Dissertation Guide Lsam (1)

8/2/2019 Dissertation Guide Lsam (1)

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A Brief Guide to

Researching and Writing your Dissertation

and

Using the Harvard Referencing System


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Contents

Part oneWriting your dissertation

Page1. Introduction 4

2. What makes a good dissertation? 4

3. Practical points to consider 4

4. Drawing up an Action Plan for your Dissertation 4

5. Suggested Timescales 5

6. Choosing your topic 5

7. Narrowing down the topic 6

8. Dissertation Structure 7

9. Choosing the Research Methods 89.1 Main Research Styles 9

9.1.1 Traditional/Experimental 99.1.2 Action Research 99.1.3 Ethnographic 109.1.4 Case Study 109.1.5 Survey 11

9.1.6 Historical/Documentary 11

10. Research Tools 1110.1 Observation 11

10.1.1 Unstructured 1110.1.2 Structured 12

10.2 Questionnaire 1210.2.1 Administration 1210.2.2 Sample 1210.2.3 Design 12

10.3 Interviews 1310.3.1 Structured 13

10.3.2 Unstructured 1310.3.3 Guided/focussed 1310.3.4 Be professional 13

10.4 Diaries, critical incident and problem portfolios 1310.4.1 Diary 1310.4.2 Critical Incident 13

10.5 Problem portfolio 1310.6 Vignette 14

11. Analysis of Findings 14

12 Additional Resources 15


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Part TwoA Guide to the Harvard Referencing System

Page1. Plagiarism 16

2. Citation and referencing 162.1 Citing References in text using the Harvard System 17

2.1.1 Authors name cited in the text 172.1.2 Authors name not cited directly in the text 172.1.3 More than one author cited in the text 172.1.4 More than one author not cited directly in the text 172.1.5 No author 182.1.6 Quoting portions of published text 182.1.7 Secondary sources (second-hand references) 182.1.8 Tables and diagrams 192.1.9 Websites 192.1.10 Corporate authors 19

3. Compiling the reference list and bibliography 203.1 General guidelines, layout and punctuation 203.2 Books 20

3.2.1 Books with two, three or four authors 203.2.2 E-books 213.3 Journal articles and newspapers 213.3.1 Journal articles 213.3.2 Journal articles from an electronic source 213.3.3 Journal abstract from a database 213.3.4 Newspaper articles 223.3.5 Online newspaper articles 22

3.4. Other types of document 223.4.1 Acts of Parliament 223.4.2 Statutory Instruments 233.4.3 Command Papers and other official publications 233.4.4 Law report 233.4.5 Annual report 233.4.5 Dissertation 243.4.6 DVD or video, film and broadcasts 24

Further links for referencing techniques: 25


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PART ONEWriting your dissertation

1. Introduction

This guide provides a general introduction to planning and writing a dissertation. Theguide is begins by outlining what makes a good dissertation and gives details of how tostructure your dissertation. The latter part of the guide gives advice on researchmethods and tools.

You should work closely with your dissertation supervisor to ensure that you areundertaking your dissertation appropriately.

2. What makes a good dissertation?

A good dissertation should be ORIGINAL and it should demonstrate

extensive, relevant reading an understanding of underpinning themes

the ability to collect data and evidence systematically the ability to interpret, analyse and evaluate data and evidence the ability to present data and evidence accurately and appropriately critical thinking raise and discuss issues, not just present findings an ability to report and write effectively

good referencing skills

3. Practical points to consider

Make sure you have the correct information about the following:

Submission date (14th March 2011) Word limit (15,000 20,000) Intermediate dates (e.g. for submission of literature review, or other points agreed

with your supervisor) Tutorial sessions Times and dates for meeting with your supervisor

4. Drawing up an Action Plan for your Dissertation

Select a provisional title for your dissertation and discuss this with your supervisor Decide which research methods you will use

Draw up a timetable for your dissertation which includes completion of the proposal,research time, writing time, drafting and redrafting time.

