DISEASES “Birds hide illness”. Signs of Illness Dull eyes Sitting on bottom of cage Change in...

DISEASESDISEASES

““Birds hide illness”Birds hide illness”

Signs of IllnessSigns of Illness

•Dull eyes•Sitting on bottom of cage•Change in activity level•Being fluffed up for extended period•Sleeping during day (beyond normal napping)•Tail bobbing in time with breathing•Discoloured droppings* p. 116•Discharge from nares (nostrils) or blocked nares

Common diseasesCommon diseases

Common diseases in caged parrots:Common diseases in caged parrots:• • TraumaTrauma• • ToxicosisToxicosis• • Neoplastic diseaseNeoplastic disease• • Compulsive egg layingCompulsive egg laying• • Egg-bindingEgg-binding• • Respiratory diseaseRespiratory disease• • AspergillosisAspergillosis• • ChlamydiosisChlamydiosis

Common diseasesCommon diseases

Common diseases in caged parrots:Common diseases in caged parrots:

• • ObesityObesity

• • HepatitisHepatitis

• • Proventricular dilatation diseaseProventricular dilatation disease

• • Mites (scaly beak and tassel foot)Mites (scaly beak and tassel foot)

• • Psittacine beak and feather diseasePsittacine beak and feather disease

• • Feather pluckingFeather plucking

TraumaTrauma

Injuries is mostly seen among Injuries is mostly seen among birds that are allowed to fly birds that are allowed to fly freely inside the house.freely inside the house.

The most important advice is to The most important advice is to prevent the injuries before they prevent the injuries before they happen.happen.

TraumaTrauma Common causes to trauma:Common causes to trauma: The bird sits on top of a door The bird sits on top of a door

that is being closed and that is being closed and fractures a leg or toe.fractures a leg or toe.

The bird flies into a window and The bird flies into a window and gets a conclusion or fractures a gets a conclusion or fractures a wing.wing.

The bird lands onto the stove or The bird lands onto the stove or into a boiling pot and gets burn into a boiling pot and gets burn injuries.injuries.

TraumaTrauma Common causes to trauma:Common causes to trauma:• • The bird is being The bird is being

chased/captured by the family’s chased/captured by the family’s cat or dog and gets bitten.cat or dog and gets bitten.

Remember that a cat bite is Remember that a cat bite is always life threatening to the always life threatening to the bird. The bird can die from an bird. The bird can die from an infection within 12 h.infection within 12 h.

• • The bird sits on top of another The bird sits on top of another bird’s cage and gets bitten in bird’s cage and gets bitten in the toes.the toes.

TraumaTrauma ReptilesReptiles— Snakes kill birds, and — Snakes kill birds, and

birds are terrified of them. birds are terrified of them. Apparently non-threatening reptiles, Apparently non-threatening reptiles, such as turtles and iguanas, very such as turtles and iguanas, very often carry salmonella bacteria, often carry salmonella bacteria, which can be deadly to birds. which can be deadly to birds.

TraumaTrauma

FerretsFerrets—Ferrets —Ferrets are semi-wild, are semi-wild, predatory animals, predatory animals, and known bird and known bird killers..killers..

Other Hazards Other Hazards

Ceiling FansCeiling Fans — Ceiling fans are — Ceiling fans are dangerous to flighted birds for obvious dangerous to flighted birds for obvious reasons. reasons.

Open ToiletsOpen Toilets — Smaller flighted or — Smaller flighted or semi‑flighted birds can drown in toilets, semi‑flighted birds can drown in toilets, and even if they don't drown they can and even if they don't drown they can easily pick up diseases from the inside easily pick up diseases from the inside of a toilet. Keep your toilet's lid fully of a toilet. Keep your toilet's lid fully closed at all times.closed at all times.

ToxicosisToxicosis

The most common causes to toxicosis:The most common causes to toxicosis:

• • Heavy metals (lead and zinc)Heavy metals (lead and zinc)

• • Smoke (from fire or an owner smoking)Smoke (from fire or an owner smoking)

• • Teflon (birds can die within a couple ofTeflon (birds can die within a couple of

hours from a gas that develops when foodhours from a gas that develops when food

is burnt in a frying pan with teflonis burnt in a frying pan with teflon

surface.)surface.)

SmokingSmoking

Second-hand Second-hand smoke is bad smoke is bad for for humans. It’s even worse for humans. It’s even worse for birds, who have more sensitive birds, who have more sensitive respiratory systems than we do. respiratory systems than we do.

