Discrimination of Jurassic Volcanicity in Strike-Slip Basin, Jabal Al ...

JAKU: Earth Sci., Vol. 23, No. 2, pp: 1-18 (2012 A.D. / 1433 A.H.)

DOI: 10.4197 / Ear. 23-2.1

1

Discrimination of Jurassic Volcanicity in Strike-Slip Basin,

Jabal Al Maqtal Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt, Using

ASTER and Field Data

Ahmed A. Madani

Department of Mineral Resources and Rocks, Faculty of Earth Sciences,

King Abdulaziz University. P.O. BOX 80206, Jeddah, 21589,

Saudi Arabia.

E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 24/5/2011 Accepted: 23/6/2011

Abstract. As Jurassic sedimentary basins in Egypt are related most

probably with hydrocarbon reservoirs, the present study throws light

on one of NW-SE strike-slip basins in Jabal Al Maqtal area,

southeastern desert of Egypt. The basin boundaries are delineated and

its volcano-sedimentary sequences are well discriminated using low

pass filter for the 9th principal component and Principal Component

Analysis (PCA) techniques for ASTER data.

The Late-Jurassic volcanics of the study area are represented

by major eruptions of olivine basalts containing ultramafic mantle

xenoliths and separated by two erosional surfaces. The pillow-like

basalts were erupted in lacustrine environment in the deepest proximal

part of the master strike slip fault. The shallow part of the basin is

dominated by sandstone, conglomerate and siltstone sequence of Abu

Ballas Formation including plant remains and intercalating with late

Jurassic basalts. It is topped with tuffs, ashes and rhyolites that had

been erupted during late Cretaceous time through several volcanic

cones aligned in NW-SE direction, and intercalated with Abu Agag

Formation.

Keywords: Late-Jurassic volcanics, Jabal Al Maqtal, PCA, ASTER

data.

2 Ahmed A. Madani

1. Introduction

Jurassic sedimentary basins in the northern Egypt attract the attention of

the oil companies as they have most of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Mesozoic

rift basins in southern Egypt such as Komombo, Nuqra and Kharit rift

basins are under re-evaluation by several international oil companies as

Repsol & Centurion (Fig.1). Schull (1988) and Taha (1992) described

these basins as Mesozoic rift basins trending in NW-SE direction. Taha

and Aziz (1998) defined these basins as failed rifts stopped at the second

or third evolutionary stages.

Generally, strike-slip basins were formed in transtensional regime

and they are relatively small but deep (Nichols, 1999). They are

commonly filled with coarse facies such as alluvial fans adjacent to

lacustrine deposits. Nilsen and Sylvester (1995) classified these basins on

the basis of geometry of bounding faults and basinal setting into (1) fault-

bend basins and (2) pull-apart basins. In general, fault-bend basins form

at releasing bends in the fault trace, whereas pull-apart basins develop

between the ends of two discontinuous strike-slip faults in en-echelon

arrangement.

Detailed description for the distribution of surface and subsurface

Jurassic sediments and facies in northern Egypt was presented by Said

(1990). He concluded that, the ENE-WSW trending Jurassic sedimentary

basins that extend in northern Egypt were generated by senistral

Mediterranean shear acting on the North Africa plate during the Jurassic

time. In the south Western Desert of Egypt and northern Sudan,

Schandelmeier et al. (1987) defined NW Bir Misaha trough originated

during the Late Jurassic time. It represents graben structure and attains

about 250 km wide and is bounded in the west by Gebel Kamil and in the

east by the Bir Safsaf basement complexes. Four main clastic

sedimentary successions represent fluvial and fluviomarine environments

filled the graben. No volcanic rocks are observed in the trough

(Schandelmeier et al., 1987).

In the south Eastern Desert, the author recognized throughout this

study Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip basin (Fig. 2), using remote sensing

techniques and field data. Figure 3 shows part of the geological map of

Wadi Shait Quadrangle (1:250,000) prepared by the Egyptian Geological

Survey and Mining Authority (EGSMA) in 2001. The area under

Discrimination of Jurassic Volcanicity in Strike-Slip Basin… 3

investigation is bounded by latitudes 24º15' - 24º 30' N and longitudes

33º 50' - 34º 10' E (Fig. 2).

