Dispersion Modelling Quetta

7/29/2019 Dispersion Modelling Quetta

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Pakistan Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)

1

AIR DISPERSION

MODELING

By


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AIR DISPERSION MODELING

Mathematical calculations for predicting the dispersion

behavior of air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere

Air dispersion models are used to estimate thedownwind concentration of pollutants emitted byvarious pollution sources, from industrial and vehicular

sources.

Dispersion models are typically used to demonstratecompliance regulatory standards.

Decision makers can compare exposures to somebenchmark (state regulatory thresholds or a level witha known health effect.)


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6

Purpose of Air Quality Modeling

To quantify ambient concentrations ofpollutants or pollutant precursors

To determine optimum locations for siting

pollution monitors

To determine source contributions toconcentration estimates

To develop emission limits for sources


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Inadequacy of Ambient Measurements

Ambient air measurement through site survey andsampling cannot be made at all points.

There are chances, during measurement, to miss location

of maximum concentrations.

Also, measurement technique cannot always be used tofully diagnose past episodes

This facility has been recently introduced in Pakistan and

it is highly demanding for air quality assessment


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Assumptions for Model Development

Note: These boundary conditions are not suitable for most practical

dispersion models for the boundary layer.

Steady-StateConditions

MassConservation

BoundaryConditions

Constantemission rate

No deposition No lowerbounding surface(earths surface)

Constant windspeed anddirection

No chemicaltransformation No upperbounding surface( elevatedinversion)

No radioactivedecay


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9

Factors in Modeling

)Dispersion(DilutionRateEmissionionConcentrat

2

length

1

time

length1

time

mass

volume

mass


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Wind Dilution

Emission Rate:

1 particle/s

Wind Speed:1 m/s

Emission Rate:

1 particle/s

Wind Speed:

2 m/s


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Modeling Continuous Emission Source

),,(1

),,( zyxDu

QzyxC

0),,( zyxD

DispersionDilutionRateEmissionionConcentrat

1),,(

dydzzyxD

),,(1

),,( zyxDu

QzyxC


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12

Plume Dispersion

y

zx

Continuous

point source

x-axis aligned with

wind direction

x-dispersion neglected

for continuous source

y- andz-dispersion not

necessarily equal


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13

Dispersion View

H hs

h

h

hsH

Y

Z

X

Virtual Point Source

Z

Y


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Gaussian Function

(Standard Distribution)

(Bell-Shaped Curve)

(Normal Distribution)


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Gaussian Distribution Function2

2

1

21

x

e

1.01.02.152.15

0.606

0.100

0.606

0.100

1.000


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Dispersion Density Functions

2

2

2exp

2

1),(

yyhor

yyxD

2

2

2exp

2

1),(

zzver

zzxD

Where

yand z are not necessarily equal.

y is horizontal standard deviation of emission distribution in meters

z is vertical standard deviation of emission distribution in meters


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Dispersion

),,(1

),,( zyxD

u

QzyxC

DispersionDilutionRateEmissionionConcentrat

),,(1

),,( zyxD

u

QzyxC


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Basic Dispersion Equation

2

2

2

2

2

1exp

2),,(

zyzy

zy

u

QzyxC

2

2

2

2

2exp

21

2exp

211),,(

zzyy

zyu

QzyxC

or

C is concentration of emission in grams / m3 at any receptor located at:

x meters down wind from the emission source point.y is meters cross wind from the emission plume center line.

z meters above ground level.

Q is source pollutant emission rate, grams / second.

u is horizontal wind velocity along the plume center line, m / sec.

