well as the map units, inthis case, metres, thus the answer is in cubic metres.


Step 8. Points to Regions (Voronoi Polygons)

A set of Voronoi polygons can be created from point data and then mappedthematically.

Open the table Spot Heights and choose Map>View Entire Layer. Select allpoints in the table with Query>Select All from Spot Heights.

From the Surfaces menu, choose Surfaces>Points to Regions. In the dialogbox that appears, specify an output table (call it Voronoi). Choose the defaultoption of Clip Polygons to Convex Hull. Click OK.

A new layer containing the polygons will be created. Each polygon has anelevation associated with it. Producing a thematic map allows you to visualizethe results.

Choose Map>Create Thematic Map. For users of MapInfo Professionalversion 4.5 and later, choose Region Ranges Default. Otherwise, select aRange option. Click Next and ensure that the table Voronoi and the columnElevation are selected. Click Next.

The resulting default ranges are not what we require, so press the Rangesbutton and choose Custom as the method. Choose five ranges and break themdown as shown. After entering the ranges, press the Recalc button prior toclicking OK.


Creating thematic map ranges for Voronoi Polygon elevations

Click on the styles button and choose a colour for each of the five ranges. Asuggestion is (from low to high values): blue, dark green, light green, yellowand red. Click OK twice. You may wish to overlay the Contours table toobserve the relationship between these two derived datasets.

Complete the tutorial by closing all tables and choosing Exit Surfaces from theSurfaces menu.


3D Display Tutorial 37

5 3D Display of Grid Data TutorialThe objective of this tutorial is to show you how to produce a 3D display ofGrid Image data using Discover and MapInfo. You will also register a GeoTiffraster image for use in 3D display.

In the previous tutorial you created a surface from point data using triangulationgridding. Such surfaces (or imported grids) could be used in this tutorial wherewe investigate 3 dimensional displays with overlays from other surfaces anddata.

An Exercise in Grid Display and 3D Map Creation

The data for this tutorial is located in the Discover_Tutorial\3D directory.

Step 1. Setup Grid Configuration

Choose the Discover>Grid Configuration menu item and make sure the UseMapInfo Grid handlers (when possible) option is set enabled. This optionensures that the internal operations of surfaces uses the Grid Handlers suppliedby Discover plus enables the use of grid handling for use in 3D. Note that thegrid format selection is not relevant at this stage since it applies only to definingoutput formats. See the Discover Reference Manual for more information onGrid Image Formats.

Grid Format configuration enabling the Grid Handlers.Grid Format configuration enabling the Grid Handlers.


Step 2. Register a Grid

From the Discover menu, choose Create and Analyse Surfaces. The Surfacesmenu is added to the MapInfo toolbar. Select Surfaces>Register GridFile>ER Mapper Grid. Select and open the grid file DTM.ERS. The ERMapper Grid Registration dialog is populated with the registration informationcontained in the header file of the grid.

Registering the ER Registering the ER Mapper grid and with its appropriate projection category.Mapper grid and with its appropriate projection category.

Click the CoordSys button and select the Projection Category (Australian MapGrid AGD66) and Category Member (AMG Zone 52 (AGD66)). Click OK toassign the correct MapInfo projection to the grid image table and display thesurface in a Map Window. This processing also creates a .TAB file with thenecessary surface registration information for the image data imported in the ERMapper image file.

Step 3. Alter Grid Colours and Modify the Grid Histogram

The ER Mapper DTM.ERS grid is initially displayed in the Map Window usinga greyscale colour scheme. To alter the colour or histogram stretch of thesurface display, choose Surfaces>Modify Grid Display>Alter grid colours.Choose newgrey from the colour pattern list and set Autoclip linear stretch to99% of the data range.


Grid Display Grid Display Colouring dialog to control the image appearance.Colouring dialog to control the image appearance.

In this dialog you have other options of applying various forms of gridcolouring. Options include histogram equalisation, full linear stretch, colourpercentile breaks and colour to data breaks. The most appropriate for displayingdigital terrain data is using a linear stretch. Click OK after setting the Autoclipoption. The grid is now displayed with grey colouring (the newgrey look-uptable) ranging from dark grey (lowest) through to white (highest).