This study aims to: 1) Understand the geologic setting of the Late-

Jurassic volcanics. 2) re-mapping the Jurassic rocks (volcanics &

sediments) exposed in the study area using PCA technique. 3) define

Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip basin boundaries using remote sensing

Principal Component Analysis techniques.

Fig. 1. Location map for the study area. The inset represents the study area shown in Fig.2.

Fig.2. Landsat ETM+ 7, 4&2 in RGB of the study area.

2. Geologic Setting

Several authors dealt with the study of the geologic setting,

petrography, geochemistry and remote sensing of the Wadi Natash

volcanic field, among them are; Abu El-Gadayel (1974), Hashad et al.

4 Ahmed A. Madani

(1978), Hashad and El-Reedy (1979), Coulter(1981), Hubbard (1981),

Crawford et al. (1984), Hubbard et al. (1987), Hashad (1994) and

Madani (2000 & 2003). These studies revealed that, olivine basalts,

hawiites, mugearites, benmorites, trachytes and rhyolites are the main

rock types exposed at Wadi Natash - Wadi Shait areas. Hashad and El-

Reedy (1979) concluded that, Rb/Sr isochron age of Natash basalts is

about 104 ± 7 Ma.

Madani (2000) studied Wadi Natash volcanic field and concluded

that, they are extruded at the eastern shoulder of the NW trending

Komombo-Nuqra- Kharit rift basin. He recorded the presence of the

ultramafic mantle xenoliths for the first time in Egypt at Jabal Nuqra

sector.

New field data reached through the present study revealed the

presence of three volcanic episodes older than the Cretaceous Natash

volcanics erupted at Al Maqtal strike-slip basin during the Late- Jurassic

– Early Cretaceous time.

Fig. 3. Geologic map of the study area extracted from Wadi Shait Quadrangle, southeastern

Desert, EGSMA, scale 1:250 000.

EGSMA map recorded that the area is covered by the following

rock units from older to younger: 1) Basement rocks which are

represented by medium to coarse grained undeformed monzogranite,

medium to course grained locally gneissose tonalite and granodiorite.

2) Late-Jurassic sediments of Abu Ballas Formation composed mainly of

sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone beds with plant remains. 3) Basalts,


andesites and trachytes belong to Natash volcanics (Cretaceous).

4) Sandstones of Timsah and Quseir Formations were also recoded

(EGSMA, 2001).

Field verification of the present author corrected the lithological

contacts and areal distributions of the sedimentary rocks of Abu Ballas

Formation as well as Natash volcanics. Four main volcanic episodes

filling the basin are recognized by the present author. The first three

episodes were erupted during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous and

were separated by two conglomerate erosional surfaces. These Jurassic

volcanic episodes are not recorded in the EGSMA map. The last episode

occurred during the Late-Cretaceous time. Late-Jurassic – Early

Cretaceous volcanics are highly carbonated and silicified. Late

Cretaceous eruptions took place throughout several volcanic cones

aligned in NW direction (Fig. 4a) and started with volcanic ashes

intercalated with the sandstones of Abu Agag formation (Fig. 4b).

Fig. 4. a) NW Late Cretaceous volcanic centers (red arrows). b) Intercalations of volcanic

ashes with Turonian sandstone of Abu Agag Formation.

Figure 5a shows the compiled stratigraphic column and outcrops

photos for the different rock units exposed at Jabal Al Maqtal area. The

base of the first episode is unexposed. In some places this episode starts

with highly altered, fractured, amygdaloidal green basalts of about 12 m

thickness and enclose ultramafic mantle xenoliths of different sizes (5cm

to 25cm) & shapes (rounded & ellipsoidal) (Fig.5b). This phase of

eruption is ended by hard, compact conglomerates of about 1 m thick.