Lead poisoningLead poisoningLead is for exampleLead is for examplefound in foil found in foil surrounding wine surrounding wine bottles, weights in bottles, weights in toys for birds, toys for birds, frames to old mirrors frames to old mirrors or windows, weights or windows, weights to curtains and in to curtains and in old paint.old paint.

Lead Poisoning Lead Poisoning

Clinical signsClinical signs

Clinical signs of lead poisoning include:Clinical signs of lead poisoning include:

weakness, lethargy, vomiting, passage ofweakness, lethargy, vomiting, passage of

blood in the feces, seizures, kidney andblood in the feces, seizures, kidney and

liver damage, chronic non-regenerativeliver damage, chronic non-regenerative

anemia due to bone marrow suppressionanemia due to bone marrow suppression

and death.and death.

Lead poisoningLead poisoning

DiagnosisDiagnosisA blood sample to measure A blood sample to measure the level of lead in the the level of lead in the blood is required to blood is required to diagnose leaddiagnose leadpoisoning. poisoning. Radiography can be helpful Radiography can be helpful if a radio dense particle can if a radio dense particle can be seen in the gizzard or be seen in the gizzard or ventriculus. However, a ventriculus. However, a negative radiographic negative radiographic examination does not rule examination does not rule out the diagnosis lead out the diagnosis lead poisoning.poisoning.

Zinc poisoningZinc poisoning

Zinc can be found inZinc can be found ingalvanized metalgalvanized metalwhich include a lotwhich include a lotof things in the bird’sof things in the bird’ssurroundings forsurroundings forexample zippers,example zippers,paper clips, wires inpaper clips, wires inbird cages and bowlsbird cages and bowlsfor water and food.for water and food.

Zinc PoisoningZinc Poisoning


Clinical signs of zinc poisoning include:Clinical signs of zinc poisoning include:

hemolytic anemia, kidney and liverhemolytic anemia, kidney and liver

damage, weakness, lethargy, damage, weakness, lethargy, vomiting,vomiting,

seizures, convulsions, feather pluckingseizures, convulsions, feather plucking

and death.and death.

Zinc poisoningZinc poisoningDiagnostic tests andDiagnostic tests andtreatment are thetreatment are thesame as with leadsame as with leadpoisoning.poisoning.Treatment with Calcium Treatment with Calcium EDTA or EDTA or dimercaptosuccinc acid dimercaptosuccinc acid should be initiated as soon should be initiated as soon as lead or zinc poisoning as lead or zinc poisoning are suspected since it will are suspected since it will pass several days before pass several days before diagnosis is confirmed.diagnosis is confirmed.

Neoplasitic diseaseNeoplasitic disease

Renal adenocarcinoma in budgerigars is aRenal adenocarcinoma in budgerigars is aleading cause of death in males. Inleading cause of death in males. Infemales ovarian tumors are morefemales ovarian tumors are morecommon. Males can also have testicularcommon. Males can also have testicularcancer. cancer. Clinical signsClinical signs are in all cases are in all caseslameness, weight loss and a palpablelameness, weight loss and a palpableabdominal mass. Radiographs are helpfulabdominal mass. Radiographs are helpfulin diagnosis.in diagnosis.


Lipomas are mostLipomas are mostcommonly seencommonly seenamong budgerigars.among budgerigars.The lipomaThe lipomaeventually getseventually getstroublesome for thetroublesome for thebird as it applybird as it applypressure onpressure onsurrounding organssurrounding organsand changes theand changes thebird’s centre ofbird’s centre ofgravity.gravity.


Caged birds often haveCaged birds often haveFibrosarcomas thatFibrosarcomas thathave affinity for wings,have affinity for wings,legs and face. legs and face. Some of these can beSome of these can betreated with amputation.treated with amputation.Lymphosarcomas andLymphosarcomas andavian leukosis-likeavian leukosis-likesyndromes are alsosyndromes are alsocommonly reported incommonly reported inpet birds.pet birds.

Egg-bindingEgg-binding

Egg-binding is most commonly seenEgg-binding is most commonly seenamong cockatiels, budgerigars andamong cockatiels, budgerigars andlovebirds. It can be caused by manylovebirds. It can be caused by manydifferent factors like age, obesity, different factors like age, obesity,

cold,cold,dry air, poor diet, calcium deficiency, dry air, poor diet, calcium deficiency,

andandcompulsive egg layingcompulsive egg layingThe hen bird often sits on the floor of The hen bird often sits on the floor of

itsitscage and becomes lethargic. cage and becomes lethargic.