As a variation of the displayed surface you could also choose theSurfaces>Modify Grid Display>Sun-shading. Enable the Sun-shading onoption and leave the sunangle position as default.

Sun-shading dialog to modify the Sun-shading dialog to modify the appaerance of the grid surface.appaerance of the grid surface.

Note that the digital terrain surface indicates some areas of elevated topographysurrounded by a relatively flat plain with occasional east-west sand dune ‘lines’.


Step 3. Drape Vector Data over Raster Data in 3D

Open the table Geology and select Current Mapper as the preferred view. TheGeology table contains polygons of the various geological units within this area.Also open the table Faults into the Current Mapper in the same manner.

Note that the layering order (as indicated inthe Enhanced Layer Control is Faults,Geology and DTM. This order (as for anyMap Window), ensures that the faults andgeology drape over the DTM surface. If oneof the vector layers (Faults or Geology) weredisplayed below the DTM, it would not bevisible.

From the MapInfo menu, select Map>Create 3DMap. Alter the appearance ofthe 3D map by selecting Units as meters and change the Scale to 0.5. The Scalefactor determines the extent of vertical exaggeration of the resulting 3D display.Leave the Camera and Light Position as default and click OK.

Dialog to create and control the appearance of 3D displays.Dialog to create and control the appearance of 3D displays.

Once the 3D Map has been generated you can easily alter the properties of the3D display. Click the right mouse button in the 3D Map window and selectProperties.


Figure showing the resulting 3D ImageFigure showing the resulting 3D Image

To learn about navigation of the 3D display, try pressing and holding the leftmouse button while moving the cursor in the display window. Also select theZoom in, out and Pan MapInfo buttons and similarly use the cursor to alter theview position.

GeoTiff Registration and 3D Map Display

The DTM surface used in the example above is derived from an ER Mappergrid file. In the following section, a registered TIFF file (a GeoTiff) is used asinput. GeoTiff images can be created in software packages such as ER Mapperor supplied from remote sensing vendors.

Step 4. Register a Raster Image

Select Tool Manager from the MapInfo Tools menu. Place a tick beside theGeoTiff Registration in the column labelled Loaded. This allows you toaccess the GeoTiff Registration processing.

Note If the GeoTiff Registration option is not available in the Tools>Tool Manager,it needs to be added. Select the Add Tool button and provide a Title andDescription of the application. From the Location browse button, navigate tothe MapInfo Tools directory and select the GEOREG.MBX application. Byspecifying this .MBX file and clicking OK, the tool is then available for loadingby the Tool Manager.


Adding the GEOREG.MBX application to the MapInfo Tools list.Adding the GEOREG.MBX application to the MapInfo Tools list.

When available, select Tools>Georeg>Register a raster image and choose andopen the RADIOMETRICS.TIF in the Discover_Tutorial\3D directory. A mapwindow displaying the registered tiff is displayed.

Registered image of the Registered image of the Radimetrics.tifRadimetrics.tif GeoTiffGeoTiff file. file.

Step 5. Create 3D Display

Open the DTM table into the Current Mapper displaying the radiometrics. Alterthe display order moving the Radiometrics table above the DTM table using thedrag and drop method of the Enhanced Layer Control (not in Grouped view).


Enhanced Layer Control with order of layers Enhanced Layer Control with order of layers repared for 3D display of DTM and repared for 3D display of DTM and Radiometrics layers.Radiometrics layers.

From the MapInfo menu, select Map>Create 3DMap. Alter the appearance ofthe 3Dmap. Select Units as meters and change the Scale to 0.5. Leave theCamera and Light Position as default and click OK.

Figure showing the resulting 3D imageFigure showing the resulting 3D image

The resulting image has the radiometrics tiff geo-referenced and draped over theunderlying DTM surface. As previously, you can manipulate the view of the 3Ddisplay as desired.

