1. Who were the first humans on the continent, how did they get here and why did they come?

1. How did geography and climate affect Indian culture?

1. What level of technology did most tribes develop?

•Pre-Columbian time period.

•First Americans came from

Asia

•Supposedly crossed the

Bering Strait during the Ice

Age

•Following a food source

•Gradual migration

Early Human MigrationsEarly Human Migrations

1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE

2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE

3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

Hunting & Gathering society.

Pueblo – Great Basin Indians.

Iroquois – Longhouse typical of E. WoodlandsIndians.

Mesa Verde – Great Basin (desert of NM) Navajo had to develop “dry farming” techniques.

Chinook Indians on Pacific NW Coast fishing for salmon. Totem poles and great lodges.

The environment greatly affected each Indian tribe.

Questions to consider as we discuss the “Indians.”

(ID) How did Indians develop a sense of identity?

(WXT) What kinds of work were done? Were there exchanges between tribes? What was the level of technology?

(WOR) Was there any interaction with the world?

(ENV) How did the environment and geography affect Indian culture?

Columbus “discovers” a “New World.”

October, 1492

The “New World”

• Did Columbus discover a “New World?”

• Did Columbus create a “New World?”

• What was the Columbian Exchange?

• How did the Spanish conquer such a huge

area of land people by millions.

NEW WORLD

OLD WORLD

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis

* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa

Spanish empire by the 1600’s

consisted of Southern part of

North America Central America

Caribbean Islands Most of outer South America

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

► New Laws --> 1542

•Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.

•Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized.

•Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways.

Between 1492 – 1592 the Indian population was reduced by 90%.

The Spanish Colonial Caste The Spanish Colonial Caste SystemSystem

The Spanish Colonial Caste The Spanish Colonial Caste SystemSystem

PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish

ancestoryancestory

PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish

ancestoryancestoryCreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish

and Black and Black mixture.mixture.

CreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish

and Black and Black mixture.mixture.

MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish

and and Indian Indian

mixturemixture

MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish

and and Indian Indian

mixturemixture

MulattosMulattosWhite White

American American and Black and Black mixturemixture

MulattosMulattosWhite White

American American and Black and Black mixturemixture

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

This is the Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply

• Very similar to European feudalism2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations

•Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands•Indians often rendered personal services as well.

3. In return the conquistador was obligated to•protect his wards•instruct them in the Christian faith•defend their right to use the to live off the land

4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. 5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.

Indian Resistance to Spanish

Pueblo Indians (NM) revolt against Spanish rule in 1680 known as Pope’s Rebellion.

The “New World” questions

(PEO) Did Columbus discover a “New World?”

(CUL) Did Columbus create a “New World?”

(WOR) What was the Columbian Exchange?

(WXT) How did the Spanish conquer such a

huge area of land populated by millions?