SometimesSometimesthey breath heavily and get they breath heavily and get

staggering.staggering.

Compulsive egg layingCompulsive egg laying

Instead of laying ordinaryInstead of laying ordinarylarge litter of 3-5 eggs shelarge litter of 3-5 eggs shecontinues to lay egg after continues to lay egg after

egg.egg.To accomplish this a greatTo accomplish this a greatamount of calcium andamount of calcium andnourishment is required.nourishment is required.Eventually the egg layingEventually the egg layingleads to malnutritionleads to malnutritionwith egg-binding as a possiblewith egg-binding as a possibleresult.result.


It is not easy toIt is not easy tobreak the bird’sbreak the bird’sunnaturalunnaturalbehavior but itbehavior but itcan be donecan be donewithout medicalwithout medicaltreatment ortreatment orsurgery.surgery.


To break the behavior, the daylight lengthTo break the behavior, the daylight lengthshould be reduced to 6-8 hours the first threeshould be reduced to 6-8 hours the first threeweeks. The following weeks the light can beweeks. The following weeks the light can beturned on 10-12 hours a day. Nesting boxesturned on 10-12 hours a day. Nesting boxeshave to be removed. The eggs are supposed tohave to be removed. The eggs are supposed tobe left in with the hen to inhibit further laying.be left in with the hen to inhibit further laying.For some birds it is enough to move around theFor some birds it is enough to move around thethings in the cage or to move the cage tothings in the cage or to move the cage todifferent rooms.different rooms.


Unfortunately theseUnfortunately thesemanipulations aremanipulations areseldom enough toseldom enough toinhibit theinhibit thecompulsive eggcompulsive egglaying. In those caseslaying. In those casesmedical treatmentmedical treatmentwith hormones orwith hormones orsurgical spaying aresurgical spaying areindicatedindicated..


Diagnostics includeDiagnostics includehistory, clinicalhistory, clinicalsigns, palpation ofsigns, palpation ofthe egg andthe egg andradiography.radiography.Treatment by givingTreatment by givingthe bird calcium andthe bird calcium andprovide suitableprovide suitablenesting material andnesting material anda warm dampa warm dampenvironment may beenvironment may beadequate.adequate.


In more difficultIn more difficultcases the egg has tocases the egg has tobe collapsed withbe collapsed withneedle and syringeneedle and syringeeither per cloaca oreither per cloaca orvia midline throughvia midline throughthe abdominal wall.the abdominal wall.This procedure isThis procedure isobviously performedobviously performedduring anesthesia.during anesthesia.

Management of DystociasManagement of Dystocias

Lubricate and Apply Pressure Crush and remove fragments



Impaction in Oviduct

Management of Chronic Egg-LayingManagement of Chronic Egg-Laying

Photoperiod Photoperiod ControlControl

Removal of Removal of stimulistimuli

ChemicalChemical– LupronLupron– HCGHCG

SurgicalSurgical


Correct dehydrationCorrect dehydration Provide WarmthProvide Warmth Correct Calcium DepletionCorrect Calcium Depletion Prostaglandin application to cloacaProstaglandin application to cloaca Forced expulsion/removalForced expulsion/removal

Gram-negative and Gram-Gram-negative and Gram-Positive BacteriaPositive Bacteria

– Causative agent is Causative agent is any bacteria, even any bacteria, even those categorized as those categorized as “normal flora,” which “normal flora,” which can cause an can cause an infection or disease infection or disease in certain situationsin certain situations

– In general, bacterial In general, bacterial infections in parrots infections in parrots are associated w/ are associated w/ gram-negative gram-negative bacteriabacteria

Clinical signs:Clinical signs: Vary according to the affected Vary according to the affected

anatomical partanatomical part Diarrhea from a enteritisDiarrhea from a enteritis Nasal discharge from a sinusitisNasal discharge from a sinusitis Dyspnea from pneumoniaDyspnea from pneumonia Inflamed tissue or abscess from Inflamed tissue or abscess from

an infection in the skin, joint, or an infection in the skin, joint, or tissuetissue

Bumblefoot (ulcerative Bumblefoot (ulcerative dermatitis) from infection in the dermatitis) from infection in the bottom of the footbottom of the foot

Anorexia from hepatitisAnorexia from hepatitis Regurgitation from infection in Regurgitation from infection in

the crop (ingluvitis)the crop (ingluvitis)

Respiratory Diseases Respiratory Diseases

Respiratory diseasesRespiratory diseasesare very commonare very commonamong caged birds.among caged birds.Several factorsSeveral factorscontribute tocontribute todeveloping disease.developing disease.Examples of suchExamples of suchfactors are vitamin Afactors are vitamin Adeficiency, drydeficiency, dryindoor air, pollutedindoor air, pollutedair from smoking andair from smoking andfood containingfood containingmold.mold.