Also included in the Discover_Tutorial/3D directory are a Total MagneticIntensity ER Mapper grid (TMI.ERS) and a GeoTiff file (TMIRAS.TIF). You maywish to experiment further with these files in a similar way to the DTM andradiometrics surfaces.

Complete the tutorial by closing all tables and choosing Exit Surfaces from theSurfaces menu.



6 Drillhole Display TutorialThis tutorial shows you how to produce drillhole cross-sections and plans usingDiscover. You will look at the data format required, learn the procedures forcreating sections and learn how to produce a section layout. For moreinformation on the Drillhole Display module in Discover, refer to the DiscoverReference Manual.

In order to display the drillhole data you will follow these steps:

• Prepare downhole data

• Validate the downhole data

• Map the collar locations

• Generate an elevation plan for the collar map

• Create cross-sections

• Create colour patterns for the downhole data

• Display downhole data on the sections

• View individual drillholes in log style display

• Digitize sectional interpretation

• Calculate sectional resource

• Composite downhole data

• Add a section to the layout window and print.

An Exercise in Drillhole Display

The objective of this tutorial is to produce a series of east-west sections and aplan section for inclusion in an assessment report. The dataset is a diamonddrilling program conducted on a gold prospect, consisting of 11 holes totalling1585 m.

Data Sources

Drill data (collar, survey, lithology and sample data) have been entered in thefield into an Access database. Assay data have been returned from thelaboratory in Excel format. Surface geology has been previously digitized and is


in MapInfo format.

Note This tutorial uses an Access database, that can only be used with MapInfoProfessional version 4.1 or later.

These files are located in the Discover_Tutorial\Drillholes directory. The filesare named DRILL.MDB, ASSAYS.XLS, and SURFACE_GEOLOGY.TAB.

Preparing Data prior to Viewing Drillholes• The Excel format assay data need to be merged with the assay intervals in

the Access database

• Other Access tables need to be registered in MapInfo

• Objects need to be created for the collar locations

• A DEM needs to be generated from the collar elevations.

Step 1. Merging of Sample Data and Assay Data

Start by opening the Excel spreadsheet for assay data in MapInfo.

Open the file of assay data by choosing File>Open Table and changing Files oftype to Microsoft Excel. Highlight ASSAYS.XLS and press Open. UnderNamed Range, use the drop down menu to select Other. Change the start cellrow number from A1 to A2 to account for column titles in Row 1. The windowshould now display Assays!A2:D318. Click OK. Put a checkmark in the boxstating Use Row Above Selected Range for Column Titles. Click OK. Abrowser window opens displaying the columns SampNo, Au, As, Cu containedwithin this database.

Open the Access database containing the sample data as follows:

Open the file of sample data by choosing File>Open Table and changing Filesof type to Microsoft Access Database. Highlight DRILLING.MDB and pressOpen. Highlight the Samples table and press OK. A browser window appearsdisplaying the columns ID, HoleID, From, To and SampNo.

You will need to modify the table structure of the samples database to appendthe assay information. Note that the original Access database is modified toincorporate your changes.


Choose Table>Maintenance>Table Structure>Samples. Add the fields Au,As and Cu, all of type Float. Also, place a checkmark in the Index column forthe field SampNo. Click OK and ignore the warning message that appearsregarding unsupported fields.

Now add the assay values to the samples database. Choose TableUtilities>Multiple Column Update. We wish to Update values in Samplesand Get values from Assays. Complete the join condition where SampNo inthe update table matches SampNo in the join table. Choose three as theNumber of columns to update. Click OK. In the next dialog box that appears,ensure that the Au, As and Cu columns match up accordingly in both tables.Press the OK button. The assay information is added to the samples table. Tomake the changes permanent, save the table from the file menu.

The Assays spreadsheet table can be closed.

Step 2. Opening the Remaining Access Tables in MapInfo

Open the collar, survey and lithology tables in MapInfo.

As before, choose File>Open Table and change Files of type to MicrosoftAccess Database. Highlight Drilling.mdb and click Open. Highlight the Collars,Lithology, and Survey table. Click OK.

