Discovering Computers 2008FundamentalsFourth Edition

Chapter 10 Computer Security,

Ethics, and Privacy

Chapter 10 Objectives

Identify ways to safeguard against computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, botnets,

denial of service attacks, back doors, and spoofing

Identify ways to safeguard against computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, botnets,

denial of service attacks, back doors, and spoofing

Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use

Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use

Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism

Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism

Explain the ways to protect against softwaretheft and information theft

Explain the ways to protect against softwaretheft and information theft

Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from system failure

Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from system failure

Identify risks and safeguards associated with wireless communications

Identify risks and safeguards associated with wireless communications

Discuss issues surrounding information privacy

Discuss issues surrounding information privacy

Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders and injuries due to computer use

Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders and injuries due to computer use

Next

Computer Security Risks

What is a computer security risk?

p. 362 - 363 Fig. 10-1 Next

Event or action that causes loss of or damage to computer system

Internet and Network Attacks

What are viruses, worms, and Trojan horses?

p. 364 Next

VirusVirus is a potentially damaging computer program

WormWorm copies itself repeatedly,

using up resources

and possibly shutting down computer or

network

Trojan horseTrojan horse hides within or looks like

legitimate program until

triggered

Can spread and

damage files

Does not replicate itself on

other computers

Internet and Network Attacks

How can a virus spread through an e-mail message?

p. 365 Fig. 10-2 Next

Step 1. Unscrupulous programmers create a virus program. They hide the virus in a Word document and attach the Word document to an e-mail message.

Step 2. They use the Internet to send the e-mail message to thousands of users around the world.

Step 3b. Other users do not recognize the name of the sender of the e-mail message. These users do not open the e-mail message -- instead they immediately delete the e-mail message. These users’ computers are not infected with the virus.

Step 3a. Some users open the attachment and their computers become infected with the virus.

Internet and Network Attacks

Video: Attack of the Mobile Viruses

Next

CLICK TO START

Internet and Network Attacks

How can you protect your system from a macro virus?

p. 365 Next

Set macro security level in applications that allow you to write macros

Set macro security level so that warning displays that document contains macro Macros are instructions saved in an application, such as

word processing or spreadsheet program

Internet and Network Attacks

What is an antivirus program?

p. 365 Next

Identifies and removes computer viruses Most also protect against worms and Trojan

horses

Internet and Network Attacks

What is a virus signature?

p. 366 Fig. 10-3 Next

Specific pattern of virus code Also called virus definition

Antivirus programs look for virus signatures

Internet and Network Attacks

What are some tips for preventing virus, worm, and Trojan horse infections?

p. 366 Next

Install a personalfirewall program

If the antivirus program flags an e-mail attachment as infected, delete

the attachment immediately

Set the macro security in programs so you

can enable or disable macros

Never open an e-mail attachment

unless you are expecting it and

it is from a trusted source

Install an antivirus program on all of your computers

Check all downloaded

programs for viruses, worms, or Trojan horses

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Virus Hoaxesbelow Chapter 10

Keeps file in separate area of hard disk

Internet and Network Attacks

What happens if an antivirus program identifies an infected file?

p. 366 Next

Attempts Attempts to remove to remove

any detected any detected virusvirus

QuarantinesQuarantines infected infected

files that it files that it cannot cannot removeremove

Internet and Network Attacks

What are a denial of service attack, back door and spoofing?

p. 367 Next

A denial of service attack is an assault whichdisrupts computer access to an Internet service

such as the Web or e-mail

A back door is a program or set of instructionsin a program that allow users to bypass

security controls when accessing a computerresource

Spoofing is a technique intruders use to maketheir network or Internet transmission

appear legitimate to a victim computer ornetwork

Internet and Network Attacks

What is spoofing?

p. 367 Next

Makes a Makes a network network

or Internet or Internet Transmission appear legitimateTransmission appear legitimate

IP spoofing occurs when an intruderIP spoofing occurs when an intrudercomputer fools a network into believingcomputer fools a network into believingits IP address is from a trusted sourceits IP address is from a trusted source

Perpetrators of IP spoofing trick theirvictims into interacting

with a phony Web site

Internet and Network Attacks

What is a firewall?

p. 367 Fig. 10-5 Next

Security system consisting of hardware and/or software that prevents unauthorized network access

Internet and Network Attacks

What is a personal firewall utility?

p. 368 Next

Program that protects personal computer and its data from unauthorized intrusions

Monitors transmissions to and from computer Informs you of attempted intrusion

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Personal Firewall Software below Chapter 10

Internet and Network Attacks

How can companies protect against hackers?

p. 368 Next

Intrusion detection softwareIntrusion detection softwareanalyzes network traffic, assesses analyzes network traffic, assesses

system vulnerabilities, and identifies system vulnerabilities, and identifies intrusions and suspicious behaviorintrusions and suspicious behavior