Begin to collect the data for your research Sort/study data Analyse/interpret data Prepare an outline structure for writing up your dissertation

Draft one section of your dissertation and discuss it with your supervisor

Redraft if necessary Draft and redraft all sections of your dissertation Submit final report


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5. Suggested Timescales

Weeks 1-3 tutorial sessions covering: moodle, an introduction to the dissertationprocess, writing a proposal, sources of information, research methods,writing the literature review, analysing your findings, writing a conclusion,referencing. Begin your research....!

Weeks 4-6 Research and read, make notes, plan, set-up systems, confirm yourproposal

Weeks 7-8 Write up the literature review

Week 9 Refine and write up the research methods

Weeks 10-11 collect data and evidence

Weeks 12-13 Analyse data and write up findings

Week 14 Write conclusions and compile detailed bibliography and appendices

Weeks 15 Proofread, correct, bind and submit.

6. Choosing your topic

General guidance Try to choose a topic which interests you but without any pre-conceived ideas of

what youre likely to find out. Do some initial research to see how much information isavailable eg on a specific company.

Jot down possible areas of interest. Draw up a shortlist of topics.

Check in the library how much has been written about the topic. Ask about dissertations/articles written on similar topics.

Read papers and articles to raise issues. Compare/contrast a couple of articles on the topic. Discuss with other students. Consider feasibility of your chosen topic:

Access to sitesTutorial support availableEquipment needed

CostsLife of topicLikely result/usefulnessTimescalesLiterature availableEthical/moral considerationsAnticipated problems

Seek your supervisors guidance:Put forward three possible dissertation titles.Your supervisor will help to refine and clarify your title.


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7. Narrowing down the topic

The process of refining and clarifying your topic is as follows:

1. Identify broad area of study

2. Refine to aspect of particularinterest

3. Decide purpose (to develop theory,monitor practice, evaluate, increaseunderstanding, practical outcomes?)

4. Ask basic initial questions to narrow down to specific area (who,what, where, when, why, how?)

5. Refine questions to define precise focus.

6. Draft title - use positive terms in title to reflect purpose (e.g. evaluate, examine,measure, survey, assess)

Narrowing down the topic an example

Broad area of study: Unemployment

Particular interest: Youth unemployment

Initial questions:

Who do I mean by youth?Which young people in particular am I interested in?What is the context?What aspects of unemployment am I concerned about and why?

Specific area:Unemployment among 16 to 25 year olds in Huntingdon

Purpose:To find out how many young people are unemployed and how this affects them andtheir community. To suggest ways of improving things.

Precise focus:The effects of unemployment on16-25 year olds in Huntingdon and on the localcommunity.

Draft title:An examination of the extent of unemployment in 16-25 year olds in Huntingdon andits effect on the young unemployed people themselves and on the local community,with a brief examination of possible solutions.


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8. Dissertation Structure

A typical structure for a dissertation is as follows:

Title page

Acknowledgements

Contents page: chapters, appendices, tables, figures, illustrations

Abstract

Summary and outline of main findings

Introduction

Outline scope of study and what background material will be discussed.

Define abstract concepts in the context

Explain complex or technical words

Describe how study conducted data collection methods used.

Outline and explain order of material.

State major findings.

Summarise conclusion.

Literature Survey

Put your own work into context.

Move from general background/standard theoretical works to more precise, recentwork relevant to your topic.

Cover range of positions not just those that agree with you.

Show how existing theories/research findings illuminate your work.

Methodology

(Explain approach taken and why particular methods and techniques used.

Describe procedures, size of samples, methods of selection, choice of variables andcontrols, any tests of measurement etc.

Mention deficiencies and limitations of the methods used.

Results

Present findings clearly.


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Use tables, charts, diagrams etc if appropriate.Highlight significant aspects of findings in text.

Avoid interpretation/conclusions this should be in the next sections.

Discussion/Analysis

Interpret findings.

Construct a logical, consistent argument based on findings.

Conclusion (and Recommendations)

Summarise main points and state any conclusions which can be drawn.