Step 3. Create Objects for the Collars

From the MapInfo menu bar, choose Table>Create Points. In the dialog boxthat appears, we want to Create points for table Collars. Click on the symbolicon, and choose a Red Filled Circle, 8 point font size and OK. Enter Eastingfor the x-coordinate and Northing for the Y-coordinate.

Press the Projection button to choose the appropriate AMG Zone. UnderCategory, choose Australian Map Grid (AGD 66). Under Categorymembers choose AMG Zone 51(AGD 66) and click OK. Click OK in theCreate Points window. The collars can now be viewed by choosingWindow>New Map Window.

Note that if you don’t click on the Projection button MapInfo uses the defaultlongitude/latitude coordinate system. When viewed in a map window, the pointswould be stacked upon each other at the north pole (360º, 90º). If this happens,go back to Table>Maintenance>Table Structure and remove the check in thebox Table is Mappable. Then repeat the procedure outlined above.


Step 4. Generation of Contours from the Collar Elevations

You can optionally use a topographic surface with cross sections. If atopographic surface is not used, then the surface topography is inferred byjoining together adjacent collars.

If topographic data is not available, or as in this exercise, collars are closelyspaced, the digital elevation model and associated contours can be generatedusing Discover.

Choose Query>Select All from Collars. Next, choose Discover>Create andAnalyse Surfaces. From the Surfaces menu that is added to the menu bar,choose Grid and Contour and Inverse Distance Weighting.

Choose RL for the Z parameter.

Press the Make Grid button and ensure the grid x, y cell size values are 5 m.Place a checkmark in the Save grid as MapInfo polygons box and enter thetable name Surface_grid (save in the Discover_Tutorial\Drillholes directory).Press OK and then press the Make Contours button.

We want to create Regular Contour Intervals, with 1 as the minor interval and5 as the major interval. Place a checkmark in the box Specifyminimum/maximum interval to contour between. Enter 80 as the minimum,and 90 as the maximum. Click the Output Contour Table button and enterSurface_contours (save in the Discover_Tutorial Drillholes directory). Thenclick Save, then OK twice, after which contours are drawn on the map window.

Close all tables before proceeding.

Creating Sections

Step 1. Setup Discover to Create Sections

Select Discover>DrillHole Display. A menu item named Drillholes is added tothe MapInfo menu bar, to the right of the Discover menu item.

Choose Drillholes>Setup. Click the New button and enter a name for the drillproject. For the tutorial, enter Drill Demo and click OK. Select the directorythat contains the data (Discover_Tutorial\Drillholes,) and then enter theappropriate information in the Project Definition dialog as shown below. Youcan open the tables directly from this dialog if necessary.


Defining a Defining a Drillhole project by selecting the data tables to useDrillhole project by selecting the data tables to use

When the OK button is clicked, the Assign Spatial Columns dialog appears.Ensure that the columns match the entries required. If not, use the drop downlists to match the appropriate columns. The sample dataset does not have anegative sign in front of collar dips. Therefore, leave the Down Dip is negativeoption unchecked. Depth units are metres.

Click OK followed by OK again on the Choose Project window to completethe setup procedure.

Step 2. Validating your Database

Select Drillholes>Validate Database. In the dialog box that appears, choosethe option Validate all Drillholes. Click OK.

The data validation dialog allows you to specify the table to check and whatcriteria to check for. Choose the table Samples. Place checkmarks beside alloptions that have become enabled. In the Duplicate sample numbers incolumn selection, specify the column SampNo.

Choose Output validation details to log file. Enter the file nameRESULTS.TXT. Click the Save button, followed by the OK button. Thevalidation results are also displayed in the message window.


Open RESULTS.TXT in Wordpad. The results show that there are no problemswith the data. If there were, problems would be listed, and it would be necessaryto return to the original Access database to make corrections.