Where:


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y

z

x

Continuous

elevated

point source

h

Elevated Source


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Dispersion Equation Including Source

Height, h

2

2

2

2

2

1exp

2);,,(

zyzy

hzy

u

QhzyxC


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Reflection from Ground Surface

Surfaceh

-h


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Dispersion Equation Accounting for aReflecting Lower Barrier

2

2

2

2

2

1exp

2);,,(

zyzy

hzy

u

QhzyxC

2

2

2

2

2

1exp

2zyzy

hzy

u

Q

(Actual

Source)

(Image

Source)

2

2

2

2

2

2

2exp

2exp

2exp

2);,,(

zzyzy

hzhzy

u

QhzyxC

or


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Dispersion Equation Different Forms

General Equation Plume with Reflection for Stack Height H

2

2

2

2

2

2

2222zzyzy

HzHzy

u

QHzyxC

expexpexp);,,(

Ground Level Concentration Stack at Height H

2

2

2

2

220zyzy

Hy

u

Q

HyxC expexp);,,(

Ground Level Center Line Concentration Stack at Height H

2

2

2

00

zzy

H

u

QHxC

exp);,,(

Ground Level Center Line Ground Point Source

zyu

QxC

);,,( 000


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Cross-wind Dispersion, y

A B C D E

F

11

10

100

1,000

10,000

10 100

Distance Downwind, km

y,meters

Pasquill-GiffordSigmas

Rural

0.1

A-B

McElroy-PoolerSigmas

Urban

C D E-F


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Vertical Dispersion, z

11

10

100

1,000

10,000

10 100

Distance Downwind, km

z,meters

A

B

C

DE

F

Pasquill-GiffordSigmas

Rural

McElroy-PoolerSigmas

Urban

A-B

C

D

E-F


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Effective Stack Height

h

hs 's

h

Dh

Buoyant ormomentum

stage

hhhhhh sdws DDD'


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Calculation of Effective Stack Height

Note that H = hs + Dh, where Dh is the plume rise.

Plume rise is dependant on stack characteristics,Meteorology, and physico-chemical nature of effluent.

* Carson-Moses Equation:

s

h

s

s

u

Q

u

dVh

21

62.2029.0 D

* Holland Formula:

D

dV

Q

u

dVh

s

h

s

s 0096051 ..

* Concawe Formula:

6940

4440

714.

.

.s

h

u

Qh D

Where

asph TTCmQ

Qh is Energy (Cal/sec) Outputfrom Stack

Vs Stack Exit Velocitys is ambient velocity or windspeed at source

d is stack diameter

Cp Specific heat for air


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Wake Region

Building Downwash

Building Cavity

Undisturbed Flow

Hg

Height To Undisturbed FlowOR

Height Of Wake Region

DownwashEffects

T i Eff t


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Hc

mass fraction of the plume below Hc

Terrain Effect


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Levels of Model SophisticationRecognized by the Modeling Guidelines

ScreeningRelatively simple estimation techniques that provide

conservative estimates of air-quality impact. Some examplesof screening models are CAL3QHC, CAL3QHCR, COMPLEX1,CTSCREEN, LONGZ, RTDM3.2, SCREEN3, SHORTZ, TSCREEN,

VALLEY and VISCREEN

RefinedAnalytical techniques that provide more detailed treatment of

physical and chemical atmospheric processes, require moredetailed and precise input data, and provide more specialized

concentration estimates. Some examples of refineddispersion models are BLP, CALINE3, CDM2, CTDMPLUS, ISC,ISC-PRIME, OCD, RAM and UAM-IV.


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Simplistic Air Dispersion Model

Limited Capabilities Compared to RefinedModels

Less Accurate Than Refined Models Easier to Set Up and Run

Gives Conservative Results (i.e.,overpredicts compared to refined models)

What is a Screening Model?


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Refined Dispersion Models

ISCST3

AERMOD

CALPUFF


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ISCST3 Modeling System

Industrial Source Complex Model

Modeling of Plume Dispersion is Crude

Only 6 possible states (Stability Classes)

No variation in meteorological variables with height

No use of observed turbulence data

No information about surface characteristics

Substantial over prediction in complex terrain

Crude building downwash algorithm

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AERMOD Modeling System

AERMOD is American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency RegulatoryModel

Steady-state plume model that incorporatesair dispersion based on planetary boundarylayer turbulence structure and scalingconcepts, including treatment of both surface

and elevated sources, and both simple andcomplex terrain.


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CALPUFF Modeling System

A non-steady-state puff dispersion modelthat simulates the effects of time- and

space-varying meteorological conditionson pollution transport, transformation,and removal. CALPUFF can be applied for

long range transport and for complexterrain.