Indicate how firm the conclusion is

Do not introduce anything new in this section

Make any recommendations

References

This should include a list of ALL the references used and cited in your dissertation.See below for how to compile the reference list using the Harvard Style.Note: References should also be cited in the text.

Bibliographybackground reading but not cited (ie not included in the list of references

Appendices

e.g. blank questionnaire, transcript of interview, extended case studies, letter ofinvitation.

9. Choosing the Research Methods

Select the method to suit the task consider the following:

What sort of data do you want and how much data do you need for the purpose ofanalysis?

What method will best generate the right type and amount of data? Where is the relevant literature held?

How will you gather the data? How will you store the data? Is there enough time to use this method? Will there be enough time to analyse the data?

What sort of questions would you ask to analyse the data?

Are interviewees likely to co-operate (if this is the selected method)?

How would you validate the evidence?

Quantitative or Qualitative data?


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Quantitative data is objective

concerned with observable, objective, measurable facts, physicalcharacteristics and the outside world

linked to a hypothesis indicated at beginning of research then tested through

experiment associated with measurement and comparison of data at beginning and end

of period used for large samples is presented as %s and in graphs used where the researcher is more remote from group

Qualitative data is subjective

often concerned with social aspects of lives of groups and individuals

concerned with immeasurable features meanings and experience used to generate new hypothesis or theory concerned with explanation and interpretation associated with techniques such as case study, informal discussion, self

discovery used for smaller samples analysed and reported used where the researcher is more involved with group

9.1 Main Research Styles

9.1.1 Traditional/Experimental

Used especially in physical sciences, medicine and social science projects. Starts with hypothesis (i.e. expression of relationship between two variables) based

on observation/theory Hypothesis tested by experiment and proved or refuted

Quantitative. Collects facts and studies relationships between different sets of facts. Effective where large scale calculations and measurements involved.

Precision/accurate measurement/careful duplication, using scientific techniques. Rational and objective. Exact prediction and generality. Results presented as %s, graphs etc.

May involve before and after situations matched groups (with control group) givendifferent treatments and results compared. Researcher removed from group.

The disadvantages of this research style are:

In some areas may need to know more about process, not just before and aftermeasurements.

Changes in behaviour cannot be tested There may be too many variations and ambiguities.

9.1.2 Action Research

Can follow on from case study or survey study. Practitioner = researcher.


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Reflective, self evaluation involved.

Tackles real problems and aims for increased knowledge and understanding andimproved practice.

Where are we now? Where do we want to get to? How will we get there? How will weknow when weve got there?

Intervenes, makes changes, monitors effects Subjects participate and implement interventions leading to more changes.

Continuous process. May involve use of reflective diary, detailed observation methods

Evidence gathered by e.g. photos, audio/video tape, notes, interviews,questionnaires

The advantage of Action Research is that there is scope for inventiveness andcreativity

The disadvantages is that it may result in an invasion of privacy (ground rules needed)

9.1.3 Ethnographic

Study by integration with and observation of the group

Qualitative/descriptive - seeking insight not statistical analysis

The advantages of this research style are:

shared experience can help to understand subjects actions;

can provide fresh perspectives on and valuable insights into what is taken-for-granted

The disadvantages of this research style are:

difficult to verify findings by repeating research; researchers personal involvement could make it difficult for him to step back and

focus on observation; care needed to avoid affecting the action; time limitations; not representative or generalisable but can be related to similar problems.