Respiratory diseaseRespiratory disease

Common respiratory Common respiratory diseases:diseases:

• • Chronic rhinitisChronic rhinitis

• • SinusitisSinusitis

• • AirsacculitisAirsacculitis

• • AspergillosisAspergillosis

• • ChlamydiosisChlamydiosis

Aspergillosis Aspergillosis

(Mycotic pneumonia, Pneumomycosis)(Mycotic pneumonia, Pneumomycosis)

Aspergillosis is caused by Aspergillosis is caused by Aspergillus Aspergillus sppspp

frequently frequently Aspergillus fumigatusAspergillus fumigatus. Inhalation . Inhalation ofof

spores from contaminated litter or feed spores from contaminated litter or feed causescauses

infection. The fungal spores settle out in theinfection. The fungal spores settle out in the

region of the syrinx, the abdominal air sacsregion of the syrinx, the abdominal air sacs

and the lung.and the lung.

AspergillosisAspergillosis


Clinical signs ofClinical signs of

Aspergillosis include:Aspergillosis include:

dyspnea, hyperpnea, dyspnea, hyperpnea, inappetence,inappetence,

emaciation, increased thirst,emaciation, increased thirst,

somnolence and othersomnolence and other

neurological signs. If aflatoxinneurological signs. If aflatoxin

is produced the bird can contractis produced the bird can contract

liver damage, failure and death.liver damage, failure and death.


DiagnosisDiagnosis• • Markedly elevated Markedly elevated

WBC countWBC count• • Radiographs to Radiographs to

show thickening of show thickening of air sacsair sacs

• • Endoscopy to Endoscopy to examine syrinx and examine syrinx and internal air sacsinternal air sacs

• • Tracheal and lung Tracheal and lung washeswashes


By culture or byBy culture or bymicroscopicalmicroscopicalexamination of freshexamination of freshpreparations thepreparations thefungus can befungus can bedemonstrated.demonstrated.Treatment isTreatment isdifficult. It may havedifficult. It may haveto go on for the restto go on for the restof the bird’s life. Page 28of the bird’s life. Page 28Rx. Itraconazole (nebulization)Rx. Itraconazole (nebulization)

ChlamydiosisChlamydiosisClamidia psittaciClamidia psittaci


Clinical signs of Clinical signs of chlamydiosis include chlamydiosis include weight loss, depression, weight loss, depression, lime-green urates, loose lime-green urates, loose feces, emaciated when feces, emaciated when examined and respiratory examined and respiratory signs usually related to an signs usually related to an airsacculitis.airsacculitis.

ChlamydiosisChlamydiosis

DiagnosisDiagnosis

• • Radiography – Radiography – enlarged liver and/orenlarged liver and/or

spleenspleen

• • Hematology – Hematology – elevated WBC count,elevated WBC count,

monocytosismonocytosis

• • Biochemistry – Biochemistry – elevated ASTelevated AST

Fluorescent antibodies Chlamydia psittaci


DiagnosisDiagnosis• • Serology – can only Serology – can only

show if the bird hasshow if the bird has been in contact with been in contact with

the disease.the disease.• • Antigen in feces – Antigen in feces –

risk for false risk for false negativenegative

• • Culture – difficult, Culture – difficult, often false negativeoften false negative

Elementary bodies


All birds with aAll birds with apositive test resultpositive test resulthave to be treatedhave to be treatedeven if they show noeven if they show nosign of disease.sign of disease.Treatments withTreatments withdoxycycline are verydoxycycline are veryeffective but requireeffective but require45 days of therapy.45 days of therapy.Since it is a zoonotic disease,Since it is a zoonotic disease,birds can transmit it to people birds can transmit it to people A positive test needs to be A positive test needs to be immediately reported to the immediately reported to the

statestateveterinarianveterinarian

ObesityObesity

Obesity is a veryObesity is a verycommon diseasecommon diseaseamong budgerigarsamong budgerigarsand amazons. Theand amazons. Theproblem is related toproblem is related tothe fact that the seedthe fact that the seeddiets commonly feddiets commonly fedto the birds haveto the birds haveexcess fat.excess fat.