Unauthorized Access and Use

What is a user name?

p. 369 Fig. 10-6 Next

Unique combination of characters that identifies user Password is private

combination of characters associated with the user name that allows access to certain computer resources

Unauthorized Access and Use

How can you make your password more secure?

p. 369 Fig. 10-7 Next

Longer passwords provide greater security

Unauthorized Access and Use

What is a possessed object?

p. 370 Next

Item that you must carry to gain access to computer or facility

Often used with numeric password called personal identification number (PIN)

Unauthorized Access and Use

What is a biometric device?

p. 370 Fig. 10-8 Next

Authenticates person’s identity using personal characteristic Fingerprint, hand geometry,

voice, signature, and iris

Hardware Theft and Vandalism

What are hardware theft and hardware vandalism?

p. 371 Fig. 10-9 Next

Hardware theft is act of stealing computer equipment Cables sometimes used to lock

equipment Some notebook computers use

passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics as security methods

For PDAs and smart phones, you can password-protect the device

Hardware vandalism is act of defacing or destroying computer equipment

Software Theft

What is software theft?

p. 372 Next

Act of stealing or Act of stealing or illegally copying illegally copying

software or software or intentionally intentionally

erasing erasing programsprograms

Software Software piracypiracy is illegal is illegal duplication duplication of copyrighted of copyrighted softwaresoftware

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Software Piracy below Chapter 10

Software Theft

What is a license agreement?

p. 372 Fig. 10-10 Next

Right to use software Single-user license agreement allows user to install software

on one computer, make backup copy, and sell software after removing from computer

Software Theft

What is product activation?

p. 373 Next

Product activationProduct activation allows user to input product allows user to input product identification number online or by phone and identification number online or by phone and

receive unique installation identification numberreceive unique installation identification number

Information Theft

What is encryption?

p. 373 Fig. 10-11 Next

Safeguards against information theft Process of converting plaintext (readable data) into ciphertext

(unreadable characters) Encryption key (formula) often uses more than one method To read the data, the recipient must decrypt, or decipher, the data

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Encryptionbelow Chapter 10

Digital signature is encrypted

code attached to e-mail message

to verify identity of sender

Freeware for personal, non-

commercial use

Information Theft

What are methods for securing e-mail messages?

p. 374 Next

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)

is popular e-mail encryption

program

Secure siteSecure site is Web site that uses

encryption to secure data

Information Theft

How do Web browsers provide secure data transmission?

p. 374 Next

Digital certificateDigital certificate is notice that guarantees Web site is legitimate

Many Web browsers use encryption

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Certificates below Chapter 10

Information Theft

What is a certificate authority (CA)?

p. 374 Next

Authorized person or company that issues and verifies digital certificates

Users apply for digital certificate from CA

System Failure

What is a system failure?

p. 374 Next

Caused by aging hardware, Caused by aging hardware, natural disasters, or electrical natural disasters, or electrical

power disturbancespower disturbances

Can cause loss of hardware, Can cause loss of hardware, software, data, orsoftware, data, or

informationinformation

Prolonged malfunction Prolonged malfunction of computerof computer

System Failure

What is a surge protector?

p. 374 - 375 Figs. 10-13–10-14 Next

Protects computer and equipment from electrical power disturbances

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is surge protector that provides power during power loss

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Uninterruptible Power Supply below Chapter 10

Backing Up — The Ultimate SafeguardWhat is a backup?

p. 375 Next

Duplicate of file, program, or disk

Full backupFull backupall files in computer

Full backupFull backupall files in computer

Selective backupSelective backupselect which files

to back up

Selective backupSelective backupselect which files

to back up

Three-generation Three-generation backupbackup

preserves three copies of important files

Three-generation Three-generation backupbackup

preserves three copies of important files

In case of system failure or corrupted files, restore files by copying to original location

Wireless Security

How can I ensure my wireless communication is secure?

p. 376 Next

Secure your wireless access point (WAP) WAP should not broadcast your network name Enable Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi

Protected Access (WPA) 802.11i conforms to the government’s security

standards and uses more sophisticated encryption than both WPA and WEP

Ethics and Society

What are computer ethics?

p. 376 - 378 Next

Intellectual property rights—rights to which creators are entitled for

their work

Intellectual property rights—rights to which creators are entitled for

their work

Software theftSoftware theft Information accuracyInformation accuracy

Information privacyInformation privacy

Unauthorized use of computers and

networks

Unauthorized use of computers and

networks

Moral guidelines that govern use of computers and information systemsMoral guidelines that govern use of computers and information systems

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Digital Rights Management below Chapter 10

Information Privacy

What is information privacy?

p. 379 and 384 Next

Legal for employers to use monitoring software programs

Difficult to maintain today because data is stored online

Employee monitoring is using computers to observe employee

computer use

Right of individuals and companies to restrict collection

and use of information about them

Information Privacy

What are some ways to safeguard personal information?