The second eruption episode is characterized by amygdaloidal basalts

showing pillow-like structures indicating eruption in lacustrine

environment (Fig.5c). It is topped by 1.5 m thick of hard, compact

conglomerate bed that attains 7 m thickness in some places. Two types of

ba

6 Ahmed A. Madani

olivine basalts characterize the 3rd

volcanic episode. These are brownish

grey, porphyritic olivine basalt attains about 15 m topped by 10 m fresh,

black, porphyritic olivine basalt. This episode ended by rhyolites. The 4th

volcanic eruption occurred during the Cretaceous time and starts with 18

m volcanic ashes intercalated with the sandstones of Abu Agag

Formation (about 20 m thick, Fig. 5e). Black olivine basalts of about 25

m thick and highly altered basalts (5 m with calcite vein lets and

encrustations are the products of this episode (Fig.5d).

Fig. 5. Compiled stratigraphic column showing different volcanic episodes and erosional

surfaces associated with field photos.


3. Methodology

3.1. ASTER-Terra Data

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection

Radiometer (ASTER) is a research facility instrument launched on

NASA’s Terra spacecraft in December 1999 (Fujisada 1995). ASTER is

a joint project between United States and Japan. It captures high spatial

and spectral resolutions data in 14 bands (Table 1), three of them cover

VNIR wavelength region (0.52 and 0.86 µm), six SWIR bands cover 1.6

to 2.43 µm wavelength region and five bands in TIR between 8.125–

11.65 µm. These bands have 15, 30 and 90 m spatial resolutions

respectively. ASTER also has a back-looking VNIR telescope with 15-m

resolution. ASTER imagery level 1A (AST _L1A.003_072 42001

100810) covering the area of interest was processed using ENVI 4.5

package.

Table 1. ASTER data characteristics (modified after Fujisada 1995).

Characteristics VNIR SWIR TIR

Spectral range

Band 01 0.52–0.60 µm Band 04 1.60–1.70 µm Band 10 8.125–8.475 µm

Band 02 0.63–0.69 µm Band 05 2.145–2.185 µm Band 11 8.475–8.825 µm

Band 03N 0.78–0.86 µm Band 06 2.185–2.225 µm Band 12 8.925–9.275 µm

Band03B 0.78–0.86 µm Band 07 2.235–2.285 µm Band 13 10.25–10.95 µm

Band 08 2.295–2.365 µm Band 14 10.95–11.65 µm

Band 09 2.360–2.430 µm

Radiometric 8 bits 8 bits 12 bits

Ground Resolution 15m 30m 90m

Swath Width 60 km

3.2. Pre-Processing of ASTER Data

Figure 6 shows ASTER processing flowchart carried throughout

this study. Georeferencing of ASTER bands were carried out using the

following projection parameters: UTM, WGS84 and zone 36 and other

projection parameters obtained from the header file. The resultant VNIR

and SWIR images were combined to resample the SWIR datasets to 15

meters and the datasets were converted from BSQ to BIL. To convert the

resultant radiance image to surface reflectance image using FLAASH

atmospheric correction model, the following parameters were used:

Scene center, flight date, ground elevation and flight time GMT. The

resultant surface reflectance images were used for subsequent processing

techniques.

8 Ahmed A. Madani

Fig. 6. ASTER processing flowchart for the study area.

3.3. Principal Component Analyses (PCA)

Many studies utilized ASTER data for lithologic discrimination and

mapping among them; Rowan et al. (2005 & 2006), Gomez et al. (2005),

Pena and abdelsalam (2006), Gad and Kusky (2007), Qari et al. (2008) &

Madani and Emam (2011). Principal components analysis is an image

enhancement transformation technique that reduces the redundancy

contained within the data by creating a new series of images in which the

axes of the new coordinate systems point in the direction decreasing

variance. PCA technique was performed on both ASTER VNIR (1-3) and

SWIR (4-9) bands. ASTER TIR bands are excluded. Variance percentage

for each band is shown in table 2. The first three principal components

contain more than 99 % variance percentage. However, PC9 contains less

variance percentage, which clearly defines Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip

basin boundaries. Subsequent filtering process was applied to enhance

these boundaries.


Table 2. Variance % for each band.