Obesity Obesity

Obesity increase the Obesity increase the risk for:risk for:

• • Hepatic lipidosisHepatic lipidosis

• • AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

• • LipomaLipoma

IngluvIngluvitisitis

Ingluvitis means inflammation of theIngluvitis means inflammation of thecrop. It can be caused by a variety ofcrop. It can be caused by a variety ofpathogens; yeast such as pathogens; yeast such as CandidaCandidaalbicansalbicans, bacteria such as , bacteria such as E.coli E.coli andandparasites such as parasites such as Trichomonas Trichomonas spp.spp.Regurgitation of seed in budgerigars Regurgitation of seed in budgerigars

andandcockatiels is often caused bycockatiels is often caused byTrichomonas Trichomonas spp.spp.

IngluvitisIngluvitis

Diagnosis of theDiagnosis of thecausal agent can becausal agent can bemade by cytology ormade by cytology orculture of a cropculture of a cropwash.wash.Clinical signs ofClinical signs ofingluvitis mayingluvitis mayinclude vomiting,include vomiting,weight loss,weight loss,depression and adepression and apalpable crop filledpalpable crop filledwith fluid.with fluid.

HepatitisHepatitis

Hepatitis is a very common diseaseHepatitis is a very common diseaseamong pet birds. It is often caused by aamong pet birds. It is often caused by acombination of an increased number ofcombination of an increased number ofbacteria in the environment and poorbacteria in the environment and poorfeed.feed.Clinical signs include vomiting,Clinical signs include vomiting,inappetence, loose feaces and yellow-inappetence, loose feaces and yellow-

greengreenuratesurates

HepatitisHepatitis

Hepatitis causedHepatitis caused

by bacteria can beby bacteria can be

treated withtreated with

antibiotics for aantibiotics for a

long period oflong period of

time in combination time in combination

with improved feed.with improved feed.

Proventricular dilatationProventricular dilatationdisease (PDD)disease (PDD)

The disease was initiallyThe disease was initiallyseen in macaws andseen in macaws andtherefore also referred to astherefore also referred to asMacaw wasting syndromeMacaw wasting syndromeLater on it has been seen inLater on it has been seen inother species as well. other species as well. A viral etiology is suggested,A viral etiology is suggested,although this remainsalthough this remainsunproven. Bornavirus?unproven. Bornavirus?A fatal neurological disorderA fatal neurological disorder


The disease isThe disease ischaracterized bycharacterized byenlarged enlarged

proventriculus,proventriculus,lethargy, lethargy,

regurgitation,regurgitation,chronic weight loss,chronic weight loss,nervous signs, nervous signs,

abnormalabnormaldroppings and cropdroppings and cropimpactions.impactions.

PDDPDD

DiagnosisDiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinicalDiagnosis is based on clinicalsigns, radiographs showing ansigns, radiographs showing anenlarged proventriculus andenlarged proventriculus andexclusion of differentialexclusion of differentialdiagnoses. diagnoses. For a certain diagnosis a For a certain diagnosis a

biopsybiopsyof the gizzard or crop isof the gizzard or crop isrequired.required.

Proventricular dilatationProventricular dilatationdiseasedisease

There is noThere is no

treatment for thistreatment for this

disease. It hasdisease. It has

always a deadlyalways a deadly

outcome.outcome.

Psittacine beak and featherPsittacine beak and featherdiseasedisease(PBFD)(PBFD)

This disease is causedThis disease is caused

by by Psittacine circovirusPsittacine circovirus. .

It may infect anyIt may infect any

Psittacine bird. Psittacine bird.

Primarily birds <3 yearsPrimarily birds <3 years

old appears to beold appears to be

affected.affected.

Psittacine beak and featherPsittacine beak and featherdiseasedisease

Clinical signsClinical signsTypical signs are feather Typical signs are feather

loss, abnormal pin loss, abnormal pin feathers, abnormal feathers, abnormal mature feathers, lack mature feathers, lack of powder down, beak of powder down, beak abnormality, pigment abnormality, pigment loss in colored loss in colored feathers and feathers and immunosuppression.immunosuppression.