Step 3. Select the Collars to Include in the Section

You can select drill collars to use for a cross-section by three different methods:

1. You type in values for the easting, northing, line orientation and line length

2. You select the collars using the SHIFT key and left mouse button

3. You draw a line, select the line and specify an envelope width.

You need to use the third method. Make the cosmetic layer editable, then selectthe line tool from the drawing toolbar and draw a horizontal line (left to right)through the bottom four collars. Your line should be drawn slightly north of thecollars, so that all contour lines are intersected (make sure theSurface_contours table is open). If contour lines are not intersected, yourprofile consists only of straight lines (representing topography) between collars.

Select the line you have just drawn. Choose Drillholes>Select New Section. Inthe Hole Selection by control group, check the Use Selected Line option.

Specify an envelope width of 10 m. To produce a number of east-west sections,click on the Multiple Sections button and check the Generate MultipleSections options. Choose 3 sections, with an offset to zero degrees of 20 m andclick OK.

Click on the Annotate button. Check the surface line display is turned on, andthat the hole label size is set to 6 for a scale of 1:1,000. Note that in order toassist with file management you can save the sections to named sub-directoriesunder the main project directory to assist with file management.

Click on the Plot Now button to create the three sections, offset to the north in20 metre increments.

Step 4. Editing Display Colour Patterns for Sections

Prior to displaying downhole data on the section, you need to create colourpatterns relevant to the data ranges. For this example we create an individualpattern for lithology and a ranged colour pattern for grade-shading Au textvalues.


Click on Drillholes>Edit Colour Patterns, select New Pattern in the ColourPattern drop down menu and click Edit. .

Enter a Pattern Name of Au_Shading, select Pattern Type as Ranged andnumber of ranges as 4. Click OK. Type in four from and to ranges and aftereach range click on the line symbol icon and select a colour to associate withthe Au range. For example,

Range 1: From 0 To 1, Line colour blueRange 2: From 1 To 3, Line colour greenRange 3: From 3 To 6, Line colour yellowRange 4: From 6 To 100, Line colour red

When plotting downhole Au values in Step 4, simply select Au_Shading toinvoke the colouring scheme.

To create the colour pattern for lithology, proceed as above for a New Pattern,but choose a Pattern Type of Individual, and check the Build colour patternfrom values in a table checkbox. Name this pattern Rock_Colours. Click OK,and choose the Lithology table and the Rock column from which to get thecode list. Choose the codes to include in the colour pattern (maximum of 16)and click OK.

From the Colour Pattern Definition dialog, you then need to assign colours toeach rock code. You can use a % in the code or value name to act as a wildcard. Alternatively, you can use an existing Discover colour table instead ofcreating a new pattern.

Step 5. Annotate the sectionsSelect Drillholes>Display downhole data. A maximum of sixteen downholevariables can be plotted. For this exercise, however, you only display three. Thesections are to be annotated with rock (trace shade centred on the drill trace),gold (Au) values as text to the right and arsenic (As) values as a line graph tothe left of the drill trace.

To specify the Rock display, use the table list (beside the first row) to select thetable Lithology. Then pick the column name Rock from the next list, andchoose Trace Shade from the display type list.

Default parameters appears in a Trace Shade window and to select yourlithology colour look up scheme setup in Step 3, click on the Colour Patterndrop down menu and chose Rock_Colours. Leave other settings so that the trace


shade is 1 mm wide at a scale of 1:1000 with an offset of 0 mm so that it iscentred on the drill trace. Then click OK.

To define the Au text labels, nominate Samples, Au and Text in the second rowof the dialog box. From the Text Labels dialog, select the Au_Shading colourpattern setup in Step 4, and place a checkmark in the Auto scale labels to fitintervals box. Leave the positioning set to display to the right of the drill trace.

Repeat the process for the third row, with Samples, As, and Linegraph. Note theAs values range between 20 and 3900 ppm. Given the wide data range, youneed to set an appropriate scale. Set the range to 0.02 for map scale of 1:1000.If you use a higher value, a warning message suggests that you choose a smallervalue. Set the line to a red colour, by clicking on the line style button and selectred. Position the linegraph on the left side of the drill trace with an offset of1 mm and click OK.

Part of the Part of the downholedownhole data display definition dialog showing the current display scheme data display definition dialog showing the current display scheme

Save this current data display setting, by clicking the Save button at the top ofthe dialog. Save to a setting called Drill Demo. This setting can then be used infuture to ensure that sections are viewed with a consistent data display.