Principal Components Variance %

PC1 95.429

PC2 02.488

PC3 01.438

PC4 00.625

PC5 0.0132

PC6 0.0035

PC7 0.0016

PC8 9.74e-4

PC9 5.27e-4

Table 3 shows the contribution of each band in the 9 components of

PCA. The information of the first two components was extracted mainly

from VNIR bands whereas the information of the rest PCs came from

SWIR bands. The information of the PC9 came mainly from bands 5&8.

Figure 7 shows 9 principal components generated for the study area. The

resultant PCA images revealed that PC1 define the Jurassic sediments as

white signature in NE direction; PC3 defines the Jurassic volcanism; PC4

& PC5 define the Cretaceous volcanic centers, PC6, PC7 & PC8 are

noisy images and finally the 9th

PCA clearly define Jabal Al Maqtal

strike-slip basin boundaries. A False color composite image (FCC PC5,

PC1 & PC3; in RGB, Fig. 8) was used for lithologic discrimination and

mapping the Jurassic rocks within the basin. It enhances Jurassic

sediments in green color, Jurassic volcanics in rose to red colors and the

Cretaceous volcanic centers in Greenish blue color.

Table3. Contribution of 9 ASTER bands to the 9 PCs.

Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4 Band 5 Band 6 Band 7 Band 8 Band 9

PC1 0.445055 0.693286 0.544073 0.140990 0.039419 0.039395 0.036854 0.026086 0.015558

PC2 0.857107 -0.177684 -0.392213 -0.244563 -0.070034 -0.076287 -0.072890 -0.055074 -0.032909

PC3 0.229850 -0.378609 0.033495 0.822842 0.207600 0.188089 0.174099 0.111434 0.066557

PC4 0.117422 -0.586744 0.740566 -0.282206 -0.070046 -0.062174 -0.057978 -0.035822 -0.021173

PC5 0.023826 -0.012274 -0.022843 -0.401708 0.447790 0.507202 0.448341 0.349974 0.236919

PC6 -0.009436 0.004005 0.007521 -0.033342 0.690236 0.196768 -0.525406 -0.429570 -0.151657

PC7 0.002863 -0.001133 -0.002613 0.022047 -0.494983 0.786424 -0.360298 0.029534 -0.073074

PC8 -0.002987 0.000996 0.002936 -0.022557 -0.086662 0.187804 0.585787 -0.583226 -0.522870

PC9 -0.000053 -0.000119 0.000031 -0.011222 0.126793 -0.060670 -0.098154 0.578402 -0.797454

10 Ahmed A. Madani


Fig. 7. The 9 PCs images for the study area. Note the basin boundaries on PC9.

Fig. 8. False color composite image PC5, PC1 & PC3 in RGB for Jabal Al Maqtal basin.

4. Remote Sensing Results

4.1. Mapping Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence using PCA of ASTER

Data

Principal Component Analyses (PCA) technique successfully

discriminates the Jurassic volcanicity and sediments in the basin. A False

color composite of PC5, PC1 & PC3 in RGB (Fig.8) is used for mapping

the basin elements. It enhances the Jurassic sediments, Jurassic volcanics

and Cretaceous volcanic cones. Figure 9 represents the new geological

map for Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip basin generated throughout this study

using the FCC PCs image and verified in the field. You can notice that,

the areal distribution of the volcanics is greater than what has been

12 Ahmed A. Madani

mapped before by EGSMA. Also the areal distribution of the Abu Ballas

formation is not wide spread as EGSMA mapped. It is concentrated in

the southern side of the basin and extends in NE direction. Late-Jurassic

volcanics are not mapped in the EGSMA map. They are widely

distributed in the basin in the new map. Structural boundaries of the basin

are presented.

Fig. 9. A new geological map (1:100 000) for the study area generated using PCA technique.

4.2. Jabal Al Maqtal Strike-Slip Basin Delineation Using PC9 Image

Presence of Jurassic sediments filling Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip

basin may open an important issue about the importance of the newly

discovered basin as a petroleum reservoir. Many of volcanic-hydrocarbon

reservoirs were recorded in Jurassic time allover the world. To ensure the

oil potentiality of Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip basin, a lot of studies should

be carried out, e.g. magnetic, gravity, seismic and exploratory drilling.

The aim of these further studies is to get an idea about the thickness of

sedimentary sequence within the Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip basin. Five

exploratory wells had been drilled by Repsol company during late 1990s


in Komombo basin (to the west of Jabal Al Maqtal basin, refer to Fig.1).

Komombo-1 well penetrated non-marine Jurassic lacustrine source rocks

(3000-5000m depth). Komombo-1 well tested 37º - 39 API oil from

Jurassic and proved the existence of a working petroleum system (Taha

and Aziz 1998).

On the false color composite 1,4 &7; RGB ASTER image (Fig.10a)

the boundaries of Jabal Al Mqatal strike-slip basin are not clearly

defined, whereas low pass filter for PC9 clearly defines the basin

boundaries (Fig.10b). The basin has NW-SE direction and is bounded by

two normal faults with a NE-SW direction which represent part of Wadi

Natash and Wadi Antar. The basin is filled by Late Jurassic-Early

Cretaceous volcanics and sedimentary rock units. Jabal Al Maqtal basin

is bounded on one side by a curved right lateral strike-slip fault and on

the other side by a NW-SE normal fault (Fig.11). The Late-Jurassic

volcanics are represented by three major eruptions, consisting of olivine

basalts containing ultramafic mantle xenoliths and separated by two

conglomerate erosional surfaces. These basalts were erupted in lacustrine

environment in the deepest part of the basin (proximal to the strike-slip

fault) and some eruptions show pillow-like structures. The shallow part

of the basin is dominated by Late-Jurassic sedimentary rocks of Abu

Ballas formation which consists of sandstone, conglomerate and siltstone

beds with plant remains, deposited in alluvial-fluviatile environments

(Fig. 12a). They are intercalated with Late- Jurassic volcanics and in

some parts overlain by rhyolites (Fig. 12b).

Fig. 10. Comparisons between ASTER images generated through the different remote

sensing procedures, a) False color composite ASTER 1,4 &7 in RGB and b) Low

pass filtering 5*5 of PC9 clearly define Jabal Al maqtal strike-slip basin.

a b

14 Ahmed A. Madani

Fig. 11. 3D perspective view for Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip basin and its interpreted

structural boundaries.

Fig. 12. a) Plant remains (3m long) within the Late-Jurassic Abu Ballas siltstone.

b) Rhyolites overlying the Late- Jurassic sediments.

5. Conclusion

New Field data and remote sensing analyses of ASTER data

revealed the presence of Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip basin filled with Late

Jurassic-Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence in the south Eastern

Desert, Egypt. This strike-slip basin may become one of the largest

volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs distributed at the NE Africa if the future

a b


geophysical and drilling studies proved the presence of oil in the basin.

The present study reached the following conclusions:

1- Boundaries of the NW-SE Jabal Al Maqtal strike-slip basin are clearly

observed on the low pass filter 9th

PCA image.

2- The basin is bounded on one side by a curved NW to E-W right lateral

strike-slip fault and on the other side by a NW-SE normal fault.

3- The basin was originated during Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous time

and was filled by successive Late Jurassic- Early Cretaceous basaltic

flows and sedimentary rocks belong to Abu Ballas Formation.

4- The deepest part of the basin (proximal to strike-slip fault) is occupied

by olivine basalts that contain ultramafic mantle xenoliths, which were

erupted in lacustrine environment.

5- The shallow distal part is occupied by sandstone, conglomerate and

siltstone beds containing plant remains (Abu Ballas Formation)

deposited during Late-Jurassic in alluvial-fluvial environments.

6- PCA of ASTER data could successfully discriminate and map

different rock units that fill the basin. New geological map for Jabal

AlMaqtal area (1:100 000) was generated using FCC image (PC5,

PC1 & PC3 in RGB). Also the structural boundaries of Jabal Al

Maqtal strike-slip basin could be delineated.

7- Detailed studies of Jurassic sedimentary sequence filling the basin as

well as geophysical studies (magnetic and gravity) are recommended

to get an idea about the thickness of sedimentary sequence within the

basin.

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18 Ahmed A. Madani

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