9.1.4 Case Study

In depth, systematic examination of individual, groupor focussed area/setting/institution

Observes, questions, studies relationships between variables, interaction of factorsand events

Focus on describing the features of and understanding a particular case Case can be used to explain or illustrate wider themes Can stand alone or provide the starting point:

- for an experimental study, clarifying the hypothesis- for a survey identify key issues for further investigation- for action research

Qualitative commonly uses observation and interviews but can use quantitativetechniques

The advantages of this research style are:

can focus in depth on shifting relationships; can explore complex sets of inter relationships;


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participants voices can be heard;

brings research to life gives a 3D picture

The disadvantagesof this research style are:

can intrude in lives of others;

situation and time bound; requires carefully collected, high quality data; appropriate data collection takes time; researchers close involvement risk of distortion generalisation not always possible but still valid if can be related to similar

situations

9.1.5 Survey

Aims to obtain information from a representative selection/sample and presentfindings as representing population as a whole

Describes situation/population and explores reasons Gives snapshot of setting/views/attitudes Identifies relationships, patterns Used e.g. for : demographic research; patient/client/use satisfaction surveys; market

research; workload evaluation and human resource planning; monitoring standards May use questionnaires, attitude scales, archival data, interviews

The advantage of this research style is:

can gather large amount of data quickly and easily


difficult to make sample truly representative difficult to get questions right

can answer who, what, where, when, how? but not so easily why? can identify relationships but not prove cause and effect

9.1.6 Historical/Documentary

Use of documents may sometimes be only available method

May involve use of historical documents, e.g. parish records, population statistics May involve use of more recent records, e.g. minutes of meetings May involve primary or secondary sources (i.e interpretations of primary sources)


documents may be missing/incomplete; questions of authenticity, reliability, validity and purpose;

sampling often not possible difficulties of making inferences

10. Research Tools

10.1 Observation

10.1.1 Unstructured

No pre-conceived ideas about what to observe


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No checklists

Written up immediately after

10.1.2 Structured

Decide what to observe in advance content? process? interaction? Decide appropriate recording system:

- Checklists/charts- Event sampling- Video/audio tape- Photos- Field notes and analytic memos

For further information on recording systems see:Bales, Flanders, OU

10.2 Questionnaire

10.2.1 Administration

build in time for correspondence/travel/ analysis

distribute personally (face to face/telephone)? post? accompanying letter state return date

note dates sent and returned chaser to non respondents (unless anonymous!) consider how you will classify/analyse responses pilot run (with similar group) and debug/revise

10.2.2 Sample

know your subject group sample should be as representative as possible of study population random? Every 5th name?

include representative sub-groups

10.2.3 Design

make sure respondent sure whats required

use simple, direct, appropriate language

make layout clear and user friendly questions should :

- be relevant and appropriate to your objectives(Open or closed? Facts or beliefs?)

- be precise to avoid confusion, ambiguity, hesitation- require consistent types of answer- not lead the respondent- not be hypothetical or offensives- carefully ordered start with most straightforward

Types of responseVerbal

Structured: list , category, ranking, scales, quantity, grid


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10.3 Interviews

10.3.1 Structured:

- Questionnaire/Checklist same questions to each in same order- Can ensure all topics covered- Analysis quick and easy- Questions often closed

10.3.2 Unstructured:

- No set questions- Skill in paraphrasing, probing, summarising, echoing, non verbal communication- Analysis needs time and care- Useful preliminary to gain overview and identify areas to explore further- Record responses by notes/tape recordingverify quotes

10.3.3 Guided/focussed:

- Framework of selected topics- Questions asked but interviewee also has chance to talk/give views- Record responses under prepared headings

10.3.4 Be professional:

- Clear official channels- Make appointments and stick to them- Make your purpose clear- Make it clear what you will do with the information

- Make no promises that you cant keep- Be polite and respectful- Be objective/unbiased (no leading questions)

10.4 Diaries, critical incident and problem portfolios

10.4.1 Diary

Records behaviour make clear what behaviour Useful where observation difficult Could be preliminary to interview Time consuming and relies on honesty/accuracy of writer

10.4.2 Critical Incident

Identify most noteworthy aspects of job behaviour Can show what particularly contributes to good performance Centres on specific events and effective behaviour

10.5 Problem portfolio

Record how problem arose, methods used to solve, difficulties encountered etc Raises questions re use of time, prioritising and approach to problems


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10.6 Vignette

a short scenario to give a context to a question(s) people reflect and give answers based on their view of the scenario

useful to inquire into sensitive areas

must be realistic and easy to understand stops people relating questions to themselves directly less threatening can help to focus on a particular aspect questions must be relevant to research objectives questions must be carefully worded

11. Analysis of Findings

It is not enough to present findings, you need to show how the findings support yourargument:

what light do they shed on the topic? what significance do they have for the topic? what weight can be given to them? how do they relate to other views?

