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Discussion Questions: True or False1) The true meaning of a poem can only be understood by the person who wrote it. 2) Poems are always about emotions. 3) No poem can ever be completely understood. 4) A good poem makes you feel an emotion5) Poems have to use standard grammar rules

WHAT IS POETRY?Poetry is a way of expressing thoughts and feelings in an imaginative, suggestive language. Poets often try to capture in words what painters and photographers can achieve with shapes and colors.

GUIDELINES FOR CLOSE READING OF POETRYRead the poem out loud at least onceFollow punctuationLook for key words and descriptionsWrite paraphrases of lines in your mind to determine meaningFind its central idea or meaningWhy Punctuation is Important:Woman without her man is nothing. Half of the class punctuated the sentence in the following way: Woman: without her, man is nothing.

The other half of the class responded with thefollowing: Woman, without her man, is nothing.

Grammar: Capitalization Rules Page 246Capitalize the first word in every sentence Exercise 1 Complete & ReviewTraditionally, the first word of a line of poetry is capitalized Capitalize the first word of a directly quoted sentence. Capitalize the first word in both the salutation and the closing of a letter. Capitalize the pronoun/and the interjection O. Exercise 2 Complete & ReviewCapitalize proper nouns and proper adjectivesCapitalize the names of persons and animals Capitalize initials in names and abbreviations that come before or after names.

Capitalization Rules Cont. Capitalize geographical names (places) Exercise 3 Complete and review (page 250) Capitalize the names of organizations, teams, government bodies, and institutions. Capitalize the names of historical events and periods, special events, holidays and other calendar items. Capitalize the names of nationalities, races, and peoplesCapitalize the names of religions and their followers, holy days, and celebrations, sacred writings, and specific deities.Capitalize the names of businesses and the brand names of business products. Capitalize the names of planets, stars, constellations, and other heavenly bodies Capitalization Rules Cont. Capitalize the names of ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft. Capitalize the names of awards, memorials, and monuments. Capitalize the names of particular buildings and other structures. Exercise 4 Complete and Review (page 254)Capitalize the first and last words and all important words in titles and subtitles.Chapter review

POETRY

A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas).STRUCTURESOne of the most difficult tasks is to match the content of a poem to the form that is best suited for it.

POETRY FORM

FORM - the appearance of the words on the page

LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem

STANZA - a group of lines arranged togetherA word is deadWhen it is said,Some say.

I say it justBegins to liveThat day.KINDS OF STANZASCouplet=a two line stanzaTriplet (Tercet)=a three line stanzaQuatrain=a four line stanzaQuintet=a five line stanzaSestet (Sextet)=a six line stanzaSeptet=a seven line stanzaOctave=an eight line stanzaSonnetsThere are several different types of Sonnets and they each have a different Rhyme Scheme.

Even though all sonnets have exactly 14 lines and they are generally written in Iambic Pentameter, many authors chose to invent their own Rhyme Scheme.

You can invent your own, as well. This is a Shakespearean Sonnet and it might be Shakespeares most famous one. Of course, that is debatable.

SONNET 55 (352)

MANHOLE COVERS (354)

Bethlehem Steel Closes 400-METER FREESTYLE (356)

SPEAKERWhen you read a poem ask yourself who is speaking.

The speaker in a poem may be the poet, the voice in the poem could be a fictional character or an object.

In a a dramatic poem their may be more than one speaker. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/500px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png19POINT OF VIEW IN POETRYPOET

The poet is the author of the poem.SPEAKER

The speaker of the poem is the narrator of the poem. THE FACE IN THE MIRROR (298)

THE CLOUD (300)

Punctuation: Exercises 1: 266A statement is followed by a period (a declarative). A question (or interrogative sentence) is followed by a question mark. An exclamation (or exclamatory sentence) is followed by an exclamation point. A command or request (or imperative sentence) is followed by either a period or an exclamation point. Exercise 1 (pg. 266)

Punctuation Cont. Use a period after certain abbreviations (Ida. B. Wells)Abbreviate social titles whether used before the full name or before the last name alone (Mr. , Mrs.) You may abbreviate civil and military titles used before full names or before initials and last names. Spell such titles out before last names used alone (Sen., Brig. Gen, Prof. )

Abbreviate titles and academic degrees that follow proper names.Acronyms (AMA = American Medical Association)Geographical Terms (Tucson, Ariz. ) Time (A.D, B.C)Units of Measurement (tsp , mph) Exercise 2 complete and review (page 270)

SOUND EFFECTS

SOUND PATTERNS Poets, like musicians are sensitive to the effects of sound. Varying rhythms, use harsh or melodious words that create a sound to convey a particular mood. In combination, these devices can give a poem a rich texture of sound, which is pleasurable in itself and which also enhances the poems meaning. RHYTHM

The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.METERA pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.

Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.

When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They repeat the pattern throughout the poem.METER cont.FOOT - unit of meter. A foot can have two or three syllables.Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.TYPES OF FEET The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. (cont.)

Nostril: Present vs. Present

Word Stress:

Iambic - unstressed, stressed

Trochaic - stressed, unstressed

Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed

Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed

FREE VERSE POETRYUnlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.

Does NOT have rhyme.Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you.

A more modern type of poetry.