Check the Display Annotation - Data Legend option so that the ranged and individual colour patterns are displayed as a key.

Press Apply and select the three sections that have been created in the Apply toSections box. Click OK. The selected downhole data is drawn on the threesections.

Step 6 (optional). Using Previously Created Sections

The sections that we have just created have been saved with the drillholeSection Manager. The section manager allows us to recall previously created


sections and open them from a list. If you did not previously set the sections tobe stored with the section manager, you can do this now.

Select the Setup menu option, choose the Demo Drill project and click theSection Manager button. Click the Add button, select a section to add andpress OK. Repeat the process to Add the remaining two sections.

Press the Done button to finish.

Step 7. Producing a Log DisplayLog displays can be used to display multiple columns of information forindividual drillholes in an easy to view display. Up to 24 different columns ofinformation can be displayed for a drillhole in a log.

To produce a log display, return to the drillhole location map window (withgeology, contours and collars) and select one drillhole. Then choose theDrillholes>Log Display menu item.

The Global Settings button allows modification of a number of defaults,including global dimensions, display styles and data handling. Many of thesesettings can also be changed for individual columns.

From the Drillhole log display window, choose the Lithology table from the listof tables at the top left. Now chose the Rock column from the AvailableColumns window, and click the >> button. Then click on the Settings button tochoose the log display settings for this column.

Select the Trace Shade log type, with the Rock_Colours pattern, and click OKtwice.

Then choose the Samples table and Au, As and Cu columns. Click on thesettings button and choose Linegraph for the log type and the Fill from TraceShade option to fill the linegraphs with the lithology log defined above. Leavethe other settings and click OK twice.

The four columns chosen for the log are now listed in the main dialog. You canalter the settings individually for these columns by clicking on the settingsbutton. You can save this log display setting so that it can be used again later.

Click OK and Discover creates the drillhole log for each of the columns. If youselected more than multiple drillholes, then a log for each drillhole would becreated in a separate table.


Step 8. On-screen Interpretation

Geological interpretations of mineralization or lithological boundaries can bedigitized on screen from the sections that have been generated. Select one of thesections created above and click Drillholes>Boundary Digitizing>DigitizeBoundaries. Discover automatically creates a new table to hold the digitizedinformation. The table is called <section_name>_B and is automatically addedto the section window and made editable.

Any type of object may be digitized. For this exercise, digitize high-grade Auore pods. From the Region Style button on the drawing toolbar, choose anappropriate colour. Then with the Polygon button selected, proceed to digitizethe interpreted ore zones.

After each ore polygon has been closed, you need to add the attribute data in thebrowser window in the column Feature_Code. Additional fields may be addedto this table if required.

Continue the on-screen interpretation for medium and low grade mineralization.Remember to File>Save Table on a regular basis.

Once boundaries have been digitized, they may be exported as 3D DXFcoordinates for use in another software package. Choose Drillholes>BoundaryDigitising>Export Boundaries.

Step 9. Generating Sectional Resources

The resource calculator uses an inverse distance weighting interpolator togenerate a sectional resource for any numerical downhole data.

To create a sectional resource, you need to use one of the sections generatedabove and into which you have digitized some mineralization boundaries. Clickon Drillholes>Sectional Resource Calculator. Choose one of the availablesections and click OK. From the Select a Table list, click on samples. Click onAu in the From Column box and choose the option to use digitized boundaries.Enter volume/mass parameters and then click OK.

Now select OK from the Gridding Section window to accept the grid defaults.The sectional resource will be processed and displayed.


Step 10. Downhole Compositing of Attribute Data

The Discover data compositing feature allows the compositing of downholeattribute data by attribute, cut-off grade, elevation or downhole depth.

You can composite by downhole depth by selecting Drillholes>DownholeCompositing>By Downhole Depth. Select holes DDH5 and DDH6. Click OKtwice. In the dialog box that appears, select a 10 m composite interval andhighlight the table Samples. Click the OK button to start processing.