You need to interpret, analyse, criticise:

Look for similarities, groupings, patterns, items of particular significance Need to raise/discuss issues

Determine what is fact and what opinion?

Consider whether there are any weaknesses, errors, omissions in the findings. Are thereother explanations possible?

Do not claim more for the results than they provide, and consider whether they arereliable and valid?

Do not attempt to make generalisations based on insufficient data

This short guide is adapted from an Anglia Ruskin University Guide to writing a dissertation.


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12 Additional Resources

You may find the following publications useful when writing your dissertation. This is notan extensive list and there are many other publications which may help you.

Fisher, C. M. (2010). Researching and writing a dissertation: an essential guide forbusiness students. Harlow :Financial Times Prentice Hall,

Gill, John, (2010). Research methods for managers. 4th ed. London, SAGE

McIntosh, Paul. (2010). Action research and reflective practice [electronicresource] creative and visual methods to facilitate reflection and learning (e book)London ; New York : Routledge,

Hair, Joseph [et al.] (2007).Research methods for business, Chichester, John Wiley &Sons Ltd

Fink, Arlene. (2009). 4th ed. How to conduct surveys :a step by step guideLondon,SAGE

Grix, Jonathan (2010). Information skill : finding and using the right resources.Basingstoke :Palgrave Macmillan

McMillan, Kathleen and Weyers , Jonathan ( 2010). How to write dissertations &projectreports, Harlow :Prentice Hall

Brace, Ian, (e book) and in hard copy) (2008). Questionnaire design [electronic resource]

: how to plan, structure and write survey material for effective market research 2nd ed.London: Kogan Page

Gillham, Bill, (2008). Developing a questionnaire2nd ed London :Continuum.


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PART TWOA Guide to the Harvard Referencing System

The following is a brief guide to the Harvard Referencing System adapted from the AngliaRuskin Guide. A full copy of the guide can be downloaded from:

http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm

1. Plagiarism

Plagiarism is passing off the work of others as your own. This constitutesacademic theft and is a serious matter which will be penalised when your dissertation ismarked.

Examples of plagiarism are:

verbatim copying of another persons work without acknowledgement close paraphrasing of another persons work by simply changing a few words or

altering the order of presentation without acknowledgement unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another persons work and/or

presentation of another persons idea(s) as ones own.

Copying or close paraphrasing with occasional acknowledgement of the sourcemay also be deemed to be plagiarism if the absence of quotation marks implies that thephraseology is the students own.

Plagiarised work may belong to another student or be from a published sourcesuch as a book, report, journal or material available on the internet.

To avoid being accused of plagiarism, follow the guidelines in this section for citationsand references.

2. Citation and referencing

During the course of writing your dissertation your should support your arguments byreference to other published work. These references may be from work presented injournal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books,

research dissertations or theses, material over the internet etc.

Citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your work.Such works are cited to show evidence both of the background reading that has beendone and to support the content and conclusions.

Each citation requires a reference at the end of the work; this gives the full details of thesource item and should enable it to be traced. Referring accurately to such sourcematerials is part of sound academic practice and a skill that should be mastered. Otherreasons for accurate citation and referencing are to:

give credit to the concepts and ideas of other authors
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm


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provide the reader (often the marker/examiner of the dissertation) with evidenceof the breadth and depth of your reading

enable those who read your work to locate the cited references easily

Remember to write down the details of all the documents you read. This guide will help

you to reference the different sources you access correctly.

2.1 Citing References in text using the Harvard System

Any in-text reference should include the authorship and the year of the work. Dependingon the nature of the sentence/paragraph that is being written, references to sources maybe cited in the text in the following manner:

2.1.1 Authors name cited in the text

When making reference to an authors work in your text, their name is followed by the

year of publication of their work:

Example:In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practiceto make reference to other relevant published work. This view has beensupported in the work of Cormack (1994).