BLANK VERSE POETRYWritten in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme.Julius Cesar: Excerpt

Cowards die many times before their deaths;The valiant never taste of death but once.Of all the wonders that I yet have heard,It seems to me most strange that men should fear;Seeing that death, a necessary end,Will come when it will come.

RHYMEWords sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds.

(A word always rhymes with itself.)

39Activity: Rhyme group game

Rhyming Couplets

These words rhyme: Last syllable is stressedThese words almost rhyme: The last syllable is not stressed

Slant RhymeBridge/Grudge

Moon/On

Hinge/OrangeSlant Rhyme There are multitudes of names for words that almost rhyme.

END RHYMEA word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line:

Hector the CollectorCollected bits of string.Collected dolls with broken headsAnd rusty bells that would not ring.THE DESTRUCTION OF SENNACHERIB (334)

INTERNAL RHYMEA word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line.

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

From The Raven by Edgar Allan PoeONOMATOPOEIA Words that imitate the sound they are naming BUZZ

OR sounds that imitate another sound

The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of each purple curtain . . .

JAZZ FANTASIA (337)

ALLITERATIONConsonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of word. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck,

50Activity: Alliteration group gameCONSONANCESimilar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

silken, sad, uncertain, rustling . .

ASSONANCERepeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

(Often creates near rhyme.)

Lake FateBaseFade(All share the long a sound.)

ASSONANCE cont.Examples of ASSONANCE:Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.John Masefield

Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.- William ShakespeareConsonance & Assonance like rhyme can create a more unified sound.

NEXT! (340)

REFRAINA sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.Quoth the raven, Nevermore.

The Raven LYRICA short poemUsually written in first person point of viewExpresses an emotion or an idea or describes a sceneDo not tell a story and are often musical.Desert Places (380)

CINQUAINA five line poem containing 22 syllables

Two SyllablesFour SyllablesSix SyllablesEight SyllablesTwo Syllables How frailAbove the bulkOf crashing water hangsAutumnal, evanescent, wanThe moon.NARRATIVE POEMSA poem that tells a story.

Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry b/c the poet needs to establish characters and a plot.Examples of Narrative Poems

The RavenThe HighwaymanCasey at the BatThe Walrus and the CarpenterThe Castle (389)

CONCRETE POEMSIn concrete poems, the words are arranged to create a picture that relates to the content of the poem. PoetryIs like Flames,Which areSwift and elusiveDodging realizationSparks, like words on thePaper, leap and dance in theFlickering firelight. The fieryTongues, formless and shiftingShapes, tease the imiagination.Yet for those who see,Through their mindsEye, they burnUp the page.

HAIKU A Japanese poem written in three lines

Five SyllablesSeven SyllablesFive SyllablesAn old silent pond . . .A frog jumps into the pond.Splash! Silence again.Haiku Practice ActivityDraft 2 Haikus. Select 2 images form a magazine and write a Haiku for each of the pictures. Attach the pictures to your poem. Be sure to review the elements of Form, Content and Image on your rubric. Sample Haikus are on the back of the handout. FIGURATIVELANGUAGESIMILEA comparison of two things using like, as than, or resembles.

She is as beautiful as a sunrise.

METAPHORA direct comparison of two unlike things

All the worlds a stage, and we are merely players.- William Shakespeare

EXTENDED METAPHORA metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work.IMPLIED METAPHORThe comparison is hinted at but not clearly stated.

The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it.by John SteinbeckThe Pearl

HyperboleExaggeration often used for emphasis.PERSONIFICATIONAn animal given human-like qualities or an object given life-like qualities. Ninkiby Shirley Jackson

Ninki was by this time irritated beyond belief by the general air of incompetence exhibited in the kitchen, and she went into the living room and got Shax, who is extraordinarily lazy and never catches his own chipmunks, but who is, at least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw clearly, to a man with a gun.

OTHERPOETIC DEVICESSYMBOLISMWhen a person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself also represents, or stands for, something else.

= Innocence

= America

= Peace

A symbol is anything that hints at something else, usually something abstract, such as an idea or belief. A literary symbol is an object, a person, a situation, or an action that has a literal meaning in a story but suggests or represents other meanings.SymbolismAllusionAllusion comes from the verb allude which means to refer toAn allusion is a reference to something famous.A tunnel walled and overlaidWith dazzling crystal: we had read Of rare Aladdins wondrous cave,And to our own his name we gave.

From SnowboundJohn Greenleaf WhittierIMAGERYLanguage that appeals to the senses.Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

then with cracked hands that achedfrom labor in the weekday weather . . .from Those Winter SundaysIrony:Verbal Irony:Examples: clear as mud, "as much fun as a root canal.

Situational Irony - Situational irony results from recognizing the oddness or unfairness of a given situation, be it positive or negative. Examples: Bill Gates wins a computer contest

Dramatic Irony :when the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the charactersExamples: The Quiet Man Shawn Kelvin who wants to avoid conflict, is a prize fighter. Big Liam of course doesnt know this. Alanis Morissette: Isn't it ironic Annabel Lee Exercise

Unit Test Look over your key word terms for the unit and the slides and examples from class.

Unit test will cover concepts NOT specific poetry.

We may ask you to read a poem, and dissect some of these elements however.