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AERMOD

3 COMPONENTS

AERMET The Meteorological Preprocessor

AERMAP The Terrain Data Preprocessor

AERMOD The Dispersion Model

2 SUPPORT TOOLS

AERSURFACE Processes Surface Characteristics Data

AERSCREEN Provides a Screening Tool

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Comparison of ISC & AERMOD

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Feature ISCST3 AERMOD Comments

Types of Sources Point, Area, Volume Point, Area, Volume Models are Comparable

Plume Rise Uses Briggs equations withStack-top wind speed andvertical temp gradient

In stable use BriggsIn convective uses randomconvective velocities

AERMOD superior inaccounting for convectiveupdrafts and downdrafts

Met Data Input One level of data accepted An arbitrarily large numberof data levels can be

accommodated

AERMOD can adapt multiplelevels of data to various

stack and plume heightsProfiling Met Data Only wind speed is profiled Creates profiles for wind,

temperature and turbulenceMore accurate portrayal ofactual conditions

Plume Dispersion Gaussian treatment inhorizontal and vertical

Same for stable only; non-Gaussian probability densityin vertical for unstableconditions

More accurate portrayal ofactual conditions

Urban Treatment Urban option either on oroff Population is specified sotreatment can consider avariety of urban conditions;sources can individually bemodeled urban or rural

More options to depictsurban characteristics


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Data Requirement for Modeling

Source Data

Background Concentrations

Meteorological Data Terrain Information

Buildings Dimensions

Receptor Location


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Source Input Data (Typical)

Locations

Physical dimensions

Stack heights and diameters

Building dimensions

Source Type

Source shapes

Emission properties

Emission rates

Exit temperatures

Exit velocities


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Source Types

EmissionDuration

Instantaneous

Continuous

Source Geometry

Point Line Area Volume


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ISCST3 Met. Data File

The ISCST3 meteorological data files can be

Unformatted sequential files of meteorological data

generated by the PCRAMMET and the MPRM preprocessors

Or formatted ASCII files that contain sequential hourly

records of meteorological variables, and provide hourly

stability class, wind direction, wind speed, temperature, and

mixing height


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Stability Class

We use the Pasquill Index, which prescribes one of a series of classes, which may

be named by a single letter or a descriptive phrase:

LETTER PHRASE

A Very unstable

B Moderately unstable

C Slightly unstable

D Neutral

E Slightly stable

F Moderately stable

G Very stable


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Stability Classes

Pasqill stability categories


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Stability

Class

Amount of wind swing

over 2 hours

Vertical diffusion

produced

Lateral diffusion

produced

A Over 135o Very large Very large

B 105o 135o Large Large

C 75o 105oModerate tolarge

Moderate tolarge

D 45o 75oModerate tosmall

Moderate tosmall

E 15o 45o Small Small

FUnder 15o or very littlerapid variation and slow

variation under 30o

Very small Very small

GUnder 15o or very littlerapid variation and slowvariation over 30o

Very small Large

Interpretation of the Stability Classes


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Wind Velocity U for the Model

U = f(z) given by (U/U1) = (z/z1)p, where p depends onatmospheric stability.

Appropriate value of U for dispersion model is the meanvalue through the plume.

If mean U is unavailable, use appropriate U at stack

height. In most cases only U10m is available- thencorrect for U at stack height using above equation.

If no mention of height of measurement of U is madeuse U as mean. If measured height is specified for U,then correct for it to get U at stack height.