Where you are mentioning a particular part of the work, and making directreference to this, a page reference should be included:

Example:Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers

invariably make reference to already published works'.

2.1.2 Authors name not cited directly in the text

If you make reference to a work or piece of research without mentioning theauthor in the text then both the authors name and publication year are placed atthe relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence in brackets:

Example:Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing

for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994).

2.1.3 More than one author cited in the text

Where reference is made to more than one author in a sentence, and they arereferred to directly, they are both cited:

ExampleJones (1946) and Smith (1948) have both shown

2.1.4 More than one author not cited directly in the text

List these at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence,


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putting the authors name, followed by the date of publication and separated by a semi -colon and within brackets.

Where several publications from a number of authors are referred to, then thereferences should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first):

2.1.5 No author

If the author cannot be identified use Anonymous or Anon. and the title of the workand date of publication. The title should be written in italics. Every effort should be madeto establish the authorship if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in anacademic submission:

ExampleMarketing strategy (Anon., 1999)

See pages XX to XX of the Anglia Ruskin Guide for guidance on how to quote from other

sources where part of the reference is missing.

2.1.6 Quoting portions of published text

If you want to include text from a published work in your essay then thesentence(s) must be included within quotation marks, and may be introduced bysuch phrases as:the author states that ..orthe author writes that ..

The quotation should also be emphasized (especially if it runs to 50 words or more) by

indenting it and using quotation marks. This clearly identifies the quotation as the work ofsomeone else:

ExampleOn the topic of professional writing and referencingCormack (1994, p.32) states:

'When writing for a professional readership, writers invariably makereference to already published works'.

Quotations should not be more than 4 lines in length.

2.1.7 Secondary sources (second-hand references)

You may come across a summary of another authors work in the source you arereading, which you would like to make reference to in your own document; this is

called secondary referencing.

Example of a direct reference:Research recently carried out in the Greater Manchester area by Brown(1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142) found that

In this example, Brown is the work which you wish to refer to, but have not read directlyfor yourself. Bassett is the secondary source, where you found the summary of Brownswork.


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Or indirectly:(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142)

In the example below White is the primary or original source and Black is thesecondary source. It is important to realise that Black may have taken White's

ideas forward, and altered their original meaning. If you need to cite a secondaryreference it is recommended that, where possible, you read the original sourcefor yourself rather than rely on someone elses interpretation of a work.

ExampleWhite, (1990) as cited in Black (1994), suggests that

2.1.8 Tables and diagrams

When reproducing selected data, or copying an entire table or diagram, a reference mustbe made to the source. A reference within the text to a table taken from e.g. a book,should include the author and page (Smith, 2005, p.33) to enable the reader to identify

the data. If the source of the data is not the authors own, but obtained from anothersource, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such:

Example(United Nations, 1975 cited in Smith, 2005, p.33)

If the table is reproduced in its entirety, place the citation as a footnote. Beparticularly careful to note the original source of data, as well as the authorship ofthe document you are using. Full details should be included in the reference list.

2.1.9 Websites

When citing material found on a website, you should identify the authorship of thewebsite. This may be a corporate author, an organisation or a company; a guideto this can be found by looking at the URL or web address. To find the date ofpublication, reference to this might be found at the bottom of a web page relatingto copyright, or from a date headline. In this example the authorship would be BBC andthe date 2009.

ExampleRecent research on meningitis (BBC, 2009) has shown

2.1.10 Corporate authors

If the work is by a recognised organisation and has no personal author then it isusually cited under the body that commissioned the work. This applies to publications byassociations, companies, government departments etc. such as Department of theEnvironment or Royal College of Nursing.