When processing is complete, you can observe the results by opening a newbrowser window for Samplescomp. This composite data can now be displayedin section just like any other downhole data table, as it is automatically added tothe project.

You may also wish to experiment with other methods of compositing.

Step 11. Display a Section GridTo add a map grid to the section, make a section window the front map window.The grid is drawn to fill the current map window view.

Choose Drillholes>Draw Section Grid. The x and depth spacing can bespecified independently of each other. Choose an X-value of 25 metres andelevation of 20 metres. Use the default parameters of grid lines and labels at leftand top, and ensure a check mark is in the Place labels in mask polygonoutside map frame box. Click OK.

If you are not satisfied with the grid position relative to the section, you canmove the section and repeat the grid process. The previous section grid isoverwritten, unless you change the default table name into which the sectiongrid is created.

Step 12. Printing a Drillhole Section

The following assumes that the section is to be printed to A4 Landscape size(29.7 cm wide by 21 cm high).Choose Drillholes>Add Section to Layout. In the dialog, place a checkmark inAdd Plan of Collars to Layout box, which results in a geological map withcollar positions being drawn above the corresponding section. Enter thefollowing frame parameters.


Scale 1:1000Frame Width (cm) 25Frame Height (cm) 15Frame Top (RL) 110Frame Left 805585

Choose the section N8475240 and click OK. The section grid dialog boxappears again and you should enter suitable parameters as described in step 11,then click OK.

Section 8475240N with data display legend printed from the layout windowSection 8475240N with data display legend printed from the layout window

A layout window containing the section will appear. Discover will have addedinformation about the section to the layout window. If you do not want thisinformation on the layout, select the text and press the Delete key.

Step 13. Printing a Drillhole Plan

Make the collar map window active. Select the collars of interest. Then chooseDrillholes>Select New Section. In the dialog box that appears, chooseHorizontal Plan (in the upper left corner). Type in a plan name and press PlotNow. If you wish to plot the plan, use the Add Scaled Frame to Layout or theScaled Output function.

Alternatively, if you wish to create a level plan within a certain elevation range,click on Use elevation range. Nominate the central elevation and an envelopewidth. Thus if you choose a central elevation of 35, with an envelope width of10, only that portion of the hole from 45 to 25 metres elevation is displayed.

Downhole data can be displayed on the plan section, using the same procedureas outlined for sections in Step 5.


Index 59

Index

Add Scaled Frame to Layout, 16, 17,42

Colour Maps, 25creating a new colour table, 25Draw by Coordinates, 16Drillhole Displayadd section to layout, 41compositing downhole data, 40creating and using colour patterns, 36data validation, 34digitizing boundaries, 39displaying downhole data, 36exporting boundaries to 3D DXF, 39interpolating resources, 39log display, 38section manager, 38viewing drillholes in section or plan,

35Geological Line Annotation, 10, 27Legend, 12re-ordering, 13Line Annotation, 10, 27Map Labelling Tools, 11, 28Map MakingAdd Scaled Frame to Layout, 16Colour Maps, 25Labelling, 11, 28Legend, 12Line Annotation, 10, 27Styles Library, 21, 26vector polygon fills, 9Object Editing

cleaning lines and building polygons,22, 24

Draw by Coordinates, 16Polygonizercleaning linework and building

polygons, 22, 24Queryby Graphical Style, 10Scaled Output, 14frame settings, 14titleblock, 15user defined map position, 14See-Thru Shading, 9Select by Graphical Style, 10Styles Library, 21, 26Surface Creation and Analysischanging grid colours, 47colour stretching, 47contours, 33, 44inverse distance weighted

interpolation, 33merging and clipping grids, 47profile over grid or contours, 45query by elevation, slope and aspect,

46sun shading, 47triangulation, 44volume reporting, 49Table UtilitiesMulti-column Update, 32tutorial, 7Voronoi Polygons, 49

Date post:	10-Apr-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	dwi-hr
View:	5,517 times
Download:	9 times

Discover for Mapinfo Tutorials

Documents