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Default Wind Profile


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3928 03 13996 0808 1 1 1 161.0000 3.0866 270.4 6 509.5 113.0 .2428 45.2 .1500 0 .0008 1 1 2 148.0000 4.1155 270.9 5 517.7 113.0 .3614 100.2 .1500 0 .0008 1 1 3 154.0000 5.1444 272.0 4 526.0 526.0 .4756 212.6 .1500 0 .0008 1 1 4 173.0000 6.1733 270.9 4 534.3 534.3 .5761 264.1 .1500 0 .0008 1 1 5 173.0000 7.7166 271.5 4 542.5 542.5 .7348 549.1 .1500 0 .0008 1 1 6 182.0000 6.1733 270.9 4 550.8 550.8 .5761 264.1 .1500 0 .0008 1 1 7 165.0000 5.6588 269.8 4 559.1 559.1 .5228 208.9 .1500 0 .0008 1 1 8 173.0000 5.6588 269.8 4 567.4 567.4 .5228 208.9 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 9 177.0000 6.6877 272.0 4 575.6 575.6 .6298 346.5 .1500 0 .0008 1 110191.0000 7.2022 273.7 4 583.9 583.9 .6995 -999.0 .1500 0 .0008 1 111174.0000 8.7455 275.4 4 592.2 592.2 .8530 -999.0 .1500 0 .0008 1 112166.0000 8.2310 277.0 4 600.5 600.5 .8061 -750.8 .1500 0 .0008 1 113183.0000 8.2310 278.7 4 608.7 608.7 .8067 -691.5 .1500 0 .0008 1 114129.0000 7.2022 279.3 4 617.0 617.0 .7083 -508.8 .1500 0 .0008 1 115132.0000 7.7166 279.3 4 617.0 617.0 .7547 -882.9 .1500 0 .0008 1 116154.0000 6.6877 279.3 4 617.0 617.0 .6505 -999.0 .1500 0 .0008 1 117151.0000 5.1444 278.2 4 617.0 617.0 .4708 174.7 .1500 0 .0008 1 118127.0000 3.6011 274.3 5 624.6 551.2 .3050 72.3 .1500 0 .0008 1 119 94.0000 3.0866 272.0 6 632.8 479.2 .2433 45.6 .1500 0 .0008 1 120 67.0000 2.0578 270.9 6 641.1 407.2 .0999 10.5 .1500 0 .00

ISCST3 Met File

3928 03 13996 08


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08 1 1 1 161.0000 3.0866 270.4 6 509.5 113.0 .2428 45.2 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 2 148.0000 4.1155 270.9 5 517.7 113.0 .3614 100.2 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 3 154.0000 5.1444 272.0 4 526.0 526.0 .4756 212.6 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 4 173.0000 6.1733 270.9 4 534.3 534.3 .5761 264.1 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 5 173.0000 7.7166 271.5 4 542.5 542.5 .7348 549.1 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 6 182.0000 6.1733 270.9 4 550.8 550.8 .5761 264.1 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 7 165.0000 5.6588 269.8 4 559.1 559.1 .5228 208.9 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 8 173.0000 5.6588 269.8 4 567.4 567.4 .5228 208.9 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 9 177.0000 6.6877 272.0 4 575.6 575.6 .6298 346.5 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 10 191.0000 7.2022 273.7 4 583.9 583.9 .6995 -999.0 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 11 174.0000 8.7455 275.4 4 592.2 592.2 .8530 -999.0 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 12 166.0000 8.2310 277.0 4 600.5 600.5 .8061 -750.8 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 13 183.0000 8.2310 278.7 4 608.7 608.7 .8067 -691.5 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 14 129.0000 7.2022 279.3 4 617.0 617.0 .7083 -508.8 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 15 132.0000 7.7166 279.3 4 617.0 617.0 .7547 -882.9 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 16 154.0000 6.6877 279.3 4 617.0 617.0 .6505 -999.0 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 17 151.0000 5.1444 278.2 4 617.0 617.0 .4708 174.7 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 18 127.0000 3.6011 274.3 5 624.6 551.2 .3050 72.3 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 19 94.0000 3.0866 272.0 6 632.8 479.2 .2433 45.6 .1500 0 .00

08 1 1 20 67.0000 2.0578 270.9 6 641.1 407.2 .0999 10.5 .1500 0 .00

ISCLT3 M t D t Fil


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CAT1 CAT2 CAT3 CAT4 CAT5 CAT6

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 A

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 *

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.0000000.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

0.100000 0.300000 0.250000 0.150000 0.075000 0.050000 *

0.150000 0.350000 0.220000 0.110000 0.080000 0.200000

0.150000 0.150000 0.100000 0.230000 0.300000 0.250000

0.350000 0.150000 0.300000 0.300000 0.450000 0.300000

0.250000 0.050000 0.130000 0.210000 0.095000 0.200000 *

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

ISCLT3 Met. Data File2008


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* ISCLT3 (96113): PB RUN FOR ISCLT3 MODEL - BASED ON 2003 VALUES

* MODELING OPTIONS USED:* CONC RURAL FLAT DFAULT* PLOT FILE OF PERIOD VALUES FOR SOURCE GROUP: ALL* FOR A TOTAL OF 352 RECEPTORS.* FORMAT: (2(1X,F13.5),1X,F14.6,1X,F8.2,2X,A6,2X,A8,2X,A8)