p. 379 Next

Fill in only the necessary information

on rebate, warranty, and registration forms

Avoid shopping club and buyers cards

Install a cookie manager to filter cookies

Inform merchants that you do not want them to distribute

your personal information

Limit the amount of information you provide to Web sites; fill in only required information

Clear your history file when you are finished browsing

Set up a free e-mail account; use this e-mail address for

merchant forms

Turn off file and print sharing on your Internet connection

Install a personal firewall

Sign up for e-mail filtering through your

Internet service provider or use an antispam program,

such as Brightmail

Do not reply to spam for any reason

Surf the Web anonymously with a program such as Freedom Web Secure or through an anonymous

Web site such as Anonymizer.com

Information Privacy

What is an electronic profile?

p. 380 Next

Data collected when you fill out form on Web Merchants sell your electronic profile Often you can specify whether you want personal

information distributed

Information Privacy

What is a cookie?

p. 380 - 381 Next

Set browser to accept cookies, prompt you to accept cookies,

or disable cookies

Some Web sites sell or trade information

stored in your cookies

Small file on your computer that contains

data about you

User preferences

Interests and

browsing habits

How regularly you visit Web sites

Information Privacy

How do cookies work?

p. 380 Fig. 10-18 Next

Information Privacy

What are spyware, adware, and spam?

p. 381 - 382 Fig. 10-19 Next

Spyware is program placed on computer without user’s knowledge

Adware is a programthat displays onlineadvertisements

Spam is unsolicited e-mail message sent to many recipients

Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Spambelow Chapter 10

Information Privacy

How can you control spam?

p. 382 Next

Collects spam incentral location

that you can view any time

Service that blocks e-mail

messages from designated

sources

E-mail filteringE-mail filtering

Sometimes removes valid

e-mail messages

Attempts to remove spam

Anti-spam programAnti-spam program

Information Privacy

What is phishing?

p. 381 Next

Scam in which a perpetratorsends an official looking

e-mail that attemptsto obtain your personal

information

Information Privacy

What privacy laws have been enacted?

p. 383 Fig. 10-20 Next

Information Privacy

What privacy laws have been enacted? (cont’d)

p. 383 Fig. 10-20 Next

Information Privacy

What is content filtering?

p. 384 Fig. 10-21 Next

Process of restricting access to certain material Internet Content Rating

Association (ICRA) provides rating system of Web content

Web filtering software restricts access to specified sites

Computer vision syndrome Computer vision syndrome (CVS)(CVS)—eye and vision —eye and vision

problemsproblems

Computer vision syndrome Computer vision syndrome (CVS)(CVS)—eye and vision —eye and vision

problemsproblems

Health Concerns of Computer UseWhat are some health concerns of computer use?

p. 385 - 386 Next

Repetitive strain injury (RSI)Repetitive strain injury (RSI)Repetitive strain injury (RSI)Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

Computer addictionComputer addiction—when —when computer consumes entire computer consumes entire

social lifesocial life

Computer addictionComputer addiction—when —when computer consumes entire computer consumes entire

social lifesocial life

TendonitisTendonitis—inflammation of —inflammation of tendon due to repeated motiontendon due to repeated motionTendonitisTendonitis—inflammation of —inflammation of

tendon due to repeated motiontendon due to repeated motion

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)—inflammation of nerve that —inflammation of nerve that

connects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palm

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)—inflammation of nerve that —inflammation of nerve that

connects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palm

Health Concerns of Computer UseWhat precautions can prevent tendonitis or carpal tunnel syndrome?

p. 385 Fig. 10-22 Next

Take frequent breaks during computer session Use wrist rest Exercise hands and arms Minimize number of times you switch

between mouse and keyboard

Health Concerns of Computer UseHow can you ease eyestrain when working at the computer?

p. 386 Fig. 10-23 Next

Health Concerns of Computer UseWhat is ergonomics?

p. 386 Fig. 10-24 Next

Applied science devoted to comfort, efficiency, and safety in workplace

keyboard height: 23” to 28”

feet flat on floor

adjustable height chair with 4 or 5 legs for stability

elbows at 90° and arms and hands parallel to floor

Health Concerns of Computer UseWhat is green computing?

p. 387 Fig. 10-25 Next

Reducing electricity and environmental waste while using computer

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 10, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Green Computing below Chapter 10

Summary of Computers and Society, Security, Privacy, and Ethics

Potential computer risksPotential computer risks

Safeguards that schools, business, and individuals can

implement to minimize these risks

Safeguards that schools, business, and individuals can

implement to minimize these risks

Wireless security risks and safeguardsWireless security risks and safeguards

Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights,

and information privacy

Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights,

and information privacy

Computer-related health issues, their preventions, and ways to keep the environment healthy

Computer-related health issues, their preventions, and ways to keep the environment healthy

Chapter 10 Complete