It is acceptable to use standard abbreviations for these bodies, e.g. RCN, in yourtext, providing that the full name is given at the first citing with the abbreviation inbrackets:

Example1st citation:

research in 2006 undertaken by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN)has shown that


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2nd citation:More recently the RCN (2007) has issued guidelines

Note that the full name is the preferred format in the reference list. Some reportsare written by specially convened groups or committees and can be cited by thename of the committee:

Committee on Nursing (1972)Select Committee on Stem Cell Research (2002)

3. Compiling the reference list and bibliography

3.1 General guidelines, layout and punctuation

The purpose of a reference list is to enable sources to be easily traced by another

reader. Different types of publication require different amounts of information but thereare certain common elements such as authorship, year of publication and title.

The Harvard Style lays down standards for the order and content of information in thereference. Some variations of layout are acceptable provided that they are usedconsistently.

All Items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format,ie. whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works fromone author or source they should by listed together but in date order with the earliestwork listed first.

3.2 Books

Use the title page, not the book cover, for the reference details. The required elementsfor a book reference are:

Author, Initials/First name., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

ExampleRedman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed.London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.

Baron, David P., 2008. Business and the organisation. 6th ed.Chester (CT): Pearson.

3.2.1 Books with two, three or four authors

For books with two, three or four authors of equal status the names should all beincluded in the order they appear in the document. Use an ampersand (&) to link the lasttwo multiple authors.The required elements for a reference are:

Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition)Place: Publisher.


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ExampleBarker, R. Kirk, J. & Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.

3.2.2 E-books

For e-books the required elements for a reference are:Author, Year, Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed byAvailable at: include e-book source and web site address/URL(Uniform ResourceLocator) and routing details if needed. [Accessed date].ExampleFishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press.Available at: University Library/Digital Library/e-books http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk / E-books[Accessed 5 June 2005].

3.3 Journal articles and newspapers

3.3.1 Journal articles

For journal articles the required elements for a references are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Partnumber), Page numbers.

ExampleBoughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political ScienceQuarterly, 42 (6), pp.564-78.Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times, 25May, 97(22), pp.63-64.

3.3.2 Journal articles from an electronic source

For journal articles from an electronic source the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volumenumber (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if availalble.Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additionaldetails of access, such as the routing from the home page of the source. [Accessed

date].

ExampleBoughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political ScienceQuarterly, [Online]. 42 (6),Available at: Blackwell Science Synergy http://www.pol.upenn/articles[Accessed 12 June 2010].

3.3.3 Journal abstract from a database

For a journal abstract from a database where you have been unable to access the fullarticle, the required elements for a reference are:


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Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volumenumber (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available, abstract only.Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additionaldetails of access. [Accessed date].

ExampleBoughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political ScienceQuarterly, [e-journal] 42 (6). Abstract only.Available at:BlackwellScienceSynergydatabasehttp://www.pol.upenn/articles, Blackwell Science Synergy[Accessed 12 June 2005].

3.3.4 Newspaper articles

For newspaper articles the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper,

Day and month before page number and column line.

ExampleSlapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. The Times, 3 Sep.p. 4b.

3.3.5 Online newspaper articles

For newspaper articles found in online newspapers, the required elements for areference are:Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page. Name of newspaper, [typeof medium] additional date information.

Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additionaldetails of access, such as the routing from the home page of the source.[Accessed date].

ExampleChittenden, M., Rogers, L. & Smith, D., 2003. Focus: Targetitis ails NHS. Times Online,[internet] 1 June.Available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,11-1506-669.html[Accessed 17 March 2005].

3.4. Other types of document

There are other types of documents which you may wish to include in your reference listor bibliography. There is no official Harvard guide for these but some suggestions are setout below:

3.4.1 Acts of Parliament

The required elements are:Short title with Key words capitalized, which includes the year followed by the chapternumber in brackets. Key words of titles are capitalized. Place of publication: Publisher.

ExampleHigher Education Act 2004. (c.8), London: HMSO.


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For Acts prior to 1963, the regal year and parliamentary session are included:Road Transport Lighting Act 1957. (5&6 Eliz. 2, c.51), London: HMSO.