Output Plot file

X Y CONC ZELEV AVE GROUP NET ID

76.53668 184.77591 0.000000 0.00 PERIOD ALL POL1

191.34172 461.93976 0.000000 0.00 PERIOD ALL POL1

229.61006 554.32770 0.000002 0.00 PERIOD ALL POL1

267.87839 646.71570 0.000015 0.00 PERIOD ALL POL1

306.14673 739.10364 0.000057 0.00 PERIOD ALL POL1

344.41510 831.49158 0.000140 0.00 PERIOD ALL POL1

382.68344 923.87952 0.000265 0.00 PERIOD ALL POL1

574.02515 1385.81934 0.001029 0.00 PERIOD ALL POL1

765.36688 1847.75903 0.001539 0.00 PERIOD ALL POL1


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Calculate the following equation:

X = Q exp (-1/2(H/ z )2)

y z U

Q = 4800 g/sec

y = 550 m

z = 135 mU = 11 m/s

H = 100 m

2.

Where = 3.14


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Calculate night time concentration of oxides of Nitrogen1 Km downwind of an open burning dump, If the dump

emits 2g/sec of NO2. The wind speed is 4m/sec atz=10m . y=70m of 1 hr average diffusion coefficient , and

z=50m. If dump is point source.

Q

X(x,0,0,0) = y z U

X(x,0,z,0) = Q exp(-1/2((z-H)/ z)2)

y z U

1.

Where = 3.14


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g/m3 = ppm * MW * 106

24,500

PPm = g/m3 * 24,500 * 10-6

MW


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i) Normal Scenarios:

a) Emission of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vapors (Loss of containment) at -30oC of gas

ii) Emergency Scenarios:

b) Emission of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vapors (Loss of containment) at fire condition.

2CH4 + 3O2 2CO +4H2O

CH4 + 5O2 + 3(3.76)N2 4NO + NO2 + CO2 + 2H2O

Modeling Scenarios:Modeling scenarios based on the various environmental, storage and decking

conditions:

Equation

c) Emission of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vapors (Loss of containment) explosion /storage tank rupture.

Equation

d) Emission of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vapors (Loss of containment) explosion without storage tank rupture.

LNG Storage Tank Modeling


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MODELING INPUTSLNG molecular weight = 18

Density (at 1013.25 mbar at atm. Pressure equilibrium) = 420 kg / m3. LNG

Density = 423 kg / m3 or 3.530106 lb/gal(US). Liquid phase @ -161.6oC

Density = 0.681 kg / m3. Gas phase @ 0oC

Vapor pressure (psia) at 40oF =0.07117, Vapor pressure (psia) at 50oF =0.07117

Vapor pressure (psia) at 60oF = 0.06827, Vapor pressure (psia) at 70oF= 0.06827

Vapor pressure (psia) at 80oF= 0.06685, Vapor pressure (psia) at 90oF =0.065427

Vapor pressure (psia) at 100oF =0.064005

Tank 1 volume = 13,722 m3 = 484587.86 ft3

Tank 2 volume = 26,153 m3 = 923584.48 ft3

Tank 3 volume = 30,049 m3 = 1061170.42 ft3

Tank 4 volume = 30,031 m3 = 1060534.76 ft3Tank 5 volume = 30,043 m3 = 1060958.53 ft3

Length overall LOA = 280.6 m = 920.65 ft

Length between perpendiculars Lpp = 266 m

Breadth = 41.6 m = 136.4896 ft

Turnover per year = 100 (No. of times tank is filled or empted in a year)

Depth = 27.5 m = 90.2275 ft = 6.94ft

Net Throughput (gal/yr) = 100*2383740 = 238374000 (turnover multiplied by tank volume)