DiagnosisDiagnosis • • Clinical signsClinical signs • • Detect virus in bloodDetect virus in blood • • Biopsies of affected feather folliclesBiopsies of affected feather follicles


There is no treatmentThere is no treatmentfor this disease. Mostfor this disease. Mostbirds die within fourbirds die within fouryears in otheryears in otherinfections due toinfections due toimmunosuppression.immunosuppression.Parrots usually die Parrots usually die

within awithin afew days due tofew days due tosevere hematologicalsevere hematologicalchanges.changes.

Feather pluckingFeather plucking

It is thought thatIt is thought that25% of the birds that25% of the birds thathave a problem withhave a problem withfeather pluckingfeather pluckingsuffer from an actualsuffer from an actualclinical disease. 75%clinical disease. 75%are due to psychologicalare due to psychologicalreasons.reasons.


IInitially disease has to benitially disease has to beexcluded by performing aexcluded by performing acomplete dermatologicalcomplete dermatologicalexamination. examination.

If no disease is found theIf no disease is found thebird´s environment hasbird´s environment hasto be investigated andto be investigated andhopefully the triggeringhopefully the triggeringcause can be found.cause can be found.


Possible triggering factors:Possible triggering factors:• • Small cageSmall cage• • BoredomBoredom• • Sexual or social stress or frustrationSexual or social stress or frustration• • Attention seekingAttention seeking• • Fear, nervousnessFear, nervousness• • Changed dietChanged diet• • Compulsive egg layingCompulsive egg laying• • Lack of privacyLack of privacy

Feather pluckingFeather pluckingTreatment of featherTreatment of featherplucking birds withplucking birds withpsychological problemspsychological problemsimplies gradually changingimplies gradually changingthe birds environment. the birds environment. Most often the birdsMost often the birdsunfortunately becomeunfortunately becomeconstant feather constant feather pluckers.pluckers.

Xray film demo.Xray film demo.

Crop BurnCrop Burn The cause is a neonate The cause is a neonate

fed a high temperature fed a high temperature gruel creating the burn gruel creating the burn or heating formula in a or heating formula in a microwave microwave

Clinical sign 10 days Clinical sign 10 days after incident when a after incident when a scab falls off and scab falls off and fistulous tract is seen fistulous tract is seen leaking gruel onto birds leaking gruel onto birds chestchest

Treatment surgery Treatment surgery

ParasitologyParasitology

Giardiasis:Giardiasis:-Causative agent is -Causative agent is Giardia Giardia

spp.spp.

-CS:-CS:– NoneNone– Diarrhea Diarrhea

-DX:-DX:– Visualizing the Visualizing the

trophozoites on a direct trophozoites on a direct fecal smearfecal smear

– Positive Giardia antigen Positive Giardia antigen ELISA testELISA test

-TX:-TX:

Metronidazole Metronidazole

TrichomoniasisTrichomoniasis Causative agent is Causative agent is Trichomonas Trichomonas

spp.spp. CS:CS:

– White plaques in the PO White plaques in the PO cavity cavity

– Regurgitation Regurgitation DX:DX:

– Visualizing the trophozoites Visualizing the trophozoites on a direct fecal smearon a direct fecal smear

TX:TX:– metronidazolemetronidazole

Organism is usually observed in Organism is usually observed in pigeons and doves or hawks that pigeons and doves or hawks that eat these specieseat these species

MitesMites KnemoidocoptesKnemoidocoptes pilaepilae

Mites is common onMites is common onbudgerigars and rarebudgerigars and rareon all other psittacines. on all other psittacines.

The disease is thought toThe disease is thought todepend on adepend on aimmunodeficiencyimmunodeficiencyand is therefore notand is therefore notthought to be contagious.thought to be contagious.

MitesMites

The mites cause conditionsThe mites cause conditionsknown as scaly beak and tassleknown as scaly beak and tasslefoot. foot. The signs in the face are The signs in the face are

crustingcrustingof eyelids, corners of the mouthof eyelids, corners of the mouthand cere at the base of the and cere at the base of the

beakbeakoften causing beak deformities.often causing beak deformities.Thickening and crusting of theThickening and crusting of theskin are signs of disease on theskin are signs of disease on thelegs.legs.

MitesMites

The mites canThe mites canbe recoveredbe recoveredfrom skinfrom skinscraping andscraping anddemonstrateddemonstratedby microscopy.by microscopy.

Knemidocoptes pilae

RxRx

Ivermectin is anIvermectin is aneffective effective

treatment.treatment.One dropOne drop

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DISEASES “Birds hide illness”. Signs of Illness Dull eyes Sitting on bottom of cage Change in...

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