3.4.2 Statutory Instruments

The required elements for a reference are:Short title with Key words capitalized. Year. the abbreviation 'SI' followed by the year ofpublication and the SI number. Place of publication: Publisher.

ExamplePublic Offers of Securities Regulations 1995. SI 1995/1537, London: HMSO.

3.4.3 Command Papers and other official publications

The required elements for a reference are:

Authorship, which may be part of the title. Year. Title, in italics if a separate element,

Command number as it is on the document, within brackets, Place of publication:Publisher.

ExampleRoyal Commission on civil liability and compensation for personal injury, 1978. (PearsonReport) (Cmnd. 7054) London: HMSO.

3.4.4 Law report

Following normal legal practice the required elements for a reference are:Name of the parties involved in the law case, Year of reporting (in square brackets,where there is no volume) number Law reporting series, Volume and number, Page

reference if available.

ExampleR v White (John Henry) [2005] EWCA Crim 689, 2005 WL 104528.Jones v Lipman[1962] 1 WLR 832.Saidi v France(1994) 17 EHRR 251, p.245

3.4.5 Annual report

The required elements for a reference are:Corporate author, Year*. Full title of annual report, Place of publication: Publisher.

ExampleMarks & Spencer, 2004. The way forward, annual report 2003-2004, London: Marks &Spencer.

For an e-version of an annual report the required elements for a reference are:

Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page, [type of medium]Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additionaldetails of access, such as the routing from the home page of the source. [Accessed date]

Example

Marks & Spencer, 2004. Annual report 2003-2004. [Online] Available at: http://www-marks-and-spencer.co.uk/corporate/annual2003/ [Accessed 4 June 2005]


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3.4.5 Dissertation

The required elements for a reference are:Author, Year of publication. Title of dissertation. Level. Place of University (If not clear

from the name of the University): Name of University.

ExampleRichmond, J., 2005. Customer expectations in the world of electronic banking: a casestudy of the Bank of Britain. Ph. D. Chelmsford: Anglia Ruskin University.

3.4.6 DVD or video, film and broadcasts

The required elements for a reference are:Full title of DVD or video. Year of distribution. [Medium] Director (if relevant) Country ororigin: Film studio or maker. (Other relevant details).

ExampleGreat films from the 80s: a selection of clips from Warner Brothers top films from the1980s. 2005 [DVD] New York: Warner Brothers.

For a Film the suggested elements should include:Title. Year of release. [Medium] Director. Country of origin: Film studio.

ExampleMacbeth, 1948. [Film] Directed by Orson Wells. USA: Republic Pictures.

For a broadcast the suggested elements should include:Series title and episode name and number if relevant, Year of broadcast. [Medium]

Broadcasting organisation and Channel, date and time of transmission.

ExampleLittle Britain, 2006. [TV programme] BBC, BBC2, 30 January 2006 20.00.


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Further links for referencing techniques:

Cardiff University'sInformation Literacy Resource Bankfeatures a section onciting

references. The Harvard referencing materials include activities, quizzes and aHarvard

Referencing Tutorial. The tutorial incorporates interactive exercises to check whether

you have understood the style guidelines

Anglia Ruskin University'sHarvard System of Referencing Guideis a comprehensive

guide to using the Harvard style which features examples of how to reference a wide

variety of publication formats

The University of Sussex has developed aHarvard Style Information Literacy

Tutorialwhich also features a quiz to test your knowledge of the Harvard system

NOTE

This guide draws information from a number of resources. In particular:

The University of Wales Guidelines for DissertationsAnglia Ruskin Guide to DissertationsAnglia Ruskin Guide to the Harvard Referencing System
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/about.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/about.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/about.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/index.htmlhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/infosuss/referencing/h_intro.shtmlhttp://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/infosuss/referencing/h_intro.shtmlhttp://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/infosuss/referencing/h_intro.shtmlhttp://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/infosuss/referencing/h_intro.shtmlhttp://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/infosuss/referencing/h_intro.shtmlhttp://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/infosuss/referencing/h_intro.shtmlhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.htmlhttps://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/about.html

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