Gas sent our rate = 750 m3/hr = 26486 ft3/hr = 635664 ft3/day = 232017360 ft3/year

Floating Storage Unit (FSU) = 135,000 m3 or 35663227.06835 gal or 4767480 ft3 or

2383740 ft3 (divided by 2) or 17831613.506494 gal

Turnover per year = Gas sent our rate / Floating Storage Unit (FSU) = 232017360 / 2383740 = 100

Height of the Tank = 24.6 m

Diameter of the Tank = 37.5 m


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NORMAL SCENARIOEmission of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vapors (Loss of containment) atnormal atmospheric conditions

24-Hourly Concentrations Monthly Concentrations

Pollutant MonthsConcentration

(mg/m3)Pollutant Months

Concentration(mg/m3)

CH4 Jan 462.7637 CH4 Jan 132.57381

CH4 Feb 510.83643 CH4 Feb 89.64204

CH4 Mar 306.90994 CH4 Mar 119.48125

CH4 Apr 342.24738 CH4 Apr 149.258

CH4 May 328.27609 CH4 May 114.94402

CH4 Jun 306.90994 CH4 Jun 116.56017

CH4 Jul 524.43585 CH4 Jul 171.97145

CH4 Aug 521.18225 CH4 Aug 192.47266CH4 Sep 521.18225 CH4 Sep 167.50706

CH4 Oct 524.43585 CH4 Oct 171.97145

CH4 Nov 521.18225 CH4 Nov 186.60109

CH4 Dec 521.18225 CH4 Dec 169.73735

Color Contour Map for the month of January


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Color Contour Map for the month of February


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p y

Color Contour Map for the month of June


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Emergency Scenario:


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Emergency Scenario:Emission of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vapors (Loss of containment) due to failureof temperature control system due to collision, Tsunami or other freak weatherincidence

24-hourly Concentrations Monthly Concentrations

Pollutant MonthsConcentration

(mg/m3)Pollutant Months

Concentration(mg/m3)

CH4 Jan 276732.7813 CH4 Jan 79279.16406

CH4 Feb 305480.3125 CH4 Feb 53605.95703

CH4 Mar 212716.7656 CH4 Mar 56145.87891

CH4 Apr 196309.0938 CH4 Apr 67950.23438

CH4 May 183532.1406 CH4 May 81289.50781

CH4 Jun 183532.1406 CH4 Jun 81289.50781

CH4 Jul 196309.1094 CH4 Jul 68736.59375

CH4 Aug 311666.9688 CH4 Aug 115098.5078

CH4 Sep 311666.9688 CH4 Sep 100169.0391

CH4 Oct 313612.625 CH4 Oct 102838.6719

CH4 Nov 311666.9688 CH4 Nov 111587.1719

CH4 Dec 311666.9688 CH4 Dec 101502.7656

Color Contour Map for the month of January


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Color Contour Map for the month of February


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Color Contour Map for the month of June


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Shadow modeling of KPT Tower Complex


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Shadow modeling of KPT Tower Complex

EW

S

N

Equinoxes-ISunrise: 06:42 Hrs

Culmination: 12:41 Hrs

Sunset: 18:41 Hrs

Latitude: 24.54 oN

Building Height: 330.098 m

S.No

Time(PST)

Sun Parameters Shadow

Elevation Azimuth Directionelongation

(m)

1 0700 4.7 o 92.1 o 270 o 3979.9

2 0730 11.5 o 95.3 o 280 o 1614.74

3 0800 18.3 o 98.6 o 290 o 996.38

4 0900 31.6 o 106.2 o 300 o 535.28

5 1000 44.4 o 116.4 o 310 o 337.18

6 1100 56.7 o 131.8 o 320 o 224.78

7 1200 63.8 o 157.3 o 350 162.42

8 1300 65.1 o 192.4 o 15 o 153.41

9 1400 58.7 o 221.7 o 30 o 200.52

10 1500 48.1 o 239.7 o 50 o 296.19

11 1600 35.7 o 251.1 o 67 o 459.71

12 1700 22.5 o 259.3 o 78 o 797.24

13 1800 9.0 o 266.1 o 85 o 2092.01o o o

(21 March 2007)Equinoxes-I


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0730 0800 09001000

18001700

1600

1500140013001100

0700

0700 0730 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

3979.91614.7

4 996.38 535.28 337.18 224.78 162.42 153.41 200.52 296.19 459.71 797.242092.0

1

(23 September 2007)Equinoxes-II


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0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

