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DISCUSSION PAPER
PREPARED FOR THE WHO’S DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES FOR
HEALTH
ON BEHALF OF THE UN TASK FORCE ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF FELLOWSHIPS
BY ARIE ROTEM WITH THE SUPPORT OF MICHAEL
A. ZINOVIEFF
Impact Assessment of United Nations System Fellowship Programmes:
An Evaluation Framework
Fellowships in the United Nations System
“A Fellowship in the United Nations System is a specially tailored or selected training activity that provides a monetary grant to a qualified individual for the purpose of fulfilling special learning objectives; such training, ......., should be in response to nationally approved human resources policies and plans, and should aim at impact and relevance for all stakeholders involved.”
Observations concerning fellowship programs
Variability in design and implementation Large investment of efforts and resourcesInsufficient evidence to support
accountability Need to ascertain contribution beyond
benefit to individuals Need to coordinate approaches Potential for strengthening fellowship system
Evaluation assumptions
Evaluation aims to support decision making
An integral part of all phases of planning and implementation
Main purpose to improve rather than to prove
Engagement of stakeholders essential for success
Key Challenges
Conceptual logic: Why do we expect fellowship program to contribute?
Attribution: What else may have caused observed outcomes?
Fidelity: Did we follow the necessary steps?
Modalities of fellowships: What kind of impact could we reasonably expect?
Time frame: How long is it likely to take before impact could be observed?
Mapping the pathway
A reliable “map” of the fellowship pathway , required to:Monitor progress towards the desired
destinationManage road blocks and unintended
consequencesReplicate successes and prevent
mistakes
Theory based evaluation
“Theory or program based approaches map out the channels through which the activities, inputs, and outputs are expected to result in the expected outcomes. It also allows for the identification of unintended effects”.
Inder Jit Ruprah, Office of Evaluation and Oversight, IADB.
Logic Pathway and Benefit Chain
INPUT ACTIVITY OUTPUTS
USAGE IMPACT
Improved
Outcomes
For Clients
Improved Capacity
Improved
Services
•Policies•Plans•Agreements •Fellows•Funds
•Selection•Placement•Training•Mentoring•M&E
•Satisfaction •Gained knowledge and skills•Behaviour change
•Use of gained skills• Contribution toperformance•Bridging gaps
Contribution analysis
An analysis of activities and interim outcomes that could reasonably be expected to contribute to a positive impact for the beneficiary institution.
Confirming the logical link among these outcomes and excluding other known influences (Conceptual logic )
Reducing uncertainty
Identifying outside factors not related to the fellowship that may have an effect ( Attribution)
Ascertaining that the fellowship program has been implemented properly within a logical conceptual framework
( Fidelity)
Verification of fidelity
Clear objectives for fellowship addressing agreed priorities
Selection of appropriate fellows and training programs
Appropriate support during training Opportunity to apply knowledge and skillUtilisation and support after return home Opportunity to contribute and to “echo”
learning
Assess the existing evidence on results
Set indicators and obtain evidence to verify achievement of the desired results at each level ( Monitoring key milestones)
Identify weak links between elements of the results chain and obtain further evidence to enable adjustments.
World Bank Indicators
Relevance: consistent with organizational objectives and HRD plans
Efficiency: value for money and adequate administrative and financial procedures
Effectiveness: major objectives were achieved.
Sustainability: continuation of benefit, once fellowships investment completed.
Impact: improved performance of organization and benefit to community
Extended Kirkpatrick’s framework
Planning, design and implementation- evidence of the appropriateness, relevance, efficiency and sustainability of the program.
Reaction – evidence of satisfaction (what the trainees/fellows thought and felt about the training);
Learning – evidence of learning (the resulting increase in knowledge or capability as reflected in end of course assessment);
Extended Kirkpatrick measures of training
Behaviour – evidence of behaviour change or capability improvement as reflected in job performance;
Results – evidence of contribution to the institution resulting from the fellows’ performance.
Mega Impact- evidence of the long term benefit of the improved performance of the institution and the services it provides to specific communities or target groups.
Evidence of Contribution
Self perception of enhanced capacity\contribution
Others’ perceptions of enhanced capacity\contribution (360 degrees)
Continuing to study and develop professionally
Recognition by professional bodies of gained qualification (eligibility for higher studies and duties)
Change in behaviour\attitude\performance
Evidence of Contribution
Change of work practice\procedures \ways of doing things associated with learning
Initiation of a new program or aspects of a program
Attainment of specific institutional objectives related to added capacity
Evidence of bridging a performance gap in the institution\program related to added capacity
Evidence of contribution to institution key success factors
Evidence of Contribution
Utilization of knowledge\skills by home institution
Passing on knowledge\skills to others (dissemination)
Assignment to higher or different duties that reflect use of learning
Improved career path \progression Demonstration of leadership Improved prospect of retention due to
higher motivation\morale
Use of all plausible evidence
Use any plausible evidence regardless of the design, method or source used to obtain it.
Use both qualitative and quantitative evidence (triangulation of findings)
Use information obtained through current monitoring and evaluation approaches and techniques. (Less costly and less bias)
Assemble the performance story
Document a Performance Story based on the evidence available showing the attainment of intermediate outcomes (critical milestones) and the logical link among them.
Performance story
The performance story describes the journey from the inception of a fellowship program to the attainment of its immediate and long term goals.
The important events and experiences along the way are identified as mile stones that could be monitored in order to ascertain that we are moving in the right direction and ultimately that we have reached our destination.
Performance story
The performance story should enable ‘reasonable’ observers to determine whether it is plausible that particular interventions led to certain results.
“Plausible Association"
“Plausible Association“ implies that reasonable people with adequate information concerning what has occurred or is occurring in the programme, agree that the programme contributed or is likely to contribute to the desired outcomes.
Seek out additional evidence.
Where an alternative explanation cannot be discounted, or the program cannot be shown to be a more likely contributor, the program logic should be reviewed and/or additional data gathered and evaluated.
Where this can’t be done, further evaluation is required or it should be recognised that the program is not the key contributor to the outcomes.
Work in progress
The approach is well suited to development programs where data is likely to reflect ‘progress toward results’, rather than a definitive statement of final outcomes.
A credible performance story includes;
The program context (including the results chain),
Planned and actual accomplishments, Lessons learnt, Approach for assuring the quality of informationThe main alternative explanations for the
outcomes occurring including reasons why they had limited or no influence.
Mayne (2003)
Engagement of stakeholders
Requires collaboration of stakeholders
Provides better contextual understanding and engenders ownership
Partnership and collective responsibility for success
Next Steps
Construct benefit chain for selected programs
Review existing evidence in relation to mile stones
Identify weak linksSeek additional evidenceConstruct performance storyConfirm conceptual logic and fidelity of
programs
Next steps
Assess “plausibility” of contribution to impact
Derive lessons and strengthen fellowship programs
Disseminate findings and establish benchmarks and guidelines
Engage stakeholders in all steps ( Particularly, fellowship authorities,
training institutions, beneficiary institutions, and fellows)
Recommendation
Recommend to the 17th Meeting of Senior Fellowship Officers to allocate existing resources and/or seek additional support for the conduct of pilot studies in selected countries and/or sectors, to test the appropriateness of the contribution analysis approach in the context of impact evaluation of UN system fellowship programmes.