Discovering Computers
FundamentalsFifth Edition
Chapter 11 Information
System Development
and Programming
Languages
Chapter 11 Objectives
Next
Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, data and
information gathering techniques, and information systems security during system development
Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, data and
information gathering techniques, and information systems security during system development
Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system development cycle
Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system development cycle
Differentiate between low-level languages and procedural languages
Differentiate between low-level languages and procedural languages
Identify the benefits of object-oriented programming languages and program development
tools
Identify the benefits of object-oriented programming languages and program development
tools
List other programming languages and other program development tools
List other programming languages and other program development tools
Describe various ways to develop Web pagesDescribe various ways to develop Web pages
List the six steps in the program development cycleList the six steps in the program development cycle
Explain the basic control structures used in designing solutions to programming problems
Explain the basic control structures used in designing solutions to programming problems
The System Development Life CycleWhat is an information system (IS)?
p. 406 Next
Hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that
work together to produce quality information
Hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that
work together to produce quality information
System—Set of components that interact to achieve
common goal
System—Set of components that interact to achieve
common goal
Businesses use many types of systems
Businesses use many types of systems
The System Development Life CycleWhat are the phases of the system development cycle?
p. 406 Fig. 11-1 Next
Phase 1. Planning
Phase 2. Analysis
Phase 3. Design
Phase 4. Implementation
Phase 5. Operating, Support, and Security
Review project requests Prioritize project
requests Allocate resources Form project
development team
Conduct preliminary investigation Perform detailed analysis activities:
Study current system
Determine user requirements
Recommend solution
Acquire hardware and software, if necessary
Develop details of system
Develop programs, if necessary Install and test new system Train users Convert to new system
Perform maintenance activities Monitor system performance Assess system security
Arrange tasks into phases (groups of activities)
The System Development Life CycleWhat are guidelines for system development?
p. 407 Next
Involve users (anyone for whom system is being built)
Develop clearly defined standards (procedures company expects employees to follow)
The System Development Life CycleWho participates in the system development life cycle?
p. 407 Fig. 11-2 Next
The System Development Life CycleWhat is a systems analyst?
p. 407 Next
Responsible for designing and developing
information system
Users’ primary contact person
The System Development Life CycleWhat is the project team?
p. 408 Next
Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals
Formed to work on project from beginning to end
Project leader—one member of the team who manages and controls project budget and schedule
The System Development Life CycleWhat is project management?
p. 408 Next
Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling activities during system development cycle
Project leader identifies elements for project
Required activitiesRequired activitiesGoal, objectives, and
expectations, collectively called scope
Goal, objectives, and expectations, collectively
called scope
Time estimates for each activity
Time estimates for each activity
Cost estimates for each activity
Cost estimates for each activity
Activities that can take place at same time
Activities that can take place at same timeOrder of activitiesOrder of activities
The System Development Life CycleWhat is a Gantt chart?
p. 409 Fig. 11-3 Next
Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project activities
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click PERT Chartsbelow Chapter 11
The System Development Life CycleWhat is feasibility?
p. 409 Next
Measure of how suitable
system development will be to the
company
Operational feasibility
Schedule feasibility
Four feasibility tests:
Technical feasibility
Economic feasibility
(also called cost/benefit feasibility)
The System Development Life CycleWhat is documentation?
p. 409 Next
Includes reports, diagrams, programs, and other deliverables
Collection and summarization of data and information
The System Development Life CycleWhat are six data and information gathering techniques?
p. 410 Fig. 11-4 Next
Review documentation Observe Survey Interview Joint-application
design (JAD) session Research
The System Development Life CycleWhat are some reasons to create or modify an information system?
p. 410 Next
Competition can lead to change
To improve existing system
Outside group may mandate change
To correct problem in existing system
The System Development Life CycleWhat is a request for system services?
p. 411 Fig. 11-5 Next
Formal request for new or modified information system Also called
project request
The System Development Life CycleWhat is the planning phase?
p. 413 Next
Begins when steering committee receives project request
Steering committee—
decision-making body for the
company
Function of committee:
Review and approve project
requests
Allocate resources
Form project development team for each
approved project
Prioritize project requests
The System Development Life CycleWhat is the analysis phase?
p. 413 Next
Conduct preliminary investigation, also
called feasibility study
Perform detailed analysis
The System Development Life CycleWhat is the preliminary investigation?
p. 413 - 414 Fig. 11-6 Next
Determine exact nature of problem or improvement and whether it is worth pursuing Findings are presented in feasibility report
The System Development Life CycleWhat is detailed analysis?
p. 415 Next
Sometimes called logical design
2. Determine user’s wants, needs, and requirements
3. Recommend solution
1. Study how current system works
Presented to steering
committee, which decides how to develop system
The System Development Life CycleWhat is the system proposal?
p. 415 Next
Assesses feasibility
of each alternative solution
Recommends the most feasible
solution for the project
The System Development Life CycleWhat are possible solutions?
p. 415 Next
Buy packaged software—prewritten software available for purchase
Buy packaged software—prewritten software available for purchase
Outsource—have outside source develop software
Outsource—have outside source develop software
Write own custom software—software developed at user’s request
Write own custom software—software developed at user’s request
Vertical market software—designed
for particular industry
Vertical market software—designed
for particular industry
Horizontal market software—meets
needs of many companies
Horizontal market software—meets
needs of many companies
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Outsourcing below Chapter 11
The System Development Life CycleWhat is the design phase?
p. 416 Next
Acquire hardware and softwareAcquire hardware and software
Develop all details of new or modified information system
Develop all details of new or modified information system
Test and evaluate vendor proposalsTest and evaluate vendor proposals
The System Development Life CycleWhat is needed to acquire new hardware and software?
p. 416 Next
Identify all hardware and software requirements of new or modified system
Solicit vendor proposals
Solicit vendor proposals
Make a decisionMake a decision
Identify technicalspecifications
Identify technicalspecifications
The System Development Life CycleWhat are three basic documents used to summarize technical specifications?
p. 416 Next
Less formal method that uses standard
form to request information about product or service
Vendor quotes price(s) for
listed product(s)
Vendor selects product(s) that
meet(s) your requirements and
then quotes price(s)
Identifies product(s) you want
Request for information (RFI)
Request for proposal (RFP)
Request for quotation (RFQ)
The System Development Life CycleWhat is a value-added reseller (VAR)?
p. 417 Fig. 11-7 Next
Complete system provided by value-added reseller Value-added reseller
(VAR) purchases products from manufacturer and then resells them, offering additional services with product
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Value-Added Reseller below Chapter 11
The System Development Life CycleHow do systems analysts test software products?
p. 417 Next
References from vendor Talk to current users of product Product demonstrations Trial version of software Benchmark test measures performance
The System Development Life CycleWhat is a detailed design?
p. 418 Next
Includes several activities
Database design
Database design
Input and output design
Input and output design
Program design
Program design
Detailed design specifications for components in proposed solution
The System Development Life CycleWhat is a mockup?
p. 418 Fig. 11-8 Next
Sample of input or output that contains actual data
The System Development Life CycleWhat is a layout chart?
p. 419 Fig. 11-9 Next
Input or output that contains programming-like notations for data items
The System Development Life CycleWhat is a prototype?
p. 419 Next
Working model of proposed system
Working model of proposed system
Beginning a prototype too early may lead to
problems
Beginning a prototype too early may lead to
problems
The System Development Life CycleWhat is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)?
p. 419 Fig. 11-10 Next
Software tools designed to support activities of system development cycle
Convert to new system
The System Development Life CycleWhat is the implementation phase?
p. 420 - 421 Next
Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified system and then deliver it to users
Train users
Install and test new system
Develop programs
The System Development Life CycleWhat are the four types of tests performed by system developers?
p. 420 Next
Verifies application works with other
applications
Systems test
Integration Test
Unit Test
Verifies each individual program
works by itself
Verifies all programs in application work
together
Verifies the new system works with
actual data
Acceptance Test
The System Development Life CycleWhat is training?
p. 420 - 421 Fig. 11-11 Next
Showing users exactly how they will use new hardware and software in system
The System Development Life CycleWhat are conversion strategies?
p. 421 Next
Used to change from old system to new system
The System Development Life CycleWhat is the operation, support, and security phase?
p. 422 Next
Perform maintenance activities
Monitor system performance
Assess system security
Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented
The System Development Life CycleWhat is a computer security plan?
p. 422 Next
Summarizes in writing all of the safeguards that are in place to protect a company’s information assets
For each risk,identify thesafeguards that exist to detect,
prevent, and recover from
a loss
Identify allsecurity risks
that may cause an
informationasset loss
Identify allinformation assets of an organization
Design Phase
Video: A Tour of Lucasfilm Data Center
Next
CLICK TO START
Programming Languages
What is a computer program?
p. 423 Fig. 11-12 Next
Set of instructions that directs computer to perform tasks Programming language—used to communicate
instructions
Programming Languages
What are low-level languages and high-level languages?
p. 424 Next
High-level language
High-level language
Low-levellanguage
Low-levellanguage
Machine-dependentruns only on one type of computer
Machine-dependentruns only on one type of computer
Often machine-independentcan run on many different
types of computers and operating systems
Often machine-independentcan run on many different
types of computers and operating systemsMachine and assembly languages
are low-level
Machine and assembly languages are low-level
Programming Languages
What is machine language?
p. 424 Fig. 11-13 Next
Only language computer directly recognizes
Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits
Programming Languages
What is assembly language?
p. 424 - 425 Fig. 11-14 Next
Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes
Source program contains code to be converted to machine language
Often called third-generation language (3GL)
Programming Languages
What is a procedural language?
p. 425 Next
Uses series of English-like words to write instructions
Programmer writes instructions that tell
computer what to accomplish and how to do it
Programming Languages
What is a compiler?
p. 425 Fig. 11-15 Next
Program that converts entire source program into machine language before executing it
Programming Languages
What is an interpreter?
p. 426 Fig. 11-16 Next
Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time
Does not produce object program
Programming Languages
What is COBOL?
p. 426 Fig. 11-17 Next
Designed for business applications English-like statements make code easy to read, write,
and maintain COmmon
Business-Oriented Language
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click COBOLbelow Chapter 11
Programming Languages
What is C?
p. 427 Fig. 11-18 Next
Powerful language originally designed to write system software
Runs most often on Unix operating systems
Programming Languages
What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language?
p. 427 Next
Used to implement
object-oriented design
Major benefit is ability to reuse and
modify existing objects
Event-driven—checks for
and responds to set of events
Java, C++, and C#, are complete object-oriented
languages
Object is item that contains data and
procedures that act on
data
Event is action to
which program responds
Programming Languages
What is Java?
p. 427 - 428 Fig. 11-19 Next
Developed by Sun Microsystems
Uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert source code into machine code
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Java Platforms below Chapter 11
Programming Languages
What is C++?
p. 428 Next
Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts
Used to develop database and Web applications
What is C#? Object-oriented programming language based on C++ Accepted as a standard for Web applications and
XML-based Web services
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click C++ and C#below Chapter 11
Programming Languages
What is Visual Studio?
p. 428 - 429 Fig. 11-20 Next
.NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, and Visual C#
Step 1. The developer designs the user interface.
Step 2. The developer assigns properties to each object on the form.
Step 3. The developerwrites code to define the action of each command button.
Step 4. The developer tests the program.
Programming Languages
What is Delphi?
p. 429 Next
Powerful visual programming tool Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications
What is PowerBuilder? Another powerful visual programming tool Best suited for Web-based and large-scale
object-oriented applications
Programming Languages
What is a visual programming language?
p. 429 Next
Visual programming environment (VPE) allows developers to
drag and drop objects to build programs
Examples include Alice, Mindscript and
Prograph
Provides visual or graphical interface for creating source code
Programming Languages
What is RPG (Report Program Generator)?
p. 430 Fig. 11-21 Next
Used for generating reports, accessing data, and updating data in databases
Programming Languages
What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?
p. 430 Fig. 11-22 Next
Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in database
Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to manage data in relational DBMS
Programming Languages
What are other available programming languages?
p. 431 Next
ALGOLALGOLAdaAda APLAPL
BASICBASIC HyperTalkHyperTalkFORTRANFORTRANForthForth
LISPLISP Modula-2Modula-2LogoLogo
PascalPascal PrologPrologPL/1PL/1PILOTPILOT
SmalltalkSmalltalk
Programming Languages
What is an application generator?
p. 431 - 432 Fig. 11-24 Next
Program that creates source code or machine code from specification
Consists of report writer, form, and menu generator Form provides areas for entering data
Programming Languages
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
p. 433 Fig. 11-25 Next
Used to create Web pages
Programming Languages
What is a scripting language?
p. 434 - 435 Fig. 11-26 Next
Typically easy to learn and use JavaScript Perl (Practical Extraction
and Report Language) PHP (PHP: Hypertext
Processor) Rexx (Restructured
eXtended eXecutor) Tcl (Tool Command
Language) VBScript (Visual Basic,
Scripting Edition)
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click PHPbelow Chapter 11
Programming Languages
What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?
p. 435 Fig. 11-27 Next
Allows developers to include more graphical interest and interactivity in Web page
Programming Languages
What are XHTML, XML, and WML?
p. 436 Next
XHTML (Extensible HTML)
enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
allows developers to create customized tags
WML (Wireless Markup Language)
allows developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers
Includes features of HTML and XML
Many Internet-enabled smart phones and PDAs
use WML as their markup language
Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without
going back to serverRSS 2.0
and ATOM
Programming Languages
What is Ajax?
p. 436 Next
Stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML Method of creating interactive Web applications designed
to provide immediate response Combines JavaScript, HTML or XHTML, and XML Google Maps and Flickr use Ajax
Programming Languages
What is Ruby on Rails (RoR)?
p. 436 Next
Open source framework that provides technologies for developing object-oriented, database-driven Web sites
Designed to make Web developers more productive
Programming Languages
What is Web page authoring software?
p. 436 - 437 Next
Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML Generates HTML
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Silverlight below Chapter 11
•Dreamweaver
•Expression Web
•Flash
•Silverlight
Programming Languages
What is multimedia authoring software?
p. 437 Fig. 11-28 Next
Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into interactive presentation
Used for computer-based training (CBT) and Web-based training (WBT)
Software includes Toolbook and Director
The Program Development CycleWhat is the program development cycle?
p. 438 - 439 Fig. 11-29 Next
Steps programmers use to build computer programs Programming
team—Group of programmers working on program
The Program Development CycleWhat is a sequence control structure?
p. 440 Fig. 11-30 Next
Control structure that shows actions following each other in order Control structure depicts logical order of program
instructions
The Program Development CycleWhat is a selection control structure?
p. 440 Fig. 11-31 Next
Tells program which action to take, based on a certain condition
Two types Case control structure If-then-else control
structure—yields one of two possibilities: true or false
The Program Development CycleWhat is a case control structure?
p. 440 - 441 Fig. 11-32 Next
Yields one of three or more possibilities
The Program Development CycleWhat is a repetition control structure?
p. 442 Figs. 11-33–11-34 Next
Enables program to perform one or more actions repeatedly Do-while control
structure—repeats as long as condition is true
Do-until control structure—repeats until condition is true
Companies on the Cutting Edge
Video: Electronic Arts Going Mobile
Next
CLICK TO START
Summary of Information System Development and Programming Languages
Phases in the system development life cyclePhases in the system development life cycle
Guidelines for system developmentGuidelines for system development
Activities that occur during the entire system development cycle
Activities that occur during the entire system development cycle
Chapter 11 Complete
Various programming languages and program development tools used to
create and modify computer programs
Various programming languages and program development tools used to
create and modify computer programs
Web development and multimedia development tools
Web development and multimedia development tools
Program development cycleProgram development cycle