2306 830 473 304 205 155 161 220 330 521 955 3436

0700 0800 0900 1000

17301700

160015001400

13001100

(15th May 2007)Summer


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07000800

0900 1000

173017001600

15001400

13001100

0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1830

11136 1254 618 371 228 128 50 55 135 238 385 545 1348 25166

33.74 3.80 1.87 1.12 0.69 0.39 0.15 0.17 0.41 0.72 1.17 1.65 4.08 76.24


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Modeling Of

Karachi Elevated

Expressway (KEE)

CO Average Concentrations in g/m3 at Level-I on Baloch colony

X-Coordinates (Meters)


69/72


Y-Coordinates -100

-50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

20023.4

835.6

142.4

652.5

557.6

458.6

757.2

835.6

925.8

1

100

57.8

4

83.1

1

89.4

1

85.1

7

77.5

5

70.0

3

63.5

8

35.6

8

25.0

9

5053.6

982.9

391.7

088.5

281.0

873.1

566.6

436.7

426.3

6

-5030.1

839.6

944.0

845.2

544.5

042.6

339.2

820.2

114.7

4

-10028.9

133.5

543.4

752.2

456.3

757.0

255.6

534.6

125.6

3

CO Average Concentrations in g/m3 at Level-II on Baloch colony

Y-Coordinates


-100

-50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

20023.9

833.9

37.76

38.36

37.34

36.58

35.53

19.32

12.88

10019.8

330.7

737.1

546.4

451.0

552

50.77

31.45

22.6

5045.7

666.6

372.0

268.7

162.5

856.4

851.2

531.4

121.9

5

-5045.6

759.5

466.1

763.9

958.7

553.3

148.5

726.4

218.5

9

-10025.6

434.2

938.5

339.8

539.3

537.7

934.9

617.8

712.9

6

CO Average Concentrations in g/m3 at Level-III on Baloch colony

Y-Coordinates


-100

-50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

20034.4

844.7

548.6

957.0

672.7

883.1

489.9

385.8

678.2

5

100 33.247.1

154.4

856.8

463.3

774.3

382.6

780.0

173.5

1

5045.3

661.1

864.9

962.3

257.2

341.7

544.5

251.0

243.5

3


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NOx Average Concentrations in g/m3 at Level-I on Baloch colony

YX-Coordinates (Meters)


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Y-Coordinate

s

-100

-50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

200 4.63 7.4412.6

913.4

711.4

310.7

39.67 8.48 6.92

100 3.71 6.1111.1

9

11.8

1 9.92 8.95 8.18 6.80 6.16

5019.4

728.8

843.8

340.0

534.5

533.5

725.4

318.1

014.7

4

-5022.5

526.3

035.3

828.7

132.6

326.1

128.1

620.8

016.9

1

-100 6.97 8.6615.2

317.6

513.4

214.7

511.2

311.6

69.50

NOx Average Concentrations in g/m3 at Level-II on Baloch colony

Y-Coordinates


-100

-50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

200 1.76 2.3 3.44 3.14 4.01 3.39 2.78 2.77 2.32

10018.3

223.8

833.1

931.2

528.7

821.9

128.2

917.5

814.7

4

5016.4

122.5

333.8

131.4

328.9 20.8

27.75

15.83

12.71

-50 1.81 2.35 3.27 3.09 2.84 2.12 2.78 1.62 1.3

-1001.2 1.67 3.06 2.65 4.89 4.38 2.17 3.58 2.99

NOx Average Concentrations in g/m3 at Level-III on Baloch colony

Y-Coordinates


-100

-50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

2007.65

514.0

115.3

314.8

114.8

117.1

218.0

315.5

77.65

5

10013.7

827.5

425.9

827.6

926.4

525

22.63

20.55

13.78

50 13.56 29.35 30.86 27.9 24.71 24.89 22.25 20